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N2 · Upper intermediateThematic comprehensionPassage #617
2

しょうせつさくかいせつするひとたまいるぼくは『ちょっとな.......』とおもなぜそんなにおものかとと、ひとは『ぼくゆうよ』とからだ。もうひとさくかいせつできるほどことはっきりしているならなにしょうせつなどというまわ(注1)ひょうげんけいしきとるひつようなかったではないかとおもからだ、はじめからひょうろんよかったのだ。

しょうせつこと使つかこのかいイメージつくひょうげんけいしきあるかいそれしんではしゅちょうからぼくたちしょうせつを『ゆう』にかいしゃくくるそれしょうせつたのだ。ところがひょうろんそうではないてんてきめいちょともなればひょうろんでもさまざまかいしゃくきそこどがあるが、ふつうひょうろんしゅちょうはっきりしている。『ゆう』にかいしゃくすればどく』となることおお

ではぼくたちなぜひょうろんのかとそれぶんことわからないことを、わかりたいからだ。それてききょえいしん(注2)というもので、これなくなったらせいしんてきな『ろうじん』であるせいしんてきな『わかもの』は、ゆうじんほんたとえぶんでないほんあっても『よ』とこたものだ。そしてあわてふためいて(注3)ほんさんしょかんわかってわからなくてひとばんそれよくじつにはすずかおしてそうあれたいしたほんじゃないね』なんてみるものだ、そんなふうしてぼくたちきょうよう

ぼくは『きょうようということふたとらえているひとしきりょうで、これおおおおほどいいしかしこれすこふうきょうようとらえかたあるげんだいではあまりにおおじょうほうあふれているからとてもそのうえことまでいなければならないしたらたいへんだ。もちろんそのためりょくたいせつだが、かぎあるそこでふたきょうようひつようだとかんがいるそれは、ものごとかんがためひょうじく(注4)できるだけたくさんことだ。『たくさん』とはも、ぼくたちこうほうほうにはそのだいごとりゅうこうあるからこれげんというわけではないぼくは、そのだいひつようこうほうほうことだいきょうようそしてげんだいきょうようおきたいこのげんだいきょうようためひょうろんのである

いしはらあきらいけいどくしょじゅつによる

ちゅう1)まわちょくせつてきなくわかりにくい

ちゅう2)きょえいしん実際じっさいじょうよくおもこころ

ちゅう3)あわてふためいてとてもあわてて

ちゅう4)ひょうじくここでは、じゅん

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1筆者によると、小説は読者にとってどのようなものか。
  2. 2精神的な『若者』とはどういう人か。
  3. 3筆者の言う第二の教養とは何か。

