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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #586
2

心しん理り学がく者しゃで立正大学りっしょうだいがく特とく任にん講こう師しの内ない藤とう誼よしみ人じんさんも、就しゅう寝しん（注1）直ちょく前ぜんの勉べん強きょうを勧すすめる一ひと人り。では、日中にっちゅうの勉べん強きょうは無む駄だが多おおいだけかというと、｢そんなことはありません｣と内ない藤とうさん。眠ねむる前まえ以い外がいにも、記き憶おくをするのに効こう率りつ的てき（注2）な時じ間かん帯たいがあることが分わかっているそうです。

以い前ぜん、アメリカの教きょう育いく心しん理り学がく者しゃが、小しょう学がく5、6年ねん生せいを対たい象しょうに、記き憶おく力りょくや理り解かい力りょくが時じ間かん帯たいによってどう変かわるかを調しらべる実験じっけんを行おこなったことがあります。その結果けっか、計けい算さんや暗あん記きなどの作さ業ぎょう効こう率りつは、午ご前ぜん10時じと午ご後ご3時じくらいがピークでした。

午ご前ぜん8時ときの成せい績せきを100とすると、同どう10時ときに160まで上じょう昇しょう。その後ご、午ご後ご1時ときに98まで下さがり、同どう3時ときには103に上あがるという曲きょく線せんを描えがいたそうです。

｢午ご前ぜんと午ご後ごに一いち度どずつ効こう率りつの上あがる時じ間かん帯たいに、最もっとも集しゅう中ちゅうして勉べん強きょうすれば効こう果か的てき。もちろん個こ人じん差さはあるので、自じ分ぶんのリズムをきちんと把は握あく（注3）し、ノッてい（注4）時じ間かん帯たいを見みつけることが大たい切せつです｣

1日にちに5時じ間かん勉べん強きょうし、1時じ間かんに50個こずつ覚おぼえる。そんなやり方かたは、非ひ効こう率りつ極きわまりない（注5）。絶ぜっ好こう調ちょう（注6）の時じ間かん帯たいに2倍ばいのノルマ（注7）を課かし、それ以い外がいは軽かるく流ながす。タイミングをとらえた勉べん強きょう法ほうが、記き憶おく力りょくを高たかめるのです。

｢能のう率りつの波なみは、自じ分ぶんで意い識しき的てきにコントロールすることもできる。自じ分ぶんが勉べん強きょうする時じ間かん帯たいに、最もっとも頭あたまの働はたらきが良よくなるよう習しゅう慣かんづけられればベスト｣と内ない藤とうさん。タイミングを待まつだけではなく、自じ分ぶんから作つくり出だす“攻せめの姿し勢せい”が求もとめられるのです。

（読よみ売うり新しん聞ぶん2011年ねん11月つき18日ひ付づけ朝ちょう刊かんによる）

（注ちゅう1）就しゅう寝しん：寝ねること

（注ちゅう2）効こう率りつ的てきな：ここでは、効こう果かが上あがりやすい

（注ちゅう3）把は握あくする：ここでは、つかむ

（注ちゅう4）ノツている：ここでは、調ちょう子しが良いい

（注ちゅう5）～極きわまりない：非ひ常じょうに～だ

（注ちゅう6）絶ぜっ好こう調ちょうの：非ひ常じょうに調ちょう子しが良いい

（注ちゅう7）ノルマ：ここでは、しなければならない勉べん強きょうの量りょう

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1アメリカの教育心理学者の実験結果について合っているのはどれか。
  2. 2この文章によると、効果的な勉強法とはどのようなものか。
  3. 3“攻めの姿勢”とは何か。

