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N2 · Upper intermediateIntegrated comprehensionPassage #616
2

「A」

100メートルを速はやく走はしるためには最さい高こう速そく度どを長ながく維い持じすればよいわけだが、世せ界かいトップクラスの選せん手しゅでもそんなことは不ふ可か能のうである。そのため、加か速そく、最さい高こう速そく度どの維い持じ、減げん速そくというそれぞれの段だん階かいに合あった走はしり方かたをコントロールすることが大たい切せつだ。

まず、スタートから60メートル付ふ近きんまでは上じょう半はん身しんを前まえに倒たおすようにして一気いっきに加か速そくする、そして最さい高こう速そく度どに達たっしたら残のこりの距きょ離りはできるだけそのペースを守まもる。しかし、ゴールが近ちかくなったら無む理りな働はたらきにならないように力ちからを抜ぬいて走はしろう。

「B」

足あしを速はやく動うごかすことは加か速そくの必ひつ要よう条じょう件けんではあるが、体たい力りょくの消しょう耗もうが激はげしいため、意い識しきしすぎると後こう半はんのスピートが落おちてしまい、よい記き録ろくが出でにくい。

スタート時じは足あしを前まえに出だす気き持もちで走はしり出だし、加か速そくしている間まは歩ほ幅はばを広ひろげることを意い識しきして最さい高こう速そく度どに達たっするまで走はしる。その後ごはスピードが落おちてきても、それまでのペースを意い識しきすることで減げん速そくが抑おさえられる。ゴール直ちょく前ぜんでは決けっして余よ計けいな力ちからは使つかわず、走はしり抜ぬけるイメージでゴールしよう。どんな選せん手しゅでも減げん速そくは避さけられないが、それをどれだけ最さい小しょう限げんに抑おさえられるかで勝しょう負ぶが決きまると言いってもいい。

