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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #750
2

てつがく一般いっぱんひとが、一般的いっぱんてきもんだいについてかんがためがくもんです。「じんせいとはなに」「じんるいきょうつうえきあるのか」「かんとはなに」「あいとはなに」「(注1)まさよしどのようさだのか」「国家こっかどのようあるべきか」「ほうやくわりとはなに」「ただ(注2)にんしきにはどうやってとうたつするのか」「しゅうきょうひつようか」などてつがくてんけいてきです

これらは、ふくすうきょうがくもんぶん(注3)こんていかかようもんだいあることはおわかりでしょう。「あいとはなに」をかんがことは、じんてきあいについてかんがたずいるだけではなく(注4)りんじんあいは、しゃかいなかひとびとつながりどうあるべきか、ぞくあいは、ぞくとはどうあるべきといったしゃかいにおけるみんなもんだいなってくるはずですしゃかいかんぞくかんは、(注5)せいさくほうりつ設定せっていともかんけいしてくるでしょう。(ちゅうりゃく

しかしてつがくもうひとつじゅうようごとは、それぞれせんもんてきしきを、より一般的いっぱんてきぜんたいてきかんてんからなおことですたとえば(注6)でんりょうじょうせんもんせいたかぶんですしかしでんりょうはんどこまでみといいのか。でんなんびょうかかりにくくしたつくいいのか。にんげんでんたいにんげんどこまで(注7)かいへんしてよいものなのでしょうか。

こうしたことは、しゃかいだれでもかかくるのでがくせんもんだけはんだんまかよいもんだいではありませんしゃかいそんざいしているじょうしきしきじゅつを、にんげん根本的こんぽんてきあらためてけんとうすることじゅうようてつがくやくわりです

