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N2 · Upper intermediateShort passagePassage #566
2

チンパンジーと同おなじ程てい度どの知ち能のうを持もつゴリラに、挨あい拶さつ行こう動どうの種しゅ類るいが少すくないのは、ゴリラは一頭いっとうのオスと数すう頭とうのメスよりなるまとまった（注1）小しょう集しゅう団だんを作つくり、集しゅう団だんのメンバーが離はなれ離ばなれになって生せい活かつすることがないからであろう。それに反はんして、チンパンジー社しゃ会かいでは、集しゅう団だんから受うける束そく縛ばく（注2）が小ちいさく、個こ体たいの行こう動どうの自じ由ゆう度どが大おおきいので、相そう互ごの個こ体たい関かん係けいを友ゆう好こう的てきにつなぐために、挨あい拶さつ行こう動どうが発達はったつしたのであろう。

（河かわ合い雅まさ雄お「サルの目めヒトの目め」による）

（注ちゅう1）まとまる：一ひとつになる

（注ちゅう2）束そく縛ばく：ここでは、制せい限げん

Questions

0/1 answered
  1. 1この文章によると、挨拶行動がよく見られるのはどのような集団か。

Study this passage

Vocabulary4 words
  • まとまるAs it appears here: まとまった
    • ·to find resolution; to be settled; to be agreed on; to be completed
    • ·to be collected; to be assembled; to be brought together
    • ·to be well arranged; to be in order; to be unified; to take shape; to be coherent
    N2
  • 個体こたい
    • ·individual; specimen
    N2
  • 相互そうご
    • ·mutual; reciprocal
    N2
  • まとまる
    • ·to find resolution; to be settled; to be agreed on; to be completed
    • ·to be collected; to be assembled; to be brought together
    • ·to be well arranged; to be in order; to be unified; to take shape; to be coherent
    N2
Other levels34 words
  • 同じおなじ
    • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
    • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
    N5
  • 持つもつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • 少ないすくない
    • ·few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient; seldom; rare
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 作るつくるAs it appears here: 作り
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 小さいちいさいAs it appears here: 小さく
    • ·small; little; tiny
    • ·slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); minor; small
    • ·low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
    • ·unimportant; petty; insignificant; trifling; trivial
    • ·young; juvenile
    N5
  • 大きいおおきい
    • ·big; large; great
    • ·loud
    • ·extensive; spacious
    • ·important; decisive; valuable
    • ·older; grown-up
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 目め
    • ·eye; eyeball
    • ·eyesight; sight; vision
    • ·look; stare; gaze; glance
    • ·notice; attention; observation; eyes (of the world, public, etc.)
    • ·an experience
    • ·viewpoint
    • ·discrimination; discernment; judgement; eye (e.g. for quality)
    • ·(an) appearance
    • ·chance (of success); possibility (of a good result)
    • ·spacing (between crossed strands of a net, mesh, etc.); opening; stitch; texture; weave
    • ·grain (of wood, paper)
    • ·eye (of a storm, needle, etc.)
    • ·intersection (on a go board); square (on a chessboard)
    • ·dot (on a dice); pip; rolled number
    • ·graduation; division (of a scale)
    • ·tooth (of a saw, comb, etc.)
    • ·ordinal number suffix
    • ·somewhat; -ish
    • ·point (e.g. of change)
    • ·eye (empty space inside a group of stones)
    N5
  • ヒトひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 一つひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • 生活せいかつ
    • ·life; living
    • ·livelihood; (one's) living
    N4
  • 社会しゃかい
    • ·society; public; community; the world
    • ·social studies
    N4
  • 受けるうける
    • ·to receive; to get
    • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
    • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
    • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
    • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
    • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
    • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
    • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
    • ·to face (south, etc.)
    • ·to be modified by
    • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
    • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
    N4
  • 関係かんけい
    • ·relation; relationship; connection
    • ·participation; involvement; concern
    • ·influence; effect
    • ·sexual relations; sexual relationship
    • ·related to; connected to
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 程度ていど
    • ·degree; amount; grade; standard; of the order of (following a number); about; approximately
    N3
  • 知能ちのう
    • ·intelligence; intellect; brains
    N3
  • 行動こうどう
    • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
    N3
  • 種類しゅるい
    • ·variety; kind; type; category
    • ·counter for kinds, species, etc.
    N3
  • 数すう
    • ·several; a few; a number of
    • ·number; quantity; amount
    • ·counting; calculation; figures; numbers
    • ·number; numeral; figure
    • ·number
    • ·destiny; fate; outcome; course of events; trend
    N3
  • 集団しゅうだん
    • ·group; mass
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • つなぐ
    • ·to connect; to link together
    • ·to tie; to fasten; to restrain
    • ·to maintain; to preserve; to keep
    • ·to transfer (phone call); to put a person through
    • ·to hedge; to buy or sell forward
    • ·to connect (stones)
    N3
  • 発達はったつ
    • ·development; growth
    • ·progress; development; advancement
    • ·expansion (of a typhoon, low-pressure area, etc.)
    • ·developmental disability; person with a developmental disability
    N3
  • 注ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 制限せいげん
    • ·restriction; restraint; limitation; limit
    N3
  • オスおす
    • ·male (animal, plant)
    N1
  • メスめす
    • ·female (animal, plant)
    N1
  • 束縛そくばく
    • ·restraint; restriction; fetters; yoke; shackles
    • ·binding; confinement with rope
    N1
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • に反してN2

    Marks an outcome or action that runs opposite to an expectation, rule, or wish; "contrary to, against, in opposition to."

    それに反して、チンパンジー社会では、集団から受ける束縛が小さく、個体の行動の自由度が大きいので、相互の個体関係を友好的につなぐために、挨拶行動が発達したのであろう。

    By contrast, in chimpanzee society, group constraints are weaker and individuals have greater freedom of action, so greeting behaviors probably developed in order to maintain friendly relationships between individuals.

Other levels5 patterns
  • 的（てき）N3

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    それに反して、チンパンジー社会では、集団から受ける束縛が小さく、個体の行動の自由度が大きいので、相互の個体関係を友好的につなぐために、挨拶行動が発達したのであろう。

    By contrast, in chimpanzee society, group constraints are weaker and individuals have greater freedom of action, so greeting behaviors probably developed in order to maintain friendly relationships between individuals.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    それに反して、チンパンジー社会では、集団から受ける束縛が小さく、個体の行動の自由度が大きいので、相互の個体関係を友好的につなぐために、挨拶行動が発達したのであろう。

    By contrast, in chimpanzee society, group constraints are weaker and individuals have greater freedom of action, so greeting behaviors probably developed in order to maintain friendly relationships between individuals.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    （河合雅雄「サルの目ヒトの目」による）

    (Based on Kawai Masao, The Eyes of Monkeys, the Eyes of Humans)

  • よりN4

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    チンパンジーと同じ程度の知能を持つゴリラに、挨拶行動の種類が少ないのは、ゴリラは一頭のオスと数頭のメスよりなるまとまった小集団を作り、集団のメンバーが離れ離れになって生活することがないからであろう。

    Gorillas, which possess roughly the same level of intelligence as chimpanzees, probably have fewer types of greeting behavior because they form cohesive small groups consisting of one male and several females, whose members do not live separately from one another.

  • のでN52 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    それに反して、チンパンジー社会では、集団から受ける束縛が小さく、個体の行動の自由度が大きいので、相互の個体関係を友好的につなぐために、挨拶行動が発達したのであろう。

    By contrast, in chimpanzee society, group constraints are weaker and individuals have greater freedom of action, so greeting behaviors probably developed in order to maintain friendly relationships between individuals.

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