Study this passage

Vocabulary6 words
  • 講師こうし
    • ·speaker; lecturer
    • ·lecturer (at a university or college); instructor
    • ·part-time teacher
    • ·tutor (at a cram school)
    N2
  • 直前ちょくぜん
    • ·just before; just prior to
    • ·right in front of; just in front of
    N2
  • 曲線きょくせん
    • ·curve
    N2
  • 高めるたかめる
    • ·to raise; to lift; to boost; to enhance
    N2
  • 能率のうりつ
    • ·efficiency
    • ·moment
    N2
  • 姿勢しせい
    • ·posture; pose; position; stance; carriage (of the body)
    • ·attitude; approach; stance
    N2
Other levels81 words
  • 勉強べんきょう
    • ·study
    • ·diligence; working hard
    • ·experience; knowledge; lesson (for the future)
    • ·discount; price reduction
    N5
  • 一人ひとり
    • ·one person
    • ·being alone; being by oneself
    • ·being single; being unmarried
    • ·by oneself; alone
    • ·just; only; simply
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • いう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: ありません
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 前まえ
    • ·in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
    • ·before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
    • ·(the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
    • ·forward; ahead
    • ·(in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
    • ·previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
    • ·portion; helping
    • ·front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
    • ·privates; private parts
    • ·criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 分かるわかるAs it appears here: 分かって
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あります
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • 午前ごぜん
    • ·morning; a.m.
    N5
  • 午後ごご
    • ·afternoon; p.m.
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: し
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 大切たいせつ
    • ·important; significant; serious; crucial
    • ·precious; valuable; dear; cherished; beloved
    • ·careful
    N5
  • 時間じかん
    • ·time
    • ·hour
    • ·period; class; lesson
    N5
  • 覚えるおぼえる
    • ·to memorize; to memorise; to commit to memory; to learn by heart; to bear in mind; to remember
    • ·to learn; to pick up; to acquire
    • ·to feel
    • ·to think; to regard
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 軽いかるいAs it appears here: 軽く
    • ·light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily)
    • ·light (i.e. of foot); effortless; nimble; agile
    • ·non-serious; minor; unimportant; trivial
    • ·slight; small; gentle; soft; easy; lighthearted (e.g. joke)
    • ·easy; simple
    • ·indiscriminate
    • ·light (shape or stones); (expl.) stones that are not solid but can be used to sacrifice to gain something elsewhere
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 頭あたま
    • ·head
    • ·hair (on one's head)
    • ·mind; brains; intellect
    • ·leader; chief; boss; captain
    • ·top; tip
    • ·beginning; start
    • ·head; person
    • ·down payment; deposit
    • ·top structural component of a kanji
    • ·pair
    N5
  • 待つまつ
    • ·to wait
    • ·to await; to look forward to; to anticipate
    • ·to depend on; to need
    N5
  • 寝るねる
    • ·to sleep (lying down)
    • ·to go to bed; to lie in bed
    • ·to lie down
    • ·to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse)
    • ·to lie flat (e.g. of hair)
    • ·to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
    • ·to ferment (of soy sauce, miso, etc.)
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しなければ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 眠るねむる
    • ·to sleep
    • ·to die; to rest (in peace); to lie (buried); to sleep (in the grave)
    • ·to lie idle (e.g. of resources); to lie unused; to lie untapped; to lie untouched
    • ·to close one's eyes
    N4
  • 以外いがい
    • ·excluding; except (for); apart from; other than; besides; in addition to
    • ·outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
    N4
  • 教育きょういく
    • ·education; schooling; training; instruction; teaching; upbringing
    • ·culture; cultivation; education
    N4
  • 変わるかわる
    • ·to change; to be transformed; to be altered; to vary
    • ·to move to
    • ·to be different; to be uncommon; to be unusual
    N4
  • 調べるしらべる
    • ·to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study; to inquire; to search
    N4
  • 行うおこなうAs it appears here: 行った
