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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #530
2

「話はなし言こと葉ば」の最もっとも重じゅう要ような特とく徴ちょうは、声こえを使つかうところにあるのではなく、聞きき手てが目めの前まえにいるというところにあります。話はなし手てと聞きき手ては、親したしい関かん係けいの場ば合あいもあれば、初しょ対たい面めんの人ひと、行いきずり（注1）の人ひとの場ば合あいもありますが、少すくなくとも両りょう者しゃは、そこがどんな場ば所しょで、どんな状じょう況きょうであるかについて、一定いっていの共きょう通つう認にん識しき（注2）を持もっています。同どう時じに、相あい手てがどういう人ひとであるかについても、ある程てい度どはわかります。

（中ちゅう略りゃく）

ところが「書かき言こと葉ば」になると、たとえ親したしい相あい手てへの手て紙がみでも、あちこちで説せつ明めいが必ひつ要ようになります。自じ分ぶんしか読よまないはずの覚おぼえ書がきでも、時じ間かんがたつと書かかれた状じょう況きょうがわからなくなりますから、「あとで読よみ返かえすかもしれない自じ分ぶん」への最さい低てい限げんの配はい慮りょ（注3）はしておかなくてはなりません。説せつ明めいするというのは、「自じ分ぶんには言こと葉ばにしなくてもわかっていること」を、わざわざ言こと葉ばにする作さ業ぎょうですから、とてもやっかいです。でも、そこがきちんとできていないと、誤ご解かいが生しょうじて取とり返かえしのつかない（注4）結果けっかになることもありえます。面めんとむかって（注5）の話はなしなら、相あい手てが気きを悪わるくすれば急いそいで謝あやまることもできますが、手て紙がみだと、怒おこらせたことに気きづかないまま関かん係けいが切きれる恐おそれすらあるのです。

ですから、「書かき言こと葉ば」においては、文字もじの読よみ書かきという知ち識しきに加くわえて、自じ分ぶんが書かいたものを読よむ相あい手てがどんな情じょう報ほうを必ひつ要ようとしているかを推すい測そくする（注6）力ちから、そして、その情じょう報ほうを、どんな言いい方かた、どんな順じゅん序じょで提てい供きょうすれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤ご解かいが生しょうじにくいかを考かんがえる力ちからが、いかに（注7）大おおきな意い味みを持もつかが分わかっていただけると思おもいます。

