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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #98
2

はじめて日本にっぽんで、日本語にほんごで研究発表けんきゅうはっぴょうをしたときのことです。どういう問もん題だいを扱あつかうかを説とき明あかして、文ぶん例れい資し料りょうを検けん討とうしつつ、まだ知しられていない言げん語ごの規き則そくを明めい瞭りょうに定てい式しき化かし結けつ論ろんを述のべました。わたしとしては発表はっぴょうを終おえたつもりでしたが、そこにいた①出席者しゅっせきしゃからはなんの反はん応のうもありません。皆みな、おとなしく待まっているだけでした。結けつ論ろんが言いわれたということがわからないのは、わたしが述のべた論ろん証しょう（注１）が全ぜん然ぜん理り解かいできなかったからだろうと思おもって、もう一回いっかいそれまでの説せつ明めいの大おお筋すじを要よう約やくしました。しかし後あとで考かんがえて、必ひつ要ようだったのは、終おわりの言こと葉ばだったとわかりました。もし最さい後ごに「以い上じょうです」と言いっていれば、皆みなにも発表はっぴょうが終おわったことが明あきらかになっていたでしょう。（中ちゅう略りゃく）

実際じっさい、儀ぎ式しきでは言いうまでもなく、格かく式しき張ばらない（注２）パーティーのときでも、スピーチと拍はく手しゅ、さらに最さい後ごには一本いっぽん締しめ（注３）だか、三本締さんぼんじめだかで、つねに時じ間かんの流ながれを区く切ぎってリズムをつくるのが日本的にほんてき作さ法ほうのように思おもえます。そういう習しゅう慣かんを見みると、日本人にっぽんじんは②はっきりした句く点てんがないと、すぐ不ふ安あんになる人ひとたちに見みえます。