    • ·to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
    N4
  • 一度いちど
    • ·once; one time; on one occasion
    • ·temporarily; for a moment
    • ·one degree; one tone; one musical interval
    N4
  • 見つけるみつける
    • ·to find; to discover; to come across; to spot; to catch (someone doing)
    • ·to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
    N4
  • 倍ばい
    • ·double; twice (as much)
    • ·times (as much); -fold
    • ·1-nth; 1 to n; 1 in n
    N4
  • 習慣しゅうかん
    • ·habit
    • ·(social) custom; practice; convention; tradition
    N4
  • 非常にひじょうに
    • ·very; extremely; exceedingly
    N4
  • 勧めるすすめる
    • ·to recommend (someone to do); to advise; to encourage; to urge
    • ·to recommend (a book, someone for a position, etc.); to suggest
    • ·to offer (a drink, cigarette, seat, etc.)
    N3
  • 日中にっちゅう
    • ·daytime; during the day
    • ·Japan and China; Japanese-Chinese; Sino-Japanese
    N3
  • 無駄むだ
    • ·futility; waste; uselessness; pointlessness; idleness
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 記憶きおく
    • ·memory; recollection; remembrance
    • ·memory; storage
    N3
  • 以前いぜん
    • ·before; prior to; ago
    • ·the past; before; previously; former times
    N3
  • 対象たいしょう
    • ·target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.); coverage
    N3
  • 実験じっけん
    • ·experiment; experimentation
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • 計算けいさん
    • ·calculation; computation; reckoning; counting; adding up; working out; figures
    • ·consideration; calculation; estimation; expectation
    N3
  • 暗記あんき
    • ·memorization; memorisation; learning by heart
    N3
  • 作業さぎょう
    • ·work; operation; task
    N3
  • 成績せいせき
    • ·results; record; grades; marks
    N3
  • 描くえがくAs it appears here: 描いた
    • ·to draw; to paint; to sketch
    • ·to depict; to describe
    • ·to picture in one's mind; to imagine
    • ·to form a certain shape (e.g. path of an action, appearance of an object, etc.)
    N3
  • 最ももっとも
    • ·most; extremely
    N3
  • 集中しゅうちゅう
    • ·concentration (on a task); focusing one's attention
    • ·concentration (of population, buildings, power, etc.); centralization; convergence; focus (of a debate, questions, etc.)
    • ·within a collection of works
    N3
  • もちろん
    • ·of course; certainly; naturally
    N3
  • 日にち
    • ·Sunday
    • ·nth day (of the month)
    • ·counter for days
    • ·Japan
    N3
  • 流すながす
    • ·to drain; to pour; to run; to let flow; to flush; to shed (blood, tears); to spill
    • ·to float (e.g. logs down a river); to set adrift
    • ·to wash away; to carry away; to sweep away
    • ·to broadcast; to play (e.g. music over a loudspeaker); to send (electricity through a wire)
    • ·to circulate (a rumour, information, etc.); to spread; to distribute
    • ·to cruise (of a taxi); to stroll around (in search of customers, an audience, etc.); to go from place to place
    • ·to cancel (a plan, meeting, etc.); to call off; to reject (e.g. a bill)
    • ·to forfeit (a pawn)
    • ·to do leisurely (e.g. running, swimming); to do with ease; to do effortlessly
    • ·to exile; to banish
    • ·to hit (the ball) to the opposite field
    • ·to do inattentively; to do without concentrating; to put little effort into doing
    • ·to cause a miscarriage; to abort
    N3
  • 法ほう
    • ·law; act; principle
    • ·method
    • ·mood
    • ·dharma; law
    N3
  • 波なみ
    • ·wave; billow; ripple; breaker; swell
    • ·ups and downs
    • ·(something) advancing step by step; (something) surging forward inopposably; succession of changes
    • ·tendency; (new) wave
    N3
  • 働きはたらき
    • ·work; labor; labour
    • ·achievement; performance; ability; talent
    • ·salary; income; earnings
    • ·action; activity; workings; function; operation; movement; motion
    • ·conjugation; inflection
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 求めるもとめるAs it appears here: 求められる
    • ·to want; to wish for
    • ·to request; to demand; to require; to ask for
    • ·to seek; to search for; to look for; to pursue (pleasure); to hunt (a job); to find (a solution)
    • ·to purchase; to buy
    N3
  • 月つき
    • ·Moon
    • ·month
    • ·moonlight
    • ·(a) moon; natural satellite
    N3
  • 日付ひづけ
    • ·date; dating
    N3
  • 注ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 効果こうか
    • ·effect; effectiveness; efficacy; result
    • ·effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
    N3