Questions

0/2 answered
  1. 1ΑとΒの意見が一致しているのはどれか。
  2. 2ΑとΒは、100メートルを速く走るためには、どのようなことが大切だと述べているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary8 words
  • 加速かそく
    • ·acceleration; speeding up
    N2
  • 段階だんかい
    • ·stage; step; phase
    • ·level; rank; grade; gradation
    • ·order
    • ·stairs
    N2
  • 付近ふきん
    • ·neighborhood; neighbourhood; vicinity; environs; surrounding area; district
    N2
  • 消耗しょうもう
    • ·exhaustion; consumption; using up; dissipation; waste
    N2
  • 広げるひろげる
    • ·to spread; to extend; to expand; to enlarge; to widen; to broaden
    • ·to unfold; to open; to unroll; to unwrap
    • ·to scatter about; to spread around
    • ·to make flourish; to cause to prosper
    N2
  • 直前ちょくぜん
    • ·just before; just prior to
    • ·right in front of; just in front of
    N2
  • 余計よけい
    • ·extra; more; too much; too many; excessive; superfluous; spare; surplus
    • ·unnecessary; needless; uncalled-for; unwanted; uninvited
    • ·all the more; even more
    N2
  • 勝負しょうぶ
    • ·victory or defeat
    • ·match; contest; game; bout; showdown
    N2
Other levels57 words
  • メートルめーとる
    • ·metre (unit of length); meter
    • ·meter; gauge
    N5
  • 速いはやいAs it appears here: 速く
    • ·fast; quick; rapid; swift; speedy; brisk; prompt
    • ·early; soon; earlier than usual
    • ·premature; too soon; too early
    • ·easy; simple; quick; fast
    • ·as soon as ...; the moment ...; the instant ...
    N5
  • 走るはしる
    • ·to run
    • ·to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to travel; to move; to sail
    • ·to rush (to); to dash; to race
    • ·to retreat; to flee; to defect (to)
    • ·to run away; to abscond; to elope
    • ·to flash (of lightning); to streak; to shoot (through; e.g. of pain); to run (through); to flare; to flit (e.g. across one's face); to spread quickly (of news, shock, etc.)
    • ·to go (e.g. bad, to extremes); to become; to turn; to take to (e.g. crime); to get carried away by (e.g. one's emotions); to get involved in; to get wrapped up in
    • ·to run (through; of a road, street, etc.); to extend (e.g. of a mountain range); to stretch; to lie
    N5
  • 長いながいAs it appears here: 長く
    • ·long (distance, length)
    • ·long (time); protracted; prolonged
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • 走るはしるAs it appears here: 走り
    • ·to run
    • ·to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to travel; to move; to sail
    • ·to rush (to); to dash; to race
    • ·to retreat; to flee; to defect (to)
    • ·to run away; to abscond; to elope
    • ·to flash (of lightning); to streak; to shoot (through; e.g. of pain); to run (through); to flare; to flit (e.g. across one's face); to spread quickly (of news, shock, etc.)
    • ·to go (e.g. bad, to extremes); to become; to turn; to take to (e.g. crime); to get carried away by (e.g. one's emotions); to get involved in; to get wrapped up in
    • ·to run (through; of a road, street, etc.); to extend (e.g. of a mountain range); to stretch; to lie
    N5
  • 方かた
    • ·direction; way
    • ·person; lady; gentleman
    • ·method of; manner of; way of
    • ·care of ...
    • ·person in charge of ...
    • ·side (e.g. "on my mother's side")
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 大切たいせつ
    • ·important; significant; serious; crucial
    • ·precious; valuable; dear; cherished; beloved
    • ·careful
    N5
  • 前まえ
    • ·in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
    • ·before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
    • ·(the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
    • ·forward; ahead
    • ·(in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
    • ·previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
    • ·portion; helping
    • ·front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
    • ·privates; private parts
    • ·criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 近くちかく
    • ·near; neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity
    • ·nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to
    • ·shortly; soon
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なったら
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: ならない
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 走るはしるAs it appears here: 走ろう
    • ·to run
    • ·to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to travel; to move; to sail
    • ·to rush (to); to dash; to race
    • ·to retreat; to flee; to defect (to)
    • ·to run away; to abscond; to elope
    • ·to flash (of lightning); to streak; to shoot (through; e.g. of pain); to run (through); to flare; to flit (e.g. across one's face); to spread quickly (of news, shock, etc.)
    • ·to go (e.g. bad, to extremes); to become; to turn; to take to (e.g. crime); to get carried away by (e.g. one's emotions); to get involved in; to get wrapped up in
    • ·to run (through; of a road, street, etc.); to extend (e.g. of a mountain range); to stretch; to lie
    N5
  • 足あし
    • ·foot; paw; arm (of an octopus, squid, etc.)
    • ·leg
    • ·gait
    • ·pace
    • ·lower radical of a kanji
    • ·means of transportation; (one's) ride
    • ·money; coin
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: し
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 出すだす
    • ·to take out; to get out
    • ·to put out; to reveal; to show
    • ·to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in
    • ·to publish; to make public
    • ·to send (e.g. letter)
    • ·to produce (a sound); to start (fire)
    • ·to serve (food)
    • ·... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
    • ·to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使わ
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しよう
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • どれ
    • ·which (of three or more)
    • ·well; now; c'mon
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言って
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • わけ
    • ·reason; cause; grounds
    • ·meaning; sense
    • ·(good) sense; reason
    • ·circumstances; case
    • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
    N4
  • 世界せかい
    • ·the world; society; the universe
    • ·sphere; circle; world
    • ·world-renowned; world-famous
    • ·realm governed by one Buddha; space
    N4
  • 合うあうAs it appears here: 合った
    • ·to come together; to merge; to unite; to meet
    • ·to fit; to match; to suit; to agree with; to be correct
    • ·to be profitable; to be equitable
    • ·to do ... to each other; to do ... together
    N4
  • 無理むり
    • ·unreasonable; unnatural; unjustifiable
    • ·impossible
    • ·forcible; forced; compulsory
    • ·excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
    • ·to work too hard; to try too hard
    • ·no way; not a chance; never; dream on
    • ·irrational
    N4