（フランス・ドルヌ＋小こ林ばやし康やす夫お『日本語にほんごの森もりを歩あるいて——フランス語ごから見みた日本語学にほんごがく』講こう談だん社しゃ）

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1①出席者からはなんの反応もありませんとあるが、それはなぜか。
  2. 2②はっきりした句点がないとはどういう意味か。
  3. 3この文章の内容として最も適切なものはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary4 words
  • 資料しりょう
    • ·material; materials; data; information; documents
    N2
  • おとなしいAs it appears here: おとなしく
    • ·gentle; quiet; mild; meek; obedient; docile; well-behaved; tame
    • ·quiet (color, pattern, etc.); sober
    N2
  • 儀式ぎしき
    • ·ceremony; rite; ritual; service
    N2
  • 区切るくぎるAs it appears here: 区切って
    • ·to divide; to separate; to partition; to demarcate; to delimit; to mark off
    • ·to punctuate; to mark off (with a comma); to insert pauses (between words or phrases when reading aloud); to space one's words
    N2
Other levels68 words
  • はじめて
    • ·for the first time
    • ·only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; not until ... do you ...
    • ·first time; (one's) first
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 問題もんだい
    • ·question (e.g. on a test); problem
    • ·problem (e.g. societal, political); question; issue; subject (e.g. of research); case; matter
    • ·question (i.e. doubt)
    • ·public discussion; controversy
    • ·trouble; problem; inconvenience; difficulty
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: し
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • まだ
    • ·still; as yet; only
    • ·(not) yet
    • ·more; (more) still
    • ·at least; comparatively; relatively
    • ·unfinished; incomplete; not yet done
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知られて
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • そこ
    • ·there (place relatively near listener)
    • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
    • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
    • ·you
    N5
  • いるAs it appears here: いた
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • なん
    • ·what
    • ·how many
    • ·many; a lot of
    • ·several; a few; some
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: ありません
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 待つまつAs it appears here: 待って
    • ·to wait
    • ·to await; to look forward to; to anticipate
    • ·to depend on; to need
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言われた
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わからない
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できなかった
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しました
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 言葉ことば
    • ·language; dialect
    • ·word; phrase; expression; term
    • ·speech; (manner of) speaking; (use of) language
    • ·words; remark; statement; comment
    • ·learning to speak; language acquisition
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかりました
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言って
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 時間じかん
    • ·time
    • ·hour
    • ·period; class; lesson
    N5
  • つくる
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • 見るみる
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 歩くあるくAs it appears here: 歩いて
    • ·to walk
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見た
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • 規則きそく
    • ·rule; regulation
    N4
  • つもり
    • ·intention; plan; purpose; expectation
    • ·belief; assumption; thought; conviction
    • ·estimate; estimation; calculation
    N4
  • 皆みな
    • ·everyone; everybody; all
    • ·everything; all
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 説明せつめい
    • ·explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • もし
    • ·if; in case; supposing
    N4
  • 最後さいご
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·last; final; latest; most recent
    • ·no sooner than; once; right after (often having negative consequences)
    • ·one's final moments
    N4
  • 以上いじょう
    • ·not less than ...; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
    • ·beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
    • ·the above; the above-mentioned; the aforementioned; the foregoing
    • ·since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
    • ·that's all; that is the end; the end
    N4
  • 習慣しゅうかん
    • ·habit
    • ·(social) custom; practice; convention; tradition
    N4
  • 見えるみえるAs it appears here: 見えます
    • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
    • ·to look; to seem; to appear
    • ·to come
    N4
  • ＋たす
    • ·to add (numbers)
    • ·to add (something); to top up (with something)
    • ·to take care of (e.g. one's business)
    N4
  • 森もり
    • ·forest
    • ·shrine grove
    N4
  • とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 扱うあつかう
    • ·to deal with (a person); to treat; to handle; to take care of; to entertain
    • ·to deal with (a problem); to handle; to manage
    • ·to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to work
    • ·to deal in; to sell
    • ·to cover (a topic); to treat; to discuss; to take up
    • ·to treat A as B
    • ·to mediate (an argument)
    • ·to be too much for one; to find unmanageable
    • ·to gossip
    N3
  • 検討けんとう
    • ·consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion; analysis; review
    N3
  • 言語げんご
    • ·language
    N3
  • 結論けつろん
    • ·conclusion (of an argument, discussion, study, etc.)
    • ·conclusion
    N3
  • 述べるのべるAs it appears here: 述べました
    • ·to state; to express; to say; to tell; to mention
    N3
  • 発表はっぴょう
    • ·announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known; breaking (news story); expressing (one's opinion); releasing; unveiling
    N3
  • 終えるおえるAs it appears here: 終えた
    • ·to finish; to get through with; to complete; to bring (something) to an end
    • ·to graduate
    • ·to come to an end; to end
    • ·to finish doing ...; to be done doing ...
    N3
  • 述べるのべるAs it appears here: 述べた
    • ·to state; to express; to say; to tell; to mention
    N3
  • 全然ぜんぜん
    • ·(not) at all; (not) in the slightest
    • ·wholly; entirely; completely; totally
    • ·extremely; very
    N3
  • 理解りかい
    • ·understanding; comprehension; appreciation
    • ·sympathy
    N3
  • 明らかあきらか
    • ·clear; obvious; evident; plain; definite
    • ·bright; light
    N3
  • 実際じっさい
    • ·reality; actuality; truth; fact; actual conditions
    • ·practice (as opposed to theory)
    • ·truly; really; indeed; actually
    • ·bhutakoti (limit of reality)
    N3
  • さらに
    • ·furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
    N3
  • つねに
    • ·always; constantly; at all times; habitually
    N3
  • 流れながれ
    • ·flow (of a fluid or gas); stream; current
    • ·flow (of people, things); passage (of time); tide; passing; (changing) trends; tendency
    • ·course (of events); (step-by-step) procedure; process
    • ·group of people who remain together after the end of an event
    • ·descent; ancestry; school
    • ·forfeiture; foreclosure
    • ·cancellation
    • ·drifting; wandering; roaming
    N3
  • 作法さほう
    • ·manners; etiquette; propriety
    • ·manner of production (esp. of prose, poetry, etc.); way of making
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 不安ふあん
    • ·anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity; suspense
    N3
  • 明瞭めいりょう
    • ·clear; plain; distinct; obvious; evident; articulate
    N1
  • 反応はんのう
    • ·reaction; response
    • ·physical reaction (to a stimulus); observable response (of an organism)
    • ·reaction; effect; change
    N1
  • 大筋おおすじ
    • ·outline; summary; gist; basic points
    N1
  • 終わるおわるAs it appears here: 終わり
    • ·to end; to come to an end; to finish; to close; to be over
    • ·to finish; to complete; to conclude
    • ·to finish doing
    • ·to be past its (one's) prime
    • ·to be awful; to be terrible; to suck; to be hopeless
    N1
  • 終わるおわるAs it appears here: 終わった
    • ·to end; to come to an end; to finish; to close; to be over
    • ·to finish; to complete; to conclude
    • ·to finish doing
    • ·to be past its (one's) prime
    • ·to be awful; to be terrible; to suck; to be hopeless
    N1
  • すぐ
    • ·immediately; at once; right away; directly
    • ·soon; before long; shortly
    • ·easily; readily; without difficulty
    • ·right (near); nearby; just (handy)
    • ·honest; upright; frank; straightforward
    N1
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • つつN2

