• 私わたし
  • ·I; me
  N5
• するAs it appears here: した
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• その
  • ·that; the
  • ·part (as in "part two")
  • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
  N5
• かかるAs it appears here: かかって
  • ·to take (a resource, e.g. time or money)
  • ·to hang
  • ·to come into view; to arrive
  • ·to come under (a contract, a tax)
  • ·to start (engines, motors)
  • ·to attend; to deal with; to handle
  • ·to have started to; to be on the verge of
  • ·to overlap (e.g. information in a manual); to cover
  • ·to (come) at
  • ·to be fastened
  • ·to be covered (e.g. with dust, a table-cloth, etc.)
  • ·to be caught in
  • ·to get a call
  • ·to depend on
  • ·to begin (a task); to set about (doing); to get down to
  N5
• するAs it appears here: されて
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• もの
  • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
  • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
  • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
  • ·quality
  • ·reason; the way of things
  • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
  • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
  • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
  • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
  • ·really; truly
  N5
• するAs it appears here: して
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• 出来るできるAs it appears here: 出来ない
  • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
  • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
  • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
  • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
  • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
  • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
  • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
  • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
  • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
  • ·to get pregnant
  N5
• なぜ
  • ·why; how; for what reason
  N5
• 出来るできるAs it appears here: 出来た
  • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
  • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
  • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
  • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
  • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
  • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
  • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
  • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
  • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
  • ·to get pregnant
  N5
• ある
  • ·to be; to exist; to live
  • ·to have
  • ·to be located
  • ·to be equipped with
  • ·to happen; to come about
  • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
  N5
• する
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• 出来るできる
  • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
  • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
  • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
  • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
  • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
  • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
  • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
  • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
  • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
  • ·to get pregnant
  N5
• 時代じだい
  • ·period; epoch; era; age
  • ·the times; those days
  • ·oldness; ancientness; antiquity
  • ·antique; period piece
  N4
• 最初さいしょ
  • ·beginning; outset; first; onset
  N4
• 苦いにがいAs it appears here: 苦し
  • ·bitter
  N4
• 生活せいかつ
  • ·life; living
  • ·livelihood; (one's) living
  N4
• 受けるうけるAs it appears here: 受け
  • ·to receive; to get
  • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
  • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
  • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
  • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
  • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
  • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
  • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
  • ·to face (south, etc.)
  • ·to be modified by
  • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
  • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
  N4
• 文化ぶんか
  • ·culture; civilization; civilisation
  • ·Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
  N4
• 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
  • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
  • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
  • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
  • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
  • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
  • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
  • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
  N4
• 様々さまざま
  • ·various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
  N3
• 経験けいけん
  • ·experience
  N3
• 知恵ちえ
  • ·wisdom; wit; sagacity; sense; intelligence
  • ·prajna (insight leading to enlightenment)
  N3
• こと
  • ·thing; matter
  • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
  • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
  • ·work; business; affair
  • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
  • ·nominalizing suffix
  • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
  • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
  • ·necessity; need
  • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
  N3
• 地域ちいき
  • ·area; region; district; locality
  N3
• 環境かんきょう
  • ·environment; surroundings; circumstances
  N3
• 影響えいきょう
  • ·influence; effect; impact
  N3
• 更にさらに
  • ·furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
  N3
• 宗教しゅうきょう
  • ·religion; religious affiliation; belief; faith; creed
  • ·religious activity
  N3
• したがって
  • ·therefore; consequently; accordingly
  N3
• 出会うであうAs it appears here: 出会った
  • ·to meet (by chance); to come across; to run across; to encounter; to happen upon
  • ·to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.)
  • ·to emerge and engage (an enemy)
  N3
• 時とき
  • ·time; hour; moment
  • ·occasion; case
  • ·chance; opportunity; season
  • ·the times; the age; the day
  • ·tense
  N3
• 理解りかい
  • ·understanding; comprehension; appreciation
  • ·sympathy
  N3
• よう
  • ·appearing ...; looking ...
  • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
  • ·form; style; design
  • ·like; similar to
  • ·thing (thought or spoken)
  N3

Example sentences are translated by AI.

• もののN2

  Concessive connective — 'although / even though ~, ...'; concedes the first clause then states something that runs counter to it.

  更に環境は、人々の社会生活やものの考え方、宗教にも影響していく。

  The environment goes on to shape people's social life, their ways of thinking, and their religion too.

• というN3

  Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

  最初は苦しだったが、その食文化は、未開や野蛮というレベルではなく、生活の知恵であることに気づいた。

  At first it was hard going, but I came to see that those food cultures were not on the level of the primitive or the barbaric — they were the wisdom of living.

• ながらN4

  Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

  その地域の環境の影響を受けながら長年かかって形成されてきたのである。

  They had been formed over many years under the influence of the region's environment.

• 〜てくるN4

  Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

  その地域の環境の影響を受けながら長年かかって形成されてきたのである。

  They had been formed over many years under the influence of the region's environment.

• 〜ていくN42 times in this passage

  Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

  更に環境は、人々の社会生活やものの考え方、宗教にも影響していく。

  The environment goes on to shape people's social life, their ways of thinking, and their religion too.

• ようだN4

  Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

  したがって、異文化に出会った時、理解出来ないと切り捨てるのではなく、なぜそのような文化が出来たのかを考えていけば、異文化の根本にあるものを理解することが出来る。

  So when you meet another culture, rather than dismissing it as incomprehensible, if you consider why such a culture came about, you can understand what lies at its root.

• じゃない・ではないN5

  Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

  最初は苦しだったが、その食文化は、未開や野蛮というレベルではなく、生活の知恵であることに気づいた。

  At first it was hard going, but I came to see that those food cultures were not on the level of the primitive or the barbaric — they were the wisdom of living.

• のでN52 times in this passage

  Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

  その地域の環境の影響を受けながら長年かかって形成されてきたのである。

  They had been formed over many years under the influence of the region's environment.