Questions

0/2 answered
  1. 1筆者によると、哲学の典型的な問いとはどのようなものか。
  2. 2もうひとつの重要な仕事とは何か。

Study this passage

Vocabulary4 words
  • 複数ふくすう
    • ·plural; multiple
    • ·plural (number)
    N2
  • つながり
    • ·connection; link; relationship
    N2
  • 照らすてらすAs it appears here: 照らし
    • ·to shine on; to illuminate
    • ·to compare (with); to refer to
    N2
  • あらためて
    • ·another time; again; over again; once again; anew
    • ·formally; especially; intentionally; deliberately
    N2
Other levels79 words
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 問題もんだい
    • ·question (e.g. on a test); problem
    • ·problem (e.g. societal, political); question; issue; subject (e.g. of research); case; matter
    • ·question (i.e. doubt)
    • ·public discussion; controversy
    • ·trouble; problem; inconvenience; difficulty
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 時間じかん
    • ·time
    • ·hour
    • ·period; class; lesson
    N5
  • どの
    • ·which; what (way)
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかり
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • 家族かぞく
    • ·family
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • ひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • 仕事しごと
    • ·work; job; labor; labour; business; task; assignment; occupation; employment
    • ·work
    N5
  • 高いたかい
    • ·high; tall
    • ·expensive; high-priced
    • ·high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
    • ·loud
    • ·high-pitched; shrill
    N5
  • どこ
    • ·where; what place
    • ·how much (long, far); what extent
    N5
  • かかるAs it appears here: かかり
    • ·to take (a resource, e.g. time or money)
    • ·to hang
    • ·to come into view; to arrive
    • ·to come under (a contract, a tax)
    • ·to start (engines, motors)
    • ·to attend; to deal with; to handle
    • ·to have started to; to be on the verge of
    • ·to overlap (e.g. information in a manual); to cover
    • ·to (come) at
    • ·to be fastened
    • ·to be covered (e.g. with dust, a table-cloth, etc.)
    • ·to be caught in
    • ·to get a call
    • ·to depend on
    • ·to begin (a task); to set about (doing); to get down to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 作るつくるAs it appears here: 作って
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • だれ
    • ·who
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: ありません
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 正しいただしい
    • ·right; correct
    • ·proper; righteous; just; honest; truthful; lawful
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 尋ねるたずねるAs it appears here: 尋ねて
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to inquire
    • ·to search; to look for; to look into; to investigate
    N4
  • 社会しゃかい
    • ·society; public; community; the world
    • ·social studies
    N4
  • みんな
    • ·everyone; everybody; all
    • ·everything; all
    N4
  • はず
    • ·should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be)
    • ·nock (of a bow)
    • ·nock (of an arrow)
    • ·nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger)
    • ·wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
    N4
  • 法律ほうりつ
    • ·law; legislation; act
    N4
  • 関係かんけい
    • ·relation; relationship; connection
    • ·participation; involvement; concern
    • ·influence; effect
    • ·sexual relations; sexual relationship
    • ·related to; connected to
    N4
  • たとえば
    • ·for example; for instance; e.g.
    N4
  • 非常にひじょうに
    • ·very; extremely; exceedingly
    N4
  • 医学いがく
    • ·medicine; medical science
    N4
  • 技術ぎじゅつ
    • ·technology; engineering
    • ·technique; skill
    • ·art; craft
    N4
  • 哲学てつがく
    • ·philosophy
    N3
  • 一般いっぱん
    • ·general; universal
    • ·ordinary; average; common; non-celebrity
    • ·the same; no different; (just) as if
    N3
  • 学問がくもん
    • ·study; scholarship; learning; education; knowledge
    • ·discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
    N3
  • 人生じんせい
    • ·(one's) life
    N3
  • 何かなにか
    • ·something; some; any
    • ·somehow; for some reason
    • ·(so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
    N3
  • 人類じんるい
    • ·mankind; humanity
    N3
  • 共通きょうつう
    • ·common; shared; mutual
    • ·to be common (to); to be shared (by)
    • ·-wide
    N3
  • 利益りえき
    • ·profit; gains
    • ·benefit; advantage; good; interests (e.g. of society)
    • ·grace (of God, Buddha, etc., esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing; miracle
    N3
  • あい
    • ·love; affection; care
    • ·attachment; craving; desire
    • ·agape
    • ·Ireland
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 国家こっか
    • ·state; country; nation
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·law; act; principle
    • ·method
    • ·mood
    • ·dharma; law
    N3
  • 役割やくわり
    • ·part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
    N3
  • 宗教しゅうきょう
    • ·religion; religious affiliation; belief; faith; creed
    • ·religious activity
    N3
  • 問いとい
    • ·question; query
    N3
  • 分野ぶんや
    • ·field; sphere; realm; division; branch
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
    • ·honorific/polite/humble prefix
    N3
  • 考えかんがえ
    • ·thinking; thought; view; opinion; concept
    • ·idea; notion; imagination
    • ·intention; plan; design
    • ·consideration; judgement; deliberation; reflection
    • ·wish; hope; expectation
    N3
  • 重要じゅうよう
    • ·important; essential; significant; major; key; principal
    N3
  • 知識ちしき
    • ·knowledge; information
    N3
  • 範囲はんい
    • ·extent; scope; sphere; range; span
    N3
  • 認めるみとめるAs it appears here: 認めて
    • ·to recognize; to recognise; to observe; to notice
    • ·to deem; to judge; to assess
    • ·to approve; to deem acceptable; to allow
    • ·to admit; to accept; to confess (to a charge)
    • ·to watch steadily; to observe carefully
    • ·to renown; to give renown to; to appreciate; to acknowledge
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 判断はんだん
    • ·judgment; judgement; decision; conclusion; adjudication
    • ·divination
    • ·judgement
    N3
  • 任せるまかせるAs it appears here: 任せて
    • ·to leave (a matter, decision, etc. to someone); to entrust (to someone); to entrust (someone) with
    • ·to leave (to chance, one's imagination, etc.); to let (take its own course); to let (happen); to give (oneself to something)
    • ·to use (money, strength, spare time, etc.) to the full; to use freely; to use without reserve
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • 常識じょうしき
    • ·common sense; good sense; common knowledge; general knowledge; common practice; accepted practice; social etiquette
    N3
  • 価値かち
    • ·value; worth; merit
    N3
  • 合わせるあわせるAs it appears here: 合わせて
    • ·to match (rhythm, speed, etc.)
    • ·to join together; to unite; to combine; to add up
    • ·to face; to be opposite (someone)
    • ·to compare; to check with
    • ·to cause to meet (e.g. an unpleasant fate)
    • ·to place together; to connect; to overlap
    • ·to mix; to combine
    • ·to put blade to blade; to fight
    N3
  • 検討けんとう
    • ·consideration; examination; investigation; study; scrutiny; discussion; analysis; review
    N3
  • 定まるさだまる
    • ·to become settled; to be fixed
    N1
  • 認識にんしき
    • ·recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition; cognizance; cognisance
    N1
  • やるAs it appears here: やって
    • ·to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study
    • ·to send; to dispatch; to despatch
    • ·to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.)
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer
    • ·to make (a vehicle) go faster
    • ·to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise
    • ·to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke
    • ·to hold (a performance); to perform; to show
    • ·to ease (one's mind)
    • ·to harm; to injure; to kill
    • ·to have sex; to fuck; to bang
    • ·to live; to get by; to get along
    • ·to do ... completely
    • ·to do ... broadly; to do ... to a great distance
    • ·to do ... for (someone of equal or lower status); to do ... to
    • ·to make active efforts to ...
    • ·to suffer from (an illness); to experience (a medical condition); to be afflicted with
    N1
  • 到達とうたつ
    • ·reaching; attaining; arrival
    N1
  • 教科きょうか
    • ·subject; curriculum
    N1
  • 根底こんてい
    • ·root; basis; foundation
    N1
  • 政策せいさく
    • ·political measures; policy
    N1
  • 設定せってい
    • ·establishment; creation; posing (a problem); setting (movie, novel, etc.); scene
    • ·options setting; preference settings; configuration; setup
    N1
  • 観点かんてん
    • ·point of view; viewpoint; standpoint; perspective; angle
    N1
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • に関わるN2