    Attaches to a verb stem to mark two actions happening at the same time, 'while ~ing' (concessive 'even though' when written つつも).

    どういう問題を扱うかを説明して、文例資料を検討しつつ、まだ知られていない言語の規則を明瞭に定式化し結論を述べました。

    I explained what problem I would address, examined example sentences in the data, clearly formulated a previously unknown linguistic rule, and stated my conclusion.

  • さらにN2

    Adds a further point or a greater degree — 'furthermore', 'moreover', 'even more'.

    実際、儀式では言うまでもなく、格式張らないパーティーのときでも、スピーチと拍手、さらに最後には一本締めだか、三本締めだかで、つねに時間の流れを区切ってリズムをつくるのが日本的作法のように思えます。

    In fact, not only in ceremonies but even at informal parties, it seems to be a distinctly Japanese practice to divide the flow of time and create a rhythm through speeches and applause, followed at the end by either a single or triple round of ceremonial clapping.

Other levels20 patterns
  • までもない / までもなくN1

    Says there is no need to even do X, or that something goes without saying — 'no need to...; needless to say'

    実際、儀式では言うまでもなく、格式張らないパーティーのときでも、スピーチと拍手、さらに最後には一本締めだか、三本締めだかで、つねに時間の流れを区切ってリズムをつくるのが日本的作法のように思えます。

    In fact, not only in ceremonies but even at informal parties, it seems to be a distinctly Japanese practice to divide the flow of time and create a rhythm through speeches and applause, followed at the end by either a single or triple round of ceremonial clapping.

  • としてN3

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    わたしとしては発表を終えたつもりでしたが、そこにいた①出席者からはなんの反応もありません。

    As far as I was concerned, I had finished my presentation, but the ①people attending gave no reaction at all.

  • つもりだったN3

    Marks an intention that was held but ultimately not carried out — 'had intended to (but didn't)'.

    わたしとしては発表を終えたつもりでしたが、そこにいた①出席者からはなんの反応もありません。

    As far as I was concerned, I had finished my presentation, but the ①people attending gave no reaction at all.

  • というN3

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    もし最後に「以上です」と言っていれば、皆にも発表が終わったことが明らかになっていたでしょう。

    If I had said “That is all” at the end, it would have been clear to everyone that the presentation was over.

  • ときN42 times in this passage

    Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."

    はじめて日本で、日本語で研究発表をしたときのことです。

    This happened the first time I gave a research presentation in Japanese in Japan.

  • ということN4

    Nominalizes a whole statement into a noun — 'the fact that', 'it means that'.

    結論が言われたということがわからないのは、わたしが述べた論証が全然理解できなかったからだろうと思って、もう一回それまでの説明の大筋を要約しました。

    I thought they had failed to realize that I had stated my conclusion because they had not understood my argument at all, so I once again summarized the main points of my explanation up to that point.

  • 全然～ない（ぜんぜん～ない）N4

    全然 paired with a negative predicate for strong, total negation — "not at all / not in the least".