Study this passage

Vocabulary7 words
  • 解説かいせつ
    • ·explanation; commentary; exposition; elucidation
    N2
  • 評論ひょうろん
    • ·criticism; critique; review; comment; critical essay
    N2
  • 教養きょうよう
    • ·(understanding or appreciation of) culture; (one's) education; cultivation; sophistication; refinement
    N2
  • あふれるAs it appears here: あふれて
    • ·to overflow; to brim over; to flood
    N2
  • 無限むげん
    • ·infinity; infinitude; eternity
    • ·infinite; limitless
    N2
  • あわてるAs it appears here: あわてて
    • ·to become confused (disconcerted, disorganized, disorganised); to be flustered; to panic
    • ·to hurry; to rush; to hasten
    N2
  • 基準きじゅん
    • ·standard; criterion; norm; benchmark; measure; gauge; basis
    N2
Other levels113 words
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • いる
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • ちょっと
    • ·a little; a bit; slightly
    • ·just a minute; for a moment; briefly
    • ·somewhat; rather; fairly; pretty; quite
    • ·(not) easily; (not) readily
    • ·hey!; come on; excuse me
    • ·thanks, but no; not feasible; not possible
    • ·a little more than (a week, month, etc.); slightly more than
    N5
  • なぜ
    • ·why; how; for what reason
    N5
  • 言ういう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 一つひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • 読むよむAs it appears here: 読ませて
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言いたい
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • はじめ
    • ·beginning; start; outset; opening
    • ·first (in line, etc.)
    • ·origin
    • ·such as ...; not to mention ...
    N5
  • 書くかくAs it appears here: 書けば
    • ·to write; to compose; to pen
    • ·to draw; to paint
    N5
  • よいAs it appears here: よかった
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • 言葉ことば
    • ·language; dialect
    • ·word; phrase; expression; term
    • ·speech; (manner of) speaking; (use of) language
    • ·words; remark; statement; comment
    • ·learning to speak; language acquisition
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使って
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • 作るつくる
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 持つもつAs it appears here: 持たない
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • くる
    • ·to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive
    • ·to come back; to do ... and come back
    • ·to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue
    • ·to come from; to be caused by; to derive from
    • ·to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
    N5
  • 読むよむ
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なれば
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言えば
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知らない
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わからない
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知りたい
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかりたい
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • ほん
    • ·book; volume; script
    • ·this; present; current; ... in question; ... at issue
    • ·main; head; principal
    • ·real; genuine; regular; proper
    • ·counter for long, thin objects (sticks, tubes, strings, bottles, pillars, rivers, rail lines, etc.)
    • ·counter for films, TV shows, etc.
    • ·counter for telephone calls, letters, and emails
    • ·counter for goals, home runs, etc.
    • ·counter for rounds or points (in judo, kendo, etc.)
    N5
  • 読むよむAs it appears here: 読んだ
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • 聞くきくAs it appears here: 聞けば
    • ·to hear
    • ·to listen (e.g. to music)
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to query
    • ·to hear about; to hear of; to learn of
    • ·to follow (advice, order, etc.); to obey; to listen to; to comply with
    • ·to hear (e.g. a plea); to grant (a request); to accept (e.g. an argument); to give consideration to
    • ·to smell (esp. incense); to sample (a fragrance)
    • ·to taste (alcohol); to try
    N5
  • 読むよむAs it appears here: 読ん
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • 答えるこたえる
    • ·to answer; to reply
    N5
  • 図書館としょかん
    • ·library
    N5
  • 行くいくAs it appears here: 行って
    • ·to go; to move (towards); to head (towards); to leave (for)
    • ·to move through; to travel across; to walk along (e.g. a road)
    • ·to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to turn out; to get along
    • ·to do (in a particular way); to go (with; a choice); to try
    • ·to pass (of time, seasons, etc.); to go by
    • ·to stream; to flow
    • ·to die; to pass away
    • ·to reach (a stage, extent, age, etc.); to get to; to go (so far as ...)
    • ·to reach (of information, instructions, wind, etc.); to arrive
    • ·to continue ...; to go on ...; to (progress) steadily; to gradually ...; to progressively ...
    • ·to have an orgasm; to come; to cum
    • ·to trip; to get high; to have a drug-induced hallucination
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかって
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わからなくて
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • 読むよむAs it appears here: 読んで
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • あれ
    • ·that; that thing
    • ·that person
    • ·then; that time
    • ·that place (over there)
    • ·down there (i.e. one's genitals)
    • ·period; menses
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言って
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 二つふたつ
    • ·two
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多ければ
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 少しすこし
    • ·a little; a bit; a small amount; a few; some; slightly; somewhat
    • ·a little while; a short time; a moment; a minute
    • ·a little way; a short distance
    N5
  • かた
    • ·direction; way
    • ·person; lady; gentleman
    • ·method of; manner of; way of
    • ·care of ...
    • ·person in charge of ...
    • ·side (e.g. "on my mother's side")
    N5
  • とても
    • ·very; awfully; exceedingly
    • ·(not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • うえ
    • ·above; over; up
    • ·top; summit; upper part; head (e.g. of a staircase)
    • ·surface; on (top of)
    • ·the above (in a piece of writing); earlier part
    • ·superior; better; higher (position, rank, etc.); upper (class)
    • ·elder; older; senior
    • ·with respect to ...; in terms of; as far as ... is concerned; when (e.g. drunk)
    • ·besides ...; in addition to ...; on top of ...; as well as ...
    • ·after ...; upon ...; on ...; with (e.g. full awareness); as a result of ...
    • ·since ...; now that ...; because ...
    • ·honorable; venerable; dear
    • ·emperor; sovereign; shogun; daimyo