    Indicates that something touches on or critically affects the preceding matter — 'to concern', 'to affect', 'to be a matter of'.

    これらの問いは、複数の教科や学問分野の根底に関わるような問題であることはおわかりでしょう。

    You can probably see that these questions concern the foundations of multiple subjects and academic fields.

  • といったN2

    Introduces representative examples before a summarizing noun — "(things) such as ~", "~ and the like".

    「愛とは何か」を考えることは、個人的な愛についての考えを尋ねているだけではなく、隣人愛は、社会のなかで人々のつながりはどうあるべきか、家族愛は、家族とはどうあるべきかといった、社会におけるみんなの問題となってくるはずです。

    Thinking about “what love is” does not merely mean asking about one’s personal view of love; neighborly love raises the question of what connections among people in society should be like, while family love raises the question of what a family should be like—issues that concern everyone in society.

Other levels23 patterns
  • 的(てき)N37 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    哲学は一般の人が、一般的な問題について考えるための学問です。

    Philosophy is a field of study in which people in general think about universal questions.

  • についてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the topic an action or statement is directed at; 'about', 'concerning', 'regarding'.

    哲学は一般の人が、一般的な問題について考えるための学問です。

    Philosophy is a field of study in which people in general think about universal questions.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    哲学は一般の人が、一般的な問題について考えるための学問です。

    Philosophy is a field of study in which people in general think about universal questions.

  • だけでなくN3

    Correlative adding a further item beyond the one stated — 'not only ... (but also)'.

    「愛とは何か」を考えることは、個人的な愛についての考えを尋ねているだけではなく、隣人愛は、社会のなかで人々のつながりはどうあるべきか、家族愛は、家族とはどうあるべきかといった、社会におけるみんなの問題となってくるはずです。

    Thinking about “what love is” does not merely mean asking about one’s personal view of love; neighborly love raises the question of what connections among people in society should be like, while family love raises the question of what a family should be like—issues that concern everyone in society.

  • において/におけるN3

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    「愛とは何か」を考えることは、個人的な愛についての考えを尋ねているだけではなく、隣人愛は、社会のなかで人々のつながりはどうあるべきか、家族愛は、家族とはどうあるべきかといった、社会におけるみんなの問題となってくるはずです。

    Thinking about “what love is” does not merely mean asking about one’s personal view of love; neighborly love raises the question of what connections among people in society should be like, while family love raises the question of what a family should be like—issues that concern everyone in society.

  • 例えば(たとえば)N3

    Introduces an illustrative instance, 'for example / for instance'.

    たとえば、遺伝子治療は非常に専門性が高い分野です。

    For example, gene therapy is a highly specialized field.

  • に対してN3

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    人間の遺伝子に対して、人間はどこまで改変してよいものなのでしょうか。

    To what extent should humans be allowed to alter human genes?

  • のでしょうかN3

    Softens a question to ask for the reason or explanation behind something — 'I wonder why...', 'could it be that...'.

    人間の遺伝子に対して、人間はどこまで改変してよいものなのでしょうか

    To what extent should humans be allowed to alter human genes?

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    「人生の意味とは何か」「人類に共通の利益はあるのか」「時間とは何か」「愛とは何か」「正義はどのように定まるのか」「国家はどのようにあるべきか」「法の役割とは何か」「正しい認識にはどうやって到達するのか」「宗教は必要か」などが哲学の典型的な問いです。

    Typical philosophical questions include: “What is the meaning of life?”, “Is there any benefit common to all humankind?”, “What is time?”, “What is love?”, “How is justice determined?”, “What should a state be like?”, “What is the role of law?”, “How can we arrive at correct understanding?”, and “Is religion necessary?”