  • 力ちから
    • ·force; strength; might; vigour; vigor; energy
    • ·capability; ability; proficiency; capacity; faculty
    • ·efficacy; effect
    • ·effort; endeavours; endeavors; exertions
    • ·power; authority; influence; good offices; agency
    • ·support; help; aid; assistance
    • ·stress; emphasis
    • ·means; resources
    N4
  • 落ちるおちるAs it appears here: 落ちて
    • ·to fall; to drop; to come down; to crash; to collapse; to cave in; to give way
    • ·to set (of the sun or moon); to sink; to dip; to go down
    • ·to decrease (of popularity, quality, speed, sales, etc.); to fall; to drop; to go down; to decline; to deteriorate; to abate (of wind)
    • ·to be inferior (to); to be not as good (as); to fall short (of)
    • ·to come off (of dirt, paint, makeup, etc.); to come out (of a stain); to fade (of colour); to be removed (of an illness, possessing spirit, etc.)
    • ·to disappear (of excess fat); to become thinner; to become leaner
    • ·to be left out; to be omitted; to be missing
    • ·to fail (an exam); to lose (a contest, election, etc.); to be unsuccessful
    • ·to decline (of morals, character, etc.); to become vulgar (e.g. of a conversation); to stoop (to); to sink (so low)
    • ·to be ruined; to go under; to fall (into hell)
    • ·to fall (in love, asleep, etc.)
    • ·to fall (into someone's hands); to be accepted (of a bid); to be won (of a tender); to be honoured (of a bill)
    • ·to fall into (a trap); to fall for (a trick)
    • ·to give in
    • ·to confess; to own up
    • ·to come to (a conclusion, topic, etc.); to arrive at (in the end)
    • ·to leave (a city, castle, etc.); to (be defeated and) flee
    • ·to sink in; to be accepted (in one's heart)
    • ·to fall (to the enemy); to be defeated
    • ·to come in (of money)
    • ·to fall (upon; of light, a shadow, one's gaze, etc.)
    • ·to pass out (in judo); to fall unconscious
    • ·to go down (of a website, server, etc.); to crash
    • ·to log out (of an online game, chat room, etc.); to drop out; to leave; to go offline
    • ·to move to deeper water (of a fish in cold weather)
    • ·to die (of an animal)
    • ·to strike (of lightning)
    N4
  • 気持ちきもち
    • ·feeling; sensation; mood; state of mind
    • ·preparedness; readiness; attitude
    • ·thought; sentiment; consideration; solicitude; gratitude
    • ·slightly; a bit; a little
    N4
  • 決してけっして
    • ·(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
    N4
  • 維持いじ
    • ·maintenance; preservation; improvement
    N3
  • 選手せんしゅ
    • ·player (of a sport); athlete; team member
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • まず
    • ·first (of all); firstly; to begin with; before anything else
    • ·probably; most likely; almost certainly; virtually
    • ·more or less (satisfactory); on the whole; reasonably
    • ·anyway; at any rate; for now (at least); for the time being
    N3
  • 倒すたおす
    • ·to throw down; to bring down; to blow down; to fell; to knock down; to set (something) down on its side; to turn (something) on its side; to recline (e.g. a seat)
    • ·to kill; to defeat; to beat
    • ·to overthrow; to trip up; to ruin
    • ·to leave unpaid; to cheat
    • ·to do completely; to do thoroughly; to do to the fullest
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 残りのこり
    • ·remainder; remnant; the rest; what is left; balance; leftovers
    N3
  • できるだけ
    • ·as much as one can; as much as possible; if at all possible
    N3
  • 守るまもる
    • ·to protect; to guard; to defend
    • ·to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe; to obey; to follow
    N3
  • 働きはたらき
    • ·work; labor; labour
    • ·achievement; performance; ability; talent
    • ·salary; income; earnings
    • ·action; activity; workings; function; operation; movement; motion
    • ·conjugation; inflection
    N3
  • 抜くぬくAs it appears here: 抜いて
    • ·to pull out; to draw out; to extract; to unplug; to weed
    • ·to omit; to leave out; to go without; to skip
    • ·to do to the end; to do thoroughly; to do completely; to do severely
    • ·to let out (e.g. air from a tyre); to drain (e.g. water from a bath); to empty
    • ·to pick out; to choose; to select; to extract
    • ·to pilfer; to steal
    • ·to remove; to get rid of; to take out
    • ·to pass; to overtake; to outstrip; to get ahead of
    • ·to pierce; to break through; to go through
    • ·to cut out (a shape); to create (a pattern) by dyeing the surrounding area
    • ·to seize; to capture; to reduce
    • ·to scoop (a story)
    • ·to take out (an opponent's stones; in go)
    • ·to masturbate (of a male); to ejaculate (while masturbating)
    • ·to take (a photo); to record (video)
    N3
  • 動かすうごかす
    • ·to move; to shift; to stir; to budge; to change position
    • ·to inspire; to rouse; to move (e.g. feeling); to influence
    • ·to change; to alter; to deny
    • ·to operate; to set in motion; to get going
    • ·to mobilize (e.g. troops); to mobilise; to deploy
    • ·to manage (e.g. funds)
    N3
  • 激しいはげしい
    • ·violent; furious; tempestuous
    • ·extreme; intense; fierce; strong
    • ·fervent; vehement
    • ·incessant; relentless
    • ·precipitous; steep
    N3
  • 意識いしき
    • ·consciousness
    • ·becoming aware (of); awareness; sense
    • ·mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
    N3
  • 記録きろく
    • ·record; document; minutes; log; recording; putting on record; keeping a record (of); writing down
    • ·record (e.g. in sports); setting (a record); recording (a record high, etc.)
    N3
  • 間ま
    • ·time; pause
    • ·space
    • ·room
    N3
  • 達するたっする
    • ·to reach; to get to; to arrive at
    N3
  • 避けるさけるAs it appears here: 避けられない
    • ·to avoid (physical contact with)
    • ·to avoid (situation); to evade (question, subject); to shirk (one's responsibilities)
    • ·to ward off; to avert
    • ·to put aside; to move out of the way
    N3
  • 距離きょり
    • ·distance; range; interval
    • ·difference (e.g. in opinion); gap; distance
    • ·metric
    N1
  • 体力たいりょく
    • ·physical strength; power; stamina; endurance; vigor; resistance to disease
    • ·strength (of a business, economy, etc.)
    N1
  • 決まるきまる
    • ·to be decided; to be settled; to be fixed; to be arranged
    • ·to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be fixed; to be set
    • ·to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be a convention; to be a custom; to be common knowledge
    • ·to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.); to go well; to succeed; to connect (of a punch)
    • ·to look good (of clothing); to look sharp; to be stylish; to suit one; to be held in place (of a hairdo)
    • ·to be struck and held (of a pose in kabuki)
    • ·to get high (on drugs)
    N1
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • 一気に（いっきに）N2