（脇わき明あき子こ『読よむ力ちからが未み来らいをひらくー小しょう学がく生せいへの読どく書しょ支し援えん』による）

（注ちゅう1）行いきずりの人ひと：たまたま出で会あった人ひと

（注ちゅう2）認にん識しき：理り解かい

（注ちゅう3）配はい慮りょ：気き配くばり

（注ちゅう4）取とり返かえしのつかない：もとに戻もどせば大たい変へんな

（注ちゅう5）面めんとむかって：対たい面めんして

（注ちゅう6）推すい測そくする：ここでは、想そう像ぞうする

（注ちゅう7）いかに：どんなに

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1筆者によると、「話し言葉」の重要な特徴とは何か。
  2. 2誤解が生じてとあるが、どのような時に誤解が生じるのか。
  3. 3「書き言葉」について、筆者の考えに合うのはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary4 words
  • 少なくともすくなくとも
    • ·at least
    N2
  • 一定いってい
    • ·to fix; to settle; to standardize; to regularize
    • ·constant; definite; uniform; defined; certain; prescribed
    N2
  • 順序じゅんじょ
    • ·order; sequence
    • ·procedure
    N2
  • 小学生しょうがくせい
    • ·elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
    N2
Other levels95 words
  • 声こえ
    • ·voice
    • ·singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); hoot
    • ·voice; opinion (as expressed in words); view; wish; attitude; will
    • ·sound
    • ·sense (of something's arrival); feeling
    • ·voice; voiced sound
    N5
  • 使うつかう
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • いる
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あります
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あれば
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 人ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • そこ
    • ·there (place relatively near listener)
    • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
    • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
    • ·you
    N5
  • 持つもつAs it appears here: 持って
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかります
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 手紙てがみ
    • ·letter; note
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なります
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • 読むよむAs it appears here: 読まない
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • 時間じかん
    • ·time
    • ·hour
    • ·period; class; lesson
    N5
  • たつ
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • 書くかくAs it appears here: 書かれた
    • ·to write; to compose; to pen
    • ·to draw; to paint
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わからなく
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • あと
    • ·behind; rear
    • ·after; later
    • ·remainder; the rest
    • ·more (e.g. five more minutes); left
    • ·also; in addition
    • ·descendant; successor; heir
    • ·after one's death
    • ·past; previous
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 言葉ことば
    • ·language; dialect
    • ·word; phrase; expression; term
    • ·speech; (manner of) speaking; (use of) language
    • ·words; remark; statement; comment
    • ·learning to speak; language acquisition
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しなくて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかって
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • とても
    • ·very; awfully; exceedingly
    • ·(not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できて
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あり
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 話はなし
    • ·talk; speech; chat; conversation
    • ·topic; subject
    • ·discussions; negotiation; argument
    • ·rumor; talk; hearsay
    • ·tale; story; fable
    • ·circumstances; particulars
    N5
  • 悪いわるいAs it appears here: 悪く
    • ·bad; poor; undesirable
    • ·poor (quality); inferior; insufficient
    • ·evil; sinful
    • ·ugly; not beautiful
    • ·at fault; to blame; in the wrong
    • ·bad (at doing something)
    • ·unprofitable; unbeneficial
    • ·sorry; (my) bad; unforgivable
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できます
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 書くかくAs it appears here: 書いた
    • ·to write; to compose; to pen
    • ·to draw; to paint
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • 読むよむ
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • 大きなおおきな
    • ·big; large; great
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • 持つもつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • 分かるわかるAs it appears here: 分かって
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • 関係かんけい
    • ·relation; relationship; connection
    • ·participation; involvement; concern
    • ·influence; effect
    • ·sexual relations; sexual relationship
    • ·related to; connected to
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 場所ばしょ
    • ·place; location; spot; position; area
    • ·room; space
    • ·sumo tournament
    N4
  • 説明せつめい
    • ·explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • はず
    • ·should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be)
    • ·nock (of a bow)
    • ·nock (of an arrow)
    • ·nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger)
    • ·wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
    N4
  • 気き
    • ·spirit; mind; heart
    • ·nature; disposition
    • ·intention; mind; will; motivation
    • ·mood; feelings
    • ·consciousness
    • ·care; attention; consideration; worry
    • ·interest
    • ·(the) air; atmosphere
    • ·ambience; atmosphere (of); air (of); mood
    • ·fragrance; aroma; flavour; taste
    • ·qi (in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine); chi; ki
    N4
  • 急ぐいそぐAs it appears here: 急いで
    • ·to hurry; to rush; to hasten; to make something happen sooner
    N4
  • 謝るあやまる
    • ·to apologize (apologise)
    • ·to refuse; to decline
    • ·to be unable to bear; to be defeated (by); to be at a loss; to be stumped (by)
    N4
  • 怒るおこるAs it appears here: 怒らせた
    • ·to get angry; to get mad; to lose one's temper
    • ·to scold; to tell (someone) off
    N4
  • 力ちから
    • ·force; strength; might; vigour; vigor; energy
    • ·capability; ability; proficiency; capacity; faculty
    • ·efficacy; effect
    • ·effort; endeavours; endeavors; exertions
    • ·power; authority; influence; good offices; agency
    • ·support; help; aid; assistance
    • ·stress; emphasis
    • ·means; resources
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思います
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • ひらく