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知って
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したら
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 大切たいせつ
    • ·important; significant; serious; crucial
    • ·precious; valuable; dear; cherished; beloved
    • ·careful
    N5
  • たくさん
    • ·a lot; lots; plenty; many; a large number; much; a great deal; a good deal
    • ·enough; sufficient
    • ·enough; too many; too much
    N5
  • 持つもつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • 呼ぶよぶAs it appears here: 呼んで
    • ·to call out (to); to call; to invoke
    • ·to summon (a doctor, etc.)
    • ·to invite
    • ·to designate; to name; to brand
    • ·to garner (support, etc.); to gather
    • ·to take as one's wife
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかり
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • よく
    • ·nicely; properly; well; skillfully; skilfully
    • ·frequently; often
    • ·I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
    • ·(you have) quite the nerve to; I don't know how you can ...
    N5
  • 見せるみせるAs it appears here: 見せたい
    • ·to show; to display
    • ·to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...
    • ·to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining
    • ·to have (something) looked at (by a specialist); to have (an antique, etc.) appraised
    • ·to have (an injury, person, etc.) looked at (by a doctor); to take (someone) to a doctor
    • ·to make a show of (doing); to do in a conspicuous manner; to do in view of others
    • ·to resolve to do; to do at any cost; to show others that one will ...
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • ぼく
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    • ·manservant
    N4
  • 思うおもう
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 小説しょうせつ
    • ·novel; story; (work of) fiction
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 世界せかい
    • ·the world; society; the universe
    • ·sphere; circle; world
    • ·world-renowned; world-famous
    • ·realm governed by one Buddha; space
    N4
  • 自由じゆう
    • ·freedom; liberty
    N4
  • 楽しみたのしみ
    • ·enjoyment; pleasure; amusement; delight; joy; fun; diversion; hobby
    • ·anticipation; looking forward to; something to look forward to
    N4
  • ふつう
    • ·normal; ordinary; regular; usual; common; average
    • ·normally; ordinarily; usually; generally; commonly
    • ·local train; train that stops at every station
    N4
  • なくなるAs it appears here: なくなったら
    • ·to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing
    • ·to be used up; to be run out; to be exhausted; to be consumed; to be reduced to zero; to not occur any more
    • ·to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 時代じだい
    • ·period; epoch; era; age
    • ·the times; those days
    • ·oldness; ancientness; antiquity
    • ·antique; period piece
    N4
  • わけ
    • ·reason; cause; grounds
    • ·meaning; sense
    • ·(good) sense; reason
    • ·circumstances; case
    • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
    N4
  • 以上いじょう
    • ·not less than ...; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
    • ·beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
    • ·the above; the above-mentioned; the aforementioned; the foregoing
    • ·since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
    • ·that's all; that is the end; the end
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • たま
    • ·ball; sphere; globe; orb
    • ·bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; droplet
    • ·ball (in sports); pitch (e.g. in baseball)
    • ·pile (of noodles, etc.)
    • ·bullet
    • ·bulb (i.e. a light bulb)
    • ·lens (of glasses, etc.)
    • ·bead (of an abacus)
    • ·ball (i.e. a testicle)
    • ·gem; jewel (esp. spherical; sometimes used figuratively); pearl
    • ·female entertainer (e.g. a geisha)
    • ·person (when commenting on their nature); character
    • ·item, funds or person used as part of a plot
    • ·egg
    • ·okonomiyaki
    • ·coin
    • ·precious; beautiful; excellent
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • なに
    • ·what
    • ·you-know-what; that thing
    • ·whatsit; whachamacallit; what's-his-name; what's-her-name
    • ·penis; (one's) thing; dick
    • ·(not) at all; (not) in the slightest
    • ·what?; huh?
    • ·hey!; come on!
    • ·oh, no (it's fine); why (it's nothing); oh (certainly not)
    N3
  • 自身じしん
    • ·(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
    N3
  • 主張しゅちょう
    • ·claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention; opinion; tenet
    N3
  • 解釈かいしゃく
    • ·interpretation; explanation; reading; construction
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • さまざま
    • ·various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
    N3
  • 老人ろうじん
    • ·old person; senior citizen; the aged; the elderly
    N3
  • 友人ゆうじん
    • ·friend
    N3
  • たいした
    • ·considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal
    N3
  • 知識ちしき
    • ·knowledge; information
    N3
  • りょう
    • ·quantity; amount; volume; capacity; portion (of food)
    • ·generosity; magnanimity; tolerance
    • ·pramana (means by which one gains accurate and valid knowledge; in Indian philosophy)
    N3
  • 現代げんだい
    • ·present age; present day; today
    • ·modern era; modern times
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 過去かこ
    • ·the past; bygone days
    • ·one's past (that one would prefer remained secret)
    • ·past (tense); preterit; preterite
    • ·previous life
    N3
  • もちろん
    • ·of course; certainly; naturally
    N3
  • 努力どりょく
    • ·effort; exertion; endeavour; endeavor; hard work; striving
    N3
  • そこで
    • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
    N3
  • 物事ものごと
    • ·things; everything
    N3
  • できるだけ
    • ·as much as one can; as much as possible; if at all possible
    N3
  • 方法ほうほう
    • ·method; way; manner; process; procedure; means; measure
    N3
  • 流行りゅうこう
    • ·fashion; trend; vogue; craze; fad; popularity
    • ·prevalence (of a disease); epidemic
    N3
  • 読書どくしょ
    • ·reading (books)
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 実際じっさい
    • ·reality; actuality; truth; fact; actual conditions
    • ·practice (as opposed to theory)
    • ·truly; really; indeed; actually
    • ·bhutakoti (limit of reality)
    N3
  • 知的ちてき
    • ·intellectual
    N1
  • たとえ
    • ·even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing; supposing that; -ever
    N1
  • ふう
    • ·seal
    N1
  • 思考しこう
    • ·thought; consideration; thinking
    N1
  • ごと
    • ·each; every
    N1
Grammar7 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ではないかN2