    An adverb meaning an action is done in one continuous effort — 'in one go; all at once; in one breath'.

    まず、スタートから60メートル付近までは上半身を前に倒すようにして一気に加速する、そして最高速度に達したら残りの距離はできるだけそのペースを守る。

    First, from the start to around the 60-meter mark, lean your upper body forward and accelerate rapidly; once you reach top speed, try to maintain that pace for the remaining distance.

Other levels19 patterns
  • ためにN33 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    100メートルを速く走るためには最高速度を長く維持すればよいわけだが、世界トップクラスの選手でもそんなことは不可能である。

    To run 100 meters quickly, in theory one would simply maintain top speed for a long time, but even world-class athletes cannot do that.

  • わけだN3

    Presents a conclusion as the natural consequence of a stated reason — 'that's why', 'no wonder', 'so it means'.

    100メートルを速く走るためには最高速度を長く維持すればよいわけだが、世界トップクラスの選手でもそんなことは不可能である。

    To run 100 meters quickly, in theory one would simply maintain top speed for a long time, but even world-class athletes cannot do that.

  • というN3

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    そのため、加速、最高速度の維持、減速というそれぞれの段階に合った走り方をコントロールすることが大切だ。

    Therefore, it is important to control your running technique to suit each stage: acceleration, maintaining top speed, and deceleration.

  • 決して～ないN3

    Adverb pairing with a following negative to stress absolute denial, 'never / by no means / not at all'.

    ゴール直前では決して余計な力は使わず、走り抜けるイメージでゴールしよう。

    Just before the finish, do not use any unnecessary extra force; cross the line with the image of running straight through it.

  • ようにするN4

    Expresses making an ongoing effort or arranging things so that something does or doesn't happen — "make sure to / try to (do regularly)".

    まず、スタートから60メートル付近までは上半身を前に倒すようにして一気に加速する、そして最高速度に達したら残りの距離はできるだけそのペースを守る。

    First, from the start to around the 60-meter mark, lean your upper body forward and accelerate rapidly; once you reach top speed, try to maintain that pace for the remaining distance.

  • たらN42 times in this passage

    Conditional/temporal ending on the plain-past stem meaning that once or if the first action happens, the second follows ('if / once / when ... then').