  • ようだN4

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    これらの問いは、複数の教科や学問分野の根底に関わるような問題であることはおわかりでしょう。

    You can probably see that these questions concern the foundations of multiple subjects and academic fields.

  • 〜てくるN43 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    「愛とは何か」を考えることは、個人的な愛についての考えを尋ねているだけではなく、隣人愛は、社会のなかで人々のつながりはどうあるべきか、家族愛は、家族とはどうあるべきかといった、社会におけるみんなの問題となってくるはずです。

    Thinking about “what love is” does not merely mean asking about one’s personal view of love; neighborly love raises the question of what connections among people in society should be like, while family love raises the question of what a family should be like—issues that concern everyone in society.

  • はずだN4

    Expresses the speaker's reasoned confidence that something is or should be the case — 'should, ought to, is supposed to'.

    「愛とは何か」を考えることは、個人的な愛についての考えを尋ねているだけではなく、隣人愛は、社会のなかで人々のつながりはどうあるべきか、家族愛は、家族とはどうあるべきかといった、社会におけるみんなの問題となってくるはずです

    Thinking about “what love is” does not merely mean asking about one’s personal view of love; neighborly love raises the question of what connections among people in society should be like, while family love raises the question of what a family should be like—issues that concern everyone in society.

  • よりN4

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    しかし哲学のもうひとつの重要な仕事は、それぞれの専門的な知識を、より一般的で全体的な観点から問い直すことです。

    However, another important task of philosophy is to reexamine each field of specialized knowledge from a broader and more comprehensive perspective.

  • にくいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to say an action is hard to perform, 'difficult to ~ / hard to ~.'

    遺伝子を組み替えて難病にかかりにくくした子どもを作っていいのか。

    Is it acceptable to create children who are less susceptible to serious diseases by modifying their genes?

  • だ / ですN55 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    哲学は一般の人が、一般的な問題について考えるための学問です

    Philosophy is a field of study in which people in general think about universal questions.

  • どうやってN5

    Asks by what means or method something is done, "how / in what way".

    「人生の意味とは何か」「人類に共通の利益はあるのか」「時間とは何か」「愛とは何か」「正義はどのように定まるのか」「国家はどのようにあるべきか」「法の役割とは何か」「正しい認識にはどうやって到達するのか」「宗教は必要か」などが哲学の典型的な問いです。

    Typical philosophical questions include: “What is the meaning of life?”, “Is there any benefit common to all humankind?”, “What is time?”, “What is love?”, “How is justice determined?”, “What should a state be like?”, “What is the role of law?”, “How can we arrive at correct understanding?”, and “Is religion necessary?”

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    これらの問いは、複数の教科や学問分野の根底に関わるような問題であることはおわかりでしょう

    You can probably see that these questions concern the foundations of multiple subjects and academic fields.

  • 〜ているN52 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    「愛とは何か」を考えることは、個人的な愛についての考えを尋ねているだけではなく、隣人愛は、社会のなかで人々のつながりはどうあるべきか、家族愛は、家族とはどうあるべきかといった、社会におけるみんなの問題となってくるはずです。

    Thinking about “what love is” does not merely mean asking about one’s personal view of love; neighborly love raises the question of what connections among people in society should be like, while family love raises the question of what a family should be like—issues that concern everyone in society.

  • しかしN52 times in this passage

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし哲学のもうひとつの重要な仕事は、それぞれの専門的な知識を、より一般的で全体的な観点から問い直すことです。

    However, another important task of philosophy is to reexamine each field of specialized knowledge from a broader and more comprehensive perspective.

  • もうN5

    The adverb "already" (with an affirmative), or "(not) anymore / any longer" (with a negative).

    しかし哲学のもうひとつの重要な仕事は、それぞれの専門的な知識を、より一般的で全体的な観点から問い直すことです。

    However, another important task of philosophy is to reexamine each field of specialized knowledge from a broader and more comprehensive perspective.

  • までN52 times in this passage

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    しかし遺伝子治療の範囲をどこまで認めていいのか。

    But how far should gene therapy be permitted?

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    こうしたことは、社会のだれにでも関わってくるので、医学の専門家だけに判断を任せてよい問題ではありません。

    Since such matters concern everyone in society, they are not issues whose judgment should be left solely to medical experts.

  • じゃない・ではないN5

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    こうしたことは、社会のだれにでも関わってくるので、医学の専門家だけに判断を任せてよい問題ではありません

    Since such matters concern everyone in society, they are not issues whose judgment should be left solely to medical experts.

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