    Rhetorically seeks agreement or expresses a realization — 'isn't it? / right? / surely.'

    もう一つは自作解説ができるほど言いたいことがはっきりしているなら、なにも小説などという回りくどい表現形式をとる必要はなかったではないかと思うからだ、はじめから評論を書けばよかったのだ。

    The other reason is that if what the author wanted to say was clear enough to explain the work afterward, there was no need to use the roundabout expressive form of a novel in the first place; the author could simply have written a critical essay from the beginning.

  • というものだN2

    Emphatically asserts the true nature of something or states an emphatic conclusion — "that's just how it is, that's what … really is".

    それが知的な虚栄心というもので、これがなくなったら精神的な『老人』である。

    That is what might be called intellectual vanity; if you lose it, you have become mentally “old.”

  • そう言えばN2

    Introduces something just recalled, prompted by the current conversation — 'come to think of it', 'speaking of which'.

    そして、あわてふためいて本屋さんが図書館に行って、わかってもわからなくても一晩でそれを読んで、翌日には涼しい顔をして『そう言えば、あれはたいした本じゃないね』なんて言ってみるものだ、そんなふうにして、ぼくたちは教養を身につける。

    Then that person rushes off to a bookstore or library, reads the whole book in a single night whether they understand it or not, and the next day casually says, “Come to think of it, that book wasn’t anything special”; that is how we acquire culture and learning.

  • ふうにN2

    Attaches to a demonstrative or quotation to describe the manner or style of an action — "in this/that kind of way".

    そして、あわてふためいて本屋さんが図書館に行って、わかってもわからなくても一晩でそれを読んで、翌日には涼しい顔をして『そう言えば、あれはたいした本じゃないね』なんて言ってみるものだ、そんなふうにして、ぼくたちは教養を身につける。

    Then that person rushes off to a bookstore or library, reads the whole book in a single night whether they understand it or not, and the next day casually says, “Come to think of it, that book wasn’t anything special”; that is how we acquire culture and learning.

  • その上N2

    Additive conjunction stacking one more point on top of the last — 'in addition, on top of that'.

    その上に過去のことまで知っていなければならないとしたら大変だ。

    And if we also have to know everything about the past, the task becomes even more daunting.

  • 限りN2

    Marks the limit or scope within which a statement holds — 'as long as,' 'as far as,' 'to the extent that.'

    もちろんそのための努力は大切だが、限りがある。

    Of course, making the effort is important, but there are limits to what we can do.

  • 以上に(いじょうに)N2

    Marks that something exceeds a stated or expected degree — 'more than ~; even more than'.

    (注2)虚栄心:実際以上によく見せたいと思う心

    (Note 2) Vanity: the desire to make oneself appear better than one really is

Other levels33 patterns
  • というわけではないN1

    Partial denial: it isn't necessarily the case that... — "it's not that...", "not exactly...".

    『たくさん』とは言っても、ぼくたちの思考方法にはその時代ごとに流行があるから、これは無限というわけではない

    Even though I say “many,” our ways of thinking have fashions peculiar to each era, so the number is not infinite.

  • と言うと(というと)N3

    'Speaking of…' / 'when it comes to…' — takes up a topic just mentioned and continues from it.

    なぜそんなに思うのかと言うと、一つは『ぼくの自由に読ませてよ』と言いたいからだ。

    There are two reasons I feel that way; one is that I want to say, “Let me read it freely in my own way.”

  • というN33 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    なぜそんなに思うのかと言うと、一つは『ぼくの自由に読ませてよ』と言いたいからだ。

    There are two reasons I feel that way; one is that I want to say, “Let me read it freely in my own way.”