    • ·to open; to undo; to unseal; to unpack
    • ·to bloom; to unfold; to spread out
    • ·to open (for business, e.g. in the morning)
    • ·to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
    • ·to hold (meeting, party, etc.); to give; to open
    • ·to found (nation, dynasty, sect, etc.); to open (a new business); to set up; to establish; to start
    • ·to open (ports, borders, etc.)
    • ·to open (an account)
    • ·to open up (new land, path, etc.); to clear; to develop
    • ·to open (a file, etc.)
    • ·to extract (root); to reduce (equation)
    • ·to cut open (fish)
    • ·to change (kanji into hiragana)
    • ·to flare (e.g. skirt)
    • ·to slacken (into a poor posture)
    • ·to extend
    N4
  • 最ももっとも
    • ·most; extremely
    N3
  • 重要じゅうよう
    • ·important; essential; significant; major; key; principal
    N3
  • 特徴とくちょう
    • ·feature; trait; characteristic; peculiarity; distinction
    N3
  • 親しいしたしい
    • ·close (e.g. friend); familiar; friendly; intimate
    • ·familiar (e.g. story); well-known (to one)
    • ·close (relatives); closely related
    N3
  • 状況じょうきょう
    • ·state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
    N3
  • 相手あいて
    • ·companion; partner; company
    • ·other party; addressee; counterparty
    • ·opponent (sports, etc.)
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • あちこち
    • ·here and there; various places; all around; all over; everywhere; throughout
    • ·muddled; confused; in the wrong order; back to front
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 作業さぎょう
    • ·work; operation; task
    N3
  • やっかい
    • ·trouble; burden; nuisance; bother; worry
    • ·care; dependence; support; kindness; obligation; staying (with a person)
    N3
  • 誤解ごかい
    • ·misunderstanding
    N3
  • 生じるしょうじるAs it appears here: 生じて
    • ·to produce; to yield; to cause
    • ·to result from; to arise; to be generated
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • 切れるきれる
    • ·to break; to snap; to be cut; to split; to crack
    • ·to be injured
    • ·to wear out; to be worn out
    • ·to break; to burst; to collapse
    • ·to wear off; to stop working; to go dead
    • ·to expire (time limit, etc.); to run out; to become due
    • ·to run out (of stock, etc.); to be exhausted; to be used up; to be sold out; to be out of
    • ·to be broken off (e.g. of a relationship); to break up; to have severed ties; to be cut off; to be disconnected
    • ·to cut well; to be sharp
    • ·to be sharp-minded; to be keen; to be shrewd; to be quick-witted; to be able
    • ·to be short of; to drop under (a certain figure); to beat (e.g. a record time)
    • ·to dry off
    • ·to curve; to veer
    • ·to shuffle (cards)
    • ·to get angry; to snap; to blow one's top; to lose one's temper; to flip
    • ·to be able to do completely
    N3
  • 文字もじ
    • ·letter (of an alphabet); character
    • ·writing
    N3
  • 知識ちしき
    • ·knowledge; information
    N3
  • 加えるくわえるAs it appears here: 加えて
    • ·to add; to add up; to sum up; to append; to annex
    • ·to increase; to gather (e.g. speed); to pick up
    • ·to include; to count in; to let join
    • ·to inflict (damage); to deal; to give
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 生じるしょうじるAs it appears here: 生じ
    • ·to produce; to yield; to cause
    • ·to result from; to arise; to be generated
    N3
  • 未来みらい
    • ·(distant) future
    • ·future existence; world beyond the grave; the world to come
    • ·future (tense)
    N3
  • 読書どくしょ
    • ·reading (books)
    N3
  • 注ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • たまたま
    • ·by chance; by accident; accidentally; happen to (be, do); unexpectedly; casually
    • ·occasionally; once in a while; now and then
    N3
  • 出会うであうAs it appears here: 出会った
    • ·to meet (by chance); to come across; to run across; to encounter; to happen upon
    • ·to meet (e.g. of rivers, highways, etc.)
    • ·to emerge and engage (an enemy)
    N3
  • 理解りかい
    • ·understanding; comprehension; appreciation
    • ·sympathy
    N3
  • もと
    • ·origin; source; beginning
    • ·basis; base; foundation; root
    • ·cause
    • ·(raw) material; ingredient; base; mix (e.g. for a cake); (soup) stock
    • ·(one's) side
    • ·capital; principal; cost price
    • ·root (of a plant); (tree) trunk
    • ·part (of a brush, chopsticks, etc.) one holds (with the hand)
    • ·first three lines of a waka
    • ·counter for plants or trees
    • ·counter for falcons (in falconry)
    N3
  • 戻すもどすAs it appears here: 戻せば
    • ·to put back; to return; to give back; to restore (to a previous state, e.g. defrosting, reconstituting, reconciling); to turn back (e.g. clock hand)
    • ·to vomit; to throw up
    • ·to recover (of a market price)
    N3
  • 想像そうぞう
    • ·imagination; supposition; guess
    N3
  • たとえ
    • ·even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing; supposing that; -ever
    N1
  • 配慮はいりょ
    • ·consideration; concern; attention; thoughtfulness; making arrangements; care; trouble
    N1
  • わざわざ
    • ·expressly; especially; specially; taking the trouble (to do); going to the trouble of (doing); going out of one's way (to do)
    • ·intentionally; deliberately; on purpose
    N1
  • 恐れおそれ
    • ·fear; horror; anxiety; concern; uneasiness; reverence
    • ·risk; danger; likelihood; fear
    • ·awe; reverence
    N1
  • 推測すいそく
    • ·guess; conjecture
    N1
  • 提供ていきょう
    • ·offer; tender; providing; supplying; making available; donating (blood, organs, etc.)
    • ·sponsoring (a TV program)
    N1
  • やすいAs it appears here: やすく
    • ·easy
    • ·likely to ...; have a tendency to ...
    • ·easy to ...
    N1
  • いかに
    • ·how; in what way
    • ·how (much); to what extent
    • ·however (much); no matter how
    • ·hey; oi
    N1
  • 認識にんしき
    • ·recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition; cognizance; cognisance
    N1
  • 対面たいめん
    • ·meeting face-to-face; seeing in person
    • ·facing (each other); opposing (traffic, etc.); confronting
    N1
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • 少なくともN2