    結論が言われたということがわからないのは、わたしが述べた論証が全然理解できなかったからだろうと思って、もう一回それまでの説明の大筋を要約しました。

    I thought they had failed to realize that I had stated my conclusion because they had not understood my argument at all, so I once again summarized the main points of my explanation up to that point.

  • と思う（とおもう）N4

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    結論が言われたということがわからないのは、わたしが述べた論証が全然理解できなかったからだろうと思って、もう一回それまでの説明の大筋を要約しました。

    I thought they had failed to realize that I had stated my conclusion because they had not understood my argument at all, so I once again summarized the main points of my explanation up to that point.

  • 後で（あとで）N4

    Indicates doing something afterward, or after another action or event — 'later; afterward; after'.

    しかし後で考えて、必要だったのは、終わりの言葉だったとわかりました。

    But when I thought about it afterward, I realized that what had been needed was a phrase marking the end.

  • 〜ていたN4

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    もし最後に「以上です」と言っていれば、皆にも発表が終わったことが明らかになっていたでしょう。

    If I had said “That is all” at the end, it would have been clear to everyone that the presentation was over.

  • ように / ようなN4

    Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".

    実際、儀式では言うまでもなく、格式張らないパーティーのときでも、スピーチと拍手、さらに最後には一本締めだか、三本締めだかで、つねに時間の流れを区切ってリズムをつくるのが日本的作法のように思えます。

    In fact, not only in ceremonies but even at informal parties, it seems to be a distinctly Japanese practice to divide the flow of time and create a rhythm through speeches and applause, followed at the end by either a single or triple round of ceremonial clapping.

  • に見える（にみえる）N4

    Expresses how something appears or seems to an observer, 'to look ~ / to seem ~.'

    そういう習慣を見ると、日本人は②はっきりした句点がないと、すぐ不安になる人たちに見えます。

    Looking at customs like these, Japanese people seem to be the kind of people who quickly become uneasy without ②a clear full stop.

  • だ / ですN53 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    はじめて日本で、日本語で研究発表をしたときのことです。

    This happened the first time I gave a research presentation in Japanese in Japan.

  • まだN5

    Adverb showing an action or state still continues, or (with a negative) has not happened yet — "still / (not) yet."

    どういう問題を扱うかを説明して、文例資料を検討しつつ、まだ知られていない言語の規則を明瞭に定式化し結論を述べました。

    I explained what problem I would address, examined example sentences in the data, clearly formulated a previously unknown linguistic rule, and stated my conclusion.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    どういう問題を扱うかを説明して、文例資料を検討しつつ、まだ知られていない言語の規則を明瞭に定式化し結論を述べました。

    I explained what problem I would address, examined example sentences in the data, clearly formulated a previously unknown linguistic rule, and stated my conclusion.

  • だけN5

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    皆、おとなしく待っているだけでした。

    Everyone simply sat quietly and waited.

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    結論が言われたということがわからないのは、わたしが述べた論証が全然理解できなかったからだろうと思って、もう一回それまでの説明の大筋を要約しました。

    I thought they had failed to realize that I had stated my conclusion because they had not understood my argument at all, so I once again summarized the main points of my explanation up to that point.

  • もうN5

    The adverb "already" (with an affirmative), or "(not) anymore / any longer" (with a negative).

    結論が言われたということがわからないのは、わたしが述べた論証が全然理解できなかったからだろうと思って、もう一回それまでの説明の大筋を要約しました。

    I thought they had failed to realize that I had stated my conclusion because they had not understood my argument at all, so I once again summarized the main points of my explanation up to that point.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    結論が言われたということがわからないのは、わたしが述べた論証が全然理解できなかったからだろうと思って、もう一回それまでの説明の大筋を要約しました。

    I thought they had failed to realize that I had stated my conclusion because they had not understood my argument at all, so I once again summarized the main points of my explanation up to that point.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし後で考えて、必要だったのは、終わりの言葉だったとわかりました。

    But when I thought about it afterward, I realized that what had been needed was a phrase marking the end.

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