  • つかむ
    • ·to seize; to catch; to grasp; to grip; to grab; to clutch; to hold; to catch hold of; to lay one's hands on
    • ·to obtain; to acquire; to get; to win; to capture
    • ·to understand; to grasp; to comprehend
    N3
  • 量りょう
    • ·quantity; amount; volume; capacity; portion (of food)
    • ·generosity; magnanimity; tolerance
    • ·pramana (means by which one gains accurate and valid knowledge; in Indian philosophy)
    N3
  • 人じん
    • ·-ian (e.g. Italian); -ite (e.g. Tokyoite)
    • ·-er (e.g. performer, etc.); person working with ...
    • ·man; person; people
    N1
  • 年生ねんせい
    • ·nth-year student; nth-year pupil
    N1
  • 効率こうりつ
    • ·efficiency
    N1
  • 同どう
    • ·the same; the said
    • ·likewise
    N1
  • 上昇じょうしょう
    • ·rising; ascending; climbing
    N1
  • 下がるさがるAs it appears here: 下がり
    • ·to come down; to go down; to fall; to drop; to sink; to get lower
    • ·to hang; to dangle
    • ·to move back; to step back; to withdraw; to retire
    • ·to deteriorate; to fall off; to be downgraded
    • ·to get closer to the present day
    • ·to play a sagari; to extend downwards
    N1
  • 上がるあがる
    • ·to rise; to go up; to come up; to ascend; to be raised
    • ·to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to go in
    • ·to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade
    • ·to get out (of water); to come ashore; to be washed ashore
    • ·to float atop the water; to surface from the sea (e.g. of a corpse); to rise to the surface
    • ·to increase; to be raised (e.g. of a salary); to rise
    • ·to improve; to make progress
    • ·to be promoted; to advance
    • ·to be made (of profit, etc.)
    • ·to occur (esp. of a favourable result)
    • ·to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.)
    • ·to be finished; to be done; to be over
    • ·to stop (of rain); to clear up (of weather)
    • ·to stop (working properly); to cut out; to give out; to die
    • ·to win (in a card game, etc.)
    • ·to be spoken loudly; to be raised loudly (of a voice)
    • ·to get nervous; to get stage fright
    • ·to be offered (to the gods, etc.)
    • ·to go; to visit
    • ·to eat; to drink
    • ·to serve (in one's master's home)
    • ·to enter a red light district; to amuse oneself in a red light district; to visit a brothel
    • ·to arise vigorously (e.g. of voices in excitement); to become excited; to be in uproar (e.g. of a crowd)
    • ·to be complete; to finish
    • ·adds the connotation of an action happening strongly or violently
    • ·above; north of
    N1
  • 把握はあく
    • ·grasp (of the situation, meaning, etc.); understanding; control; hold; grip
    N1
  • 攻めせめ
    • ·attack; offence; offense; assault
    • ·top (dominant partner of a homosexual relationship)
    • ·barrage (of); flood (of)
    N1
  • 上がるあがるAs it appears here: 上がり
    • ·to rise; to go up; to come up; to ascend; to be raised
    • ·to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to go in
    • ·to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade
    • ·to get out (of water); to come ashore; to be washed ashore
    • ·to float atop the water; to surface from the sea (e.g. of a corpse); to rise to the surface
    • ·to increase; to be raised (e.g. of a salary); to rise
    • ·to improve; to make progress
    • ·to be promoted; to advance
    • ·to be made (of profit, etc.)
    • ·to occur (esp. of a favourable result)
    • ·to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.)
    • ·to be finished; to be done; to be over
    • ·to stop (of rain); to clear up (of weather)
    • ·to stop (working properly); to cut out; to give out; to die
    • ·to win (in a card game, etc.)
    • ·to be spoken loudly; to be raised loudly (of a voice)
    • ·to get nervous; to get stage fright
    • ·to be offered (to the gods, etc.)
    • ·to go; to visit
    • ·to eat; to drink
    • ·to serve (in one's master's home)
    • ·to enter a red light district; to amuse oneself in a red light district; to visit a brothel
    • ·to arise vigorously (e.g. of voices in excitement); to become excited; to be in uproar (e.g. of a crowd)
    • ·to be complete; to finish
    • ·adds the connotation of an action happening strongly or violently
    • ·above; north of
    N1
  • やすい
    • ·easy
    • ·likely to ...; have a tendency to ...
    • ·easy to ...
    N1
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • 以外（いがい）N22 times in this passage