  • 〜ばよかったN3

    Expresses regret over something not done, "should have ~ / I wish I had ~."

    もう一つは自作解説ができるほど言いたいことがはっきりしているなら、なにも小説などという回りくどい表現形式をとる必要はなかったではないかと思うからだ、はじめから評論を書けばよかったのだ。

    The other reason is that if what the author wanted to say was clear enough to explain the work afterward, there was no need to use the roundabout expressive form of a novel in the first place; the author could simply have written a critical essay from the beginning.

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ところが、評論はそうではない。

    Critical writing, however, is different.

  • と言えば(といえば)N3

    Raises a topic prompted by what was just mentioned — "speaking of", "when it comes to".

    では、ぼくたちはなぜ評論を読むのかと言えば、それは自分の知らないことやわからないことを、知りたいしわかりたいからだ。

    Why, then, do we read critical essays? Because we want to know what we do not know and understand what we do not understand.

  • 的(てき)N32 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    それが知的な虚栄心というもので、これがなくなったら精神的な『老人』である。

    That is what might be called intellectual vanity; if you lose it, you have become mentally “old.”

  • たとえ〜てもN3

    Concessive 'even if / even though' — sets up a hypothetical or fact that does not change the outcome.

    精神的な『若者』は、友人が本を読んだと聞けば、たとえ自分が読んでない本であっても『読んだよ』と答えるものだ。

    A mentally “young” person, on hearing that a friend has read a book, will reply, “Yeah, I’ve read it,” even if they actually have not.

  • なんか/なんて/などN3

    A particle that cites an example or downplays/dismisses it — "things like / such as / (of all things)".

    そして、あわてふためいて本屋さんが図書館に行って、わかってもわからなくても一晩でそれを読んで、翌日には涼しい顔をして『そう言えば、あれはたいした本じゃないね』なんて言ってみるものだ、そんなふうにして、ぼくたちは教養を身につける。

    Then that person rushes off to a bookstore or library, reads the whole book in a single night whether they understand it or not, and the next day casually says, “Come to think of it, that book wasn’t anything special”; that is how we acquire culture and learning.

  • とすれば・としたら・とするとN3

    'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.

    その上に過去のことまで知っていなければならないとしたら大変だ。

    And if we also have to know everything about the past, the task becomes even more daunting.

  • ためにN33 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    もちろんそのための努力は大切だが、限りがある。

    Of course, making the effort is important, but there are limits to what we can do.

  • ごとにN3

    Marks that something happens at each unit or repeated interval — 'every ~, at intervals of ~'.

    『たくさん』とは言っても、ぼくたちの思考方法にはその時代ごとに流行があるから、これは無限というわけではない。

    Even though I say “many,” our ways of thinking have fashions peculiar to each era, so the number is not infinite.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    (石原千秋『未来形の読書術』による

    (Based on Ishihara Chiaki, 『未来形の読書術』)

  • と思う(とおもう)N43 times in this passage

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    ぼくは『ちょっとな.......』と思う

    I find myself thinking, “Hmm... I’m not so sure about that...”

  • そんなにN4

    Marks a degree 'that much / so'; frequently paired with a negative — 'not that much.'

    なぜそんなに思うのかと言うと、一つは『ぼくの自由に読ませてよ』と言いたいからだ。

    There are two reasons I feel that way; one is that I want to say, “Let me read it freely in my own way.”

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    もう一つは自作解説ができるほど言いたいことがはっきりしているなら、なにも小説などという回りくどい表現形式をとる必要はなかったではないかと思うからだ、はじめから評論を書けばよかったのだ。

    The other reason is that if what the author wanted to say was clear enough to explain the work afterward, there was no need to use the roundabout expressive form of a novel in the first place; the author could simply have written a critical essay from the beginning.

  • たらN4

    Conditional/temporal ending on the plain-past stem meaning that once or if the first action happens, the second follows ('if / once / when ... then').

    それが知的な虚栄心というもので、これがなくなったら精神的な『老人』である。

    That is what might be called intellectual vanity; if you lose it, you have become mentally “old.”

  • てもN44 times in this passage

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    精神的な『若者』は、友人が本を読んだと聞けば、たとえ自分が読んでない本であっても『読んだよ』と答えるものだ。

    A mentally “young” person, on hearing that a friend has read a book, will reply, “Yeah, I’ve read it,” even if they actually have not.

  • 〜てみるN4

    Verb te-form plus 見る, doing something on a trial basis to see what happens — 'try ...ing'.