    まず、スタートから60メートル付近までは上半身を前に倒すようにして一気に加速する、そして最高速度に達したら残りの距離はできるだけそのペースを守る。

    First, from the start to around the 60-meter mark, lean your upper body forward and accelerate rapidly; once you reach top speed, try to maintain that pace for the remaining distance.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    足を速く動かすことは加速の必要条件ではあるが、体力の消耗が激しいため、意識しすぎると後半のスピートが落ちてしまい、よい記録が出にくい。

    Moving your legs quickly is necessary for acceleration, but because it consumes a great deal of energy, focusing on it too much can cause your speed to drop in the latter half and make a good time harder to achieve.

  • にくいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to say an action is hard to perform, 'difficult to ~ / hard to ~.'

    足を速く動かすことは加速の必要条件ではあるが、体力の消耗が激しいため、意識しすぎると後半のスピートが落ちてしまい、よい記録が出にくい。

    Moving your legs quickly is necessary for acceleration, but because it consumes a great deal of energy, focusing on it too much can cause your speed to drop in the latter half and make a good time harder to achieve.

  • 間（あいだ）N4

    Marks a span of time or space throughout which, or between whose endpoints, something else continuously holds — 'while; during; between'.

    スタート時は足を前に出す気持ちで走り出し、加速している間は歩幅を広げることを意識して最高速度に達するまで走る。

    At the start, begin running with the feeling of bringing your legs forward; while accelerating, focus on lengthening your stride until you reach top speed.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    その後はスピードが落ちてきても、それまでのペースを意識することで減速が抑えられる。

    After that, even when your speed begins to fall, keeping the previous pace in mind can help limit the deceleration.

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    その後はスピードが落ちてきても、それまでのペースを意識することで減速が抑えられる。

    After that, even when your speed begins to fall, keeping the previous pace in mind can help limit the deceleration.

  • と言ってもいい（といってもいい）N4

    Softens a strong assertion by presenting it as reasonable — 'you could say that…' / 'it's fair to say that…'.

    どんな選手でも減速は避けられないが、それをどれだけ最小限に抑えられるかで勝負が決まると言ってもいい。

    No athlete can avoid decelerating, and it is fair to say that the outcome is decided by how much that deceleration can be minimized.

  • までN53 times in this passage

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    まず、スタートから60メートル付近までは上半身を前に倒すようにして一気に加速する、そして最高速度に達したら残りの距離はできるだけそのペースを守る。

    First, from the start to around the 60-meter mark, lean your upper body forward and accelerate rapidly; once you reach top speed, try to maintain that pace for the remaining distance.

  • 前に（まえに）N52 times in this passage

    Marks that something happens before an action or in front of a place — "before (doing) / in front of."

    まず、スタートから60メートル付近までは上半身を前に倒すようにして一気に加速する、そして最高速度に達したら残りの距離はできるだけそのペースを守る。

    First, from the start to around the 60-meter mark, lean your upper body forward and accelerate rapidly; once you reach top speed, try to maintain that pace for the remaining distance.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    まず、スタートから60メートル付近までは上半身を前に倒すようにして一気に加速する、そして最高速度に達したら残りの距離はできるだけそのペースを守る。

    First, from the start to around the 60-meter mark, lean your upper body forward and accelerate rapidly; once you reach top speed, try to maintain that pace for the remaining distance.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、ゴールが近くなったら無理な働きにならないように力を抜いて走ろう。

    However, as you approach the finish, relax and run without forcing your movements.

  • すぎるN5

    Attaches to a verb or adjective stem to mean the action or quality is excessive, 'too much / overly ~'.

    足を速く動かすことは加速の必要条件ではあるが、体力の消耗が激しいため、意識しすぎると後半のスピートが落ちてしまい、よい記録が出にくい。

    Moving your legs quickly is necessary for acceleration, but because it consumes a great deal of energy, focusing on it too much can cause your speed to drop in the latter half and make a good time harder to achieve.

  • どんなN5

    Asks or specifies what kind or sort of thing something is, "what kind of".

    どんな選手でも減速は避けられないが、それをどれだけ最小限に抑えられるかで勝負が決まると言ってもいい。

    No athlete can avoid decelerating, and it is fair to say that the outcome is decided by how much that deceleration can be minimized.

  • だけN5

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    どんな選手でも減速は避けられないが、それをどれだけ最小限に抑えられるかで勝負が決まると言ってもいい。

    No athlete can avoid decelerating, and it is fair to say that the outcome is decided by how much that deceleration can be minimized.

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