    States a minimum quantity or a minimal claim — 'at least'.

    話し手と聞き手は、親しい関係の場合もあれば、初対面の人、行きずりの人の場合もありますが、少なくとも両者は、そこがどんな場所で、どんな状況であるかについて、一定の共通認識を持っています。

    Speaker and listener may be close acquaintances, or people meeting for the first time, or people who merely happen to pass by, but at the least the two share a certain common understanding of what sort of place they are in and what the situation is.

  • に加えてN2

    Adds a further item on top of the preceding one — 'in addition to', 'on top of', 'as well as'.

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

Other levels29 patterns
  • すら / ですらN1

    Emphatic particle presenting an extreme example to imply all lesser cases hold — "even".

    面とむかっての話なら、相手が気を悪くすれば急いで謝ることもできますが、手紙だと、怒らせたことに気づかないまま関係が切れる恐れすらあるのです。

    Talking face to face, you can hurry to apologise if the other person takes offence; with a letter, there is even the danger that the relationship is severed without your ever realising you made them angry.

  • いかにN12 times in this passage

    Formal adverb emphasizing degree or manner — 'how ~', or with ~ても 'however much ~'.

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    「話し言葉」の最も重要な特徴は、声を使うところにあるのではなく、聞き手が目の前にいるというところにあります。

    The most important feature of "spoken language" lies not in the use of the voice but in the listener being right in front of you.

  • についてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the topic an action or statement is directed at; 'about', 'concerning', 'regarding'.

    話し手と聞き手は、親しい関係の場合もあれば、初対面の人、行きずりの人の場合もありますが、少なくとも両者は、そこがどんな場所で、どんな状況であるかについて、一定の共通認識を持っています。

    Speaker and listener may be close acquaintances, or people meeting for the first time, or people who merely happen to pass by, but at the least the two share a certain common understanding of what sort of place they are in and what the situation is.

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ところが「書き言葉」になると、たとえ親しい相手への手紙でも、あちこちで説明が必要になります。

    With "written language", however, even in a letter to someone close, explanation becomes necessary here and there.

  • たとえ〜てもN3

    Concessive 'even if / even though' — sets up a hypothetical or fact that does not change the outcome.

    ところが「書き言葉」になると、たとえ親しい相手への手紙でも、あちこちで説明が必要になります。

    With "written language", however, even in a letter to someone close, explanation becomes necessary here and there.

  • というのはN3

    Introduces an explanation or definition of the topic just named — 'the thing called…' / 'what … means is'.

    説明するというのは、「自分には言葉にしなくてもわかっていること」を、わざわざ言葉にする作業ですから、とてもやっかいです。

    Explaining means going to the trouble of putting into words "what you yourself understand without words", which is very troublesome.

  • わざわざN3

    Adverb marking that someone went out of their way or took special trouble to do something — 'expressly, specially, all the way'.

    説明するというのは、「自分には言葉にしなくてもわかっていること」を、わざわざ言葉にする作業ですから、とてもやっかいです。

    Explaining means going to the trouble of putting into words "what you yourself understand without words", which is very troublesome.

  • において/におけるN3

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

  • としてN3

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    （脇明子『読む力が未来をひらくー小学生への読書支援』による）

    (From Waki Akiko, The Power to Read Opens the Future: Supporting Reading for Primary School Children)

  • どんなに～てもN3

    Concessive "no matter how (much) ..., still ..." — the result holds regardless of degree.

    （注7）いかに：どんなに

    (Note 7) ikani: how greatly

  • が必要（がひつよう）N4

    Marks something as necessary or required — 'need X / X is necessary'.

    ところが「書き言葉」になると、たとえ親しい相手への手紙でも、あちこちで説明が必要になります。

    With "written language", however, even in a letter to someone close, explanation becomes necessary here and there.

  • かもしれないN4

    Expresses possibility or conjecture — 'might', 'maybe', 'perhaps'.