    そして、あわてふためいて本屋さんが図書館に行って、わかってもわからなくても一晩でそれを読んで、翌日には涼しい顔をして『そう言えば、あれはたいした本じゃないね』なんて言ってみるものだ、そんなふうにして、ぼくたちは教養を身につける。

    Then that person rushes off to a bookstore or library, reads the whole book in a single night whether they understand it or not, and the next day casually says, “Come to think of it, that book wasn’t anything special”; that is how we acquire culture and learning.

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    その上に過去のことまで知っていなければならないとしたら大変だ。

    And if we also have to know everything about the past, the task becomes even more daunting.

  • が必要(がひつよう)N4

    Marks something as necessary or required — 'need X / X is necessary'.

    そこで二つめの教養の意味が必要だと考えている。

    That is why I think we need a second meaning of cultivation.

  • にくいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to say an action is hard to perform, 'difficult to ~ / hard to ~.'

    (注1)回りくどい:直接的でなくわかりにくい

    (Note 1) Roundabout: indirect and difficult to understand

  • 〜たいN56 times in this passage

    Expresses the speaker's own desire to do something — “want to do”.

    なぜそんなに思うのかと言うと、一つは『ぼくの自由に読ませてよ』と言いたいからだ。

    There are two reasons I feel that way; one is that I want to say, “Let me read it freely in my own way.”

  • もうN5

    The adverb "already" (with an affirmative), or "(not) anymore / any longer" (with a negative).

    もう一つは自作解説ができるほど言いたいことがはっきりしているなら、なにも小説などという回りくどい表現形式をとる必要はなかったではないかと思うからだ、はじめから評論を書けばよかったのだ。

    The other reason is that if what the author wanted to say was clear enough to explain the work afterward, there was no need to use the roundabout expressive form of a novel in the first place; the author could simply have written a critical essay from the beginning.

  • 〜ているN56 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    もう一つは自作解説ができるほど言いたいことがはっきりしているなら、なにも小説などという回りくどい表現形式をとる必要はなかったではないかと思うからだ、はじめから評論を書けばよかったのだ。

    The other reason is that if what the author wanted to say was clear enough to explain the work afterward, there was no need to use the roundabout expressive form of a novel in the first place; the author could simply have written a critical essay from the beginning.

  • じゃない・ではないN52 times in this passage

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    ところが、評論はそうではない

    Critical writing, however, is different.

  • がありますN53 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    古典的名著ともなれば評論でもさまざまな解釈が競われるこどがあるが、ふつうは評論の主張ははっきりしている。

    With classic masterpieces, even critical works may sometimes give rise to competing interpretations, but ordinarily the argument of a critical essay is clear.

  • そしてN52 times in this passage

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    そして、あわてふためいて本屋さんが図書館に行って、わかってもわからなくても一晩でそれを読んで、翌日には涼しい顔をして『そう言えば、あれはたいした本じゃないね』なんて言ってみるものだ、そんなふうにして、ぼくたちは教養を身につける。

    Then that person rushes off to a bookstore or library, reads the whole book in a single night whether they understand it or not, and the next day casually says, “Come to think of it, that book wasn’t anything special”; that is how we acquire culture and learning.

  • に行くN5

    Go somewhere in order to do something — [verb masu-stem] + に行く, 'go to (do) …'.

    そして、あわてふためいて本屋さんが図書館に行って、わかってもわからなくても一晩でそれを読んで、翌日には涼しい顔をして『そう言えば、あれはたいした本じゃないね』なんて言ってみるものだ、そんなふうにして、ぼくたちは教養を身につける。

    Then that person rushes off to a bookstore or library, reads the whole book in a single night whether they understand it or not, and the next day casually says, “Come to think of it, that book wasn’t anything special”; that is how we acquire culture and learning.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、これは少し古風な教養のとらえ方である、現代ではあまりに多くの情報があふれているからとても追いつけない。

    However, this is a somewhat old-fashioned view of cultivation; in the modern world there is simply too much information for us to keep up with.

  • とてもN52 times in this passage

    Degree adverb intensifying an adjective or adverb — "very / extremely."

    しかし、これは少し古風な教養のとらえ方である、現代ではあまりに多くの情報があふれているからとても追いつけない。

    However, this is a somewhat old-fashioned view of cultivation; in the modern world there is simply too much information for us to keep up with.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    その上に過去のことまで知っていなければならないとしたら大変だ。

    And if we also have to know everything about the past, the task becomes even more daunting.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    この現代の教養を身につけるために評論を読むのである。

    We read critical essays in order to acquire this contemporary cultivation.

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