    Marks everything except the named item — 'other than ~', 'apart from ~', 'besides ~'.

    眠る前以外にも、記憶をするのに効率的な時間帯があることが分かっているそうです。

    Besides the time before sleep, there are, it seems, other time bands that are efficient for memorising.

Other levels20 patterns
  • 極まる / 極まりない（きわまる / きわまりない）N12 times in this passage

    Attaches to a quality to push it to its absolute limit, usually with strong (often negative) emphasis, "extremely / utterly / in the extreme."

    そんなやり方は、非効率極まりない。

    Such a method could not be more inefficient.

  • と言うと（というと）N3

    'Speaking of…' / 'when it comes to…' — takes up a topic just mentioned and continues from it.

    では、日中の勉強は無駄が多いだけかというと、｢そんなことはありません｣と内藤さん。

    Then is daytime study nothing but waste? "Not at all," says Naitou-san.

  • 的（てき）N33 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    眠る前以外にも、記憶をするのに効率的な時間帯があることが分かっているそうです。

    Besides the time before sleep, there are, it seems, other time bands that are efficient for memorising.

  • によって/によるN32 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    以前、アメリカの教育心理学者が、小学5、6年生を対象に、記憶力や理解力が時間帯によってどう変わるかを調べる実験を行ったことがあります。

    Some time ago an American educational psychologist conducted an experiment on fifth- and sixth-year primary pupils to see how memory and comprehension change by time of day.

  • とすれば・としたら・とするとN3

    'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.

    午前8時の成績を100とすると、同10時に160まで上昇。

    Taking the 8 a.m. score as 100, it rose to 160 by 10 a.m.

  • というN3

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    その後、午後1時に98まで下がり、同3時には103に上がるという曲線を描いたそうです。

    After that it is said to have drawn a curve, falling to 98 at 1 p.m. and rising to 103 at 3 p.m.

  • 〜ずつN32 times in this passage

    Attaches to a quantity to mark equal distribution or repetition, "each / apiece / at a time".

    ｢午前と午後に一度ずつ効率の上がる時間帯に、最も集中して勉強すれば効果的。

    "Studying with the greatest concentration in the two bands where efficiency rises, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, is effective.

  • だけでなくN3

    Correlative adding a further item beyond the one stated — 'not only ... (but also)'.

    タイミングを待つだけではなく、自分から作り出す“攻めの姿勢”が求められるのです。

    What is called for is not merely waiting for the timing but an "attacking posture" that creates it yourself.

  • 〜のにN4

    Links two clauses so the result contradicts what the first clause leads you to expect — "even though ~ / although ~".

    眠る前以外にも、記憶をするのに効率的な時間帯があることが分かっているそうです。

    Besides the time before sleep, there are, it seems, other time bands that are efficient for memorising.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    その結果、計算や暗記などの作業効率は、午前10時と午後3時くらいがピークでした。

    The result was that efficiency at tasks such as calculation and memorising peaked at about 10 a.m. and about 3 p.m.

  • 方（かた）N4

    Attaches to a verb's masu-stem to name the manner or method of doing it, "way of / how to".

    そんなやり方は、非効率極まりない。

    Such a method could not be more inefficient.

  • やすいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean the action is easy to do ('easy to ~').

    （注2）効率的な：ここでは、効果が上がりやすい

    (Note 2) kouritsuteki na: here, likely to produce good results

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    （注7）ノルマ：ここでは、しなければならない勉強の量

    (Note 7) quota: here, the amount of study one must do

  • だけN5

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    では、日中の勉強は無駄が多いだけかというと、｢そんなことはありません｣と内藤さん。

    Then is daytime study nothing but waste? "Not at all," says Naitou-san.

  • がありますN5

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    眠る前以外にも、記憶をするのに効率的な時間帯があることが分かっているそうです。

    Besides the time before sleep, there are, it seems, other time bands that are efficient for memorising.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    眠る前以外にも、記憶をするのに効率的な時間帯があることが分かっているそうです。

    Besides the time before sleep, there are, it seems, other time bands that are efficient for memorising.

  • だ / ですN56 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    眠る前以外にも、記憶をするのに効率的な時間帯があることが分かっているそうです。

    Besides the time before sleep, there are, it seems, other time bands that are efficient for memorising.

  • 〜たことがあるN5

    States that the speaker has had the experience of doing something at some point — “have done (before)”.

    以前、アメリカの教育心理学者が、小学5、6年生を対象に、記憶力や理解力が時間帯によってどう変わるかを調べる実験を行ったことがあります。

    Some time ago an American educational psychologist conducted an experiment on fifth- and sixth-year primary pupils to see how memory and comprehension change by time of day.

  • までN52 times in this passage

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    午前8時の成績を100とすると、同10時に160まで上昇。

    Taking the 8 a.m. score as 100, it rose to 160 by 10 a.m.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    もちろん個人差はあるので、自分のリズムをきちんと把握し、ノッてい時間帯を見つけることが大切です｣

    Of course there are individual differences, so it is important to grasp your own rhythm properly and find the band in which you are on form."

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