    自分しか読まないはずの覚え書きでも、時間がたつと書かれた状況がわからなくなりますから、「あとで読み返すかもしれない自分」への最低限の配慮はしておかなくてはなりません。

    Even a memo only you are supposed to read becomes, with time, unintelligible as to the situation it was written in, so you must give at least a minimum of thought to "the you who may read it again later".

  • 〜ておくN4

    Verb te-form plus 置く, doing something in advance as preparation or leaving it done for later — 'do ... in advance'.

    自分しか読まないはずの覚え書きでも、時間がたつと書かれた状況がわからなくなりますから、「あとで読み返すかもしれない自分」への最低限の配慮はしておかなくてはなりません。

    Even a memo only you are supposed to read becomes, with time, unintelligible as to the situation it was written in, so you must give at least a minimum of thought to "the you who may read it again later".

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    説明するというのは、「自分には言葉にしなくてもわかっていること」を、わざわざ言葉にする作業ですから、とてもやっかいです。

    Explaining means going to the trouble of putting into words "what you yourself understand without words", which is very troublesome.

  • 〜てもらうN4

    Benefactive construction: receive the favor of someone doing an action for you — 'have/get someone to ...'.

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

  • やすいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean the action is easy to do ('easy to ~').

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

  • にくいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to say an action is hard to perform, 'difficult to ~ / hard to ~.'

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

  • と思う（とおもう）N4

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    「話し言葉」の最も重要な特徴は、声を使うところにあるのではなく、聞き手が目の前にいるというところにあります。

    The most important feature of "spoken language" lies not in the use of the voice but in the listener being right in front of you.

  • 前に（まえに）N5

    Marks that something happens before an action or in front of a place — "before (doing) / in front of."

    「話し言葉」の最も重要な特徴は、声を使うところにあるのではなく、聞き手が目の前にいるというところにあります。

    The most important feature of "spoken language" lies not in the use of the voice but in the listener being right in front of you.

  • どんなN55 times in this passage

    Asks or specifies what kind or sort of thing something is, "what kind of".

    話し手と聞き手は、親しい関係の場合もあれば、初対面の人、行きずりの人の場合もありますが、少なくとも両者は、そこがどんな場所で、どんな状況であるかについて、一定の共通認識を持っています。

    Speaker and listener may be close acquaintances, or people meeting for the first time, or people who merely happen to pass by, but at the least the two share a certain common understanding of what sort of place they are in and what the situation is.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    話し手と聞き手は、親しい関係の場合もあれば、初対面の人、行きずりの人の場合もありますが、少なくとも両者は、そこがどんな場所で、どんな状況であるかについて、一定の共通認識を持っています。

    Speaker and listener may be close acquaintances, or people meeting for the first time, or people who merely happen to pass by, but at the least the two share a certain common understanding of what sort of place they are in and what the situation is.

  • なくてはならないN5

    Expresses obligation, often a rule or general necessity — 'must' / 'have to'.

    自分しか読まないはずの覚え書きでも、時間がたつと書かれた状況がわからなくなりますから、「あとで読み返すかもしれない自分」への最低限の配慮はしておかなくてはなりません。

    Even a memo only you are supposed to read becomes, with time, unintelligible as to the situation it was written in, so you must give at least a minimum of thought to "the you who may read it again later".

  • にするN52 times in this passage

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    説明するというのは、「自分には言葉にしなくてもわかっていること」を、わざわざ言葉にする作業ですから、とてもやっかいです。

    Explaining means going to the trouble of putting into words "what you yourself understand without words", which is very troublesome.

  • だ / ですN53 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    説明するというのは、「自分には言葉にしなくてもわかっていること」を、わざわざ言葉にする作業ですから、とてもやっかいです。

    Explaining means going to the trouble of putting into words "what you yourself understand without words", which is very troublesome.

  • とてもN5

    Degree adverb intensifying an adjective or adverb — "very / extremely."

    説明するというのは、「自分には言葉にしなくてもわかっていること」を、わざわざ言葉にする作業ですから、とてもやっかいです。

    Explaining means going to the trouble of putting into words "what you yourself understand without words", which is very troublesome.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    ですから、「書き言葉」においては、文字の読み書きという知識に加えて、自分が書いたものを読む相手がどんな情報を必要としているかを推測する力、そして、その情報を、どんな言い方、どんな順序で提供すれば、わかってもらいやすく、誤解が生じにくいかを考える力が、いかに大きな意味を持つかが分かっていただけると思います。

    So in "written language", besides the knowledge of reading and writing characters, I think you will see how great a significance is carried by the power to guess what information the reader of your writing needs, and the power to consider in what wording and in what order to offer that information so as to be easily understood and least misunderstood.

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