• する
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• そこ
  • ·there (place relatively near listener)
  • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
  • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
  • ·you
  N5
• 住むすむAs it appears here: 住んで
  • ·to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
  N5
• するAs it appears here: して
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• その
  • ·that; the
  • ·part (as in "part two")
  • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
  N5
• 人ひと
  • ·person; someone; somebody
  • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
  • ·human (Homo sapiens)
  • ·(other) people; others
  • ·character; personality; nature
  • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
  • ·adult; grown-up
  • ·I; me; one
  N5
• 新しいあたらしい
  • ·new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date; modern
  N5
• 駅えき
  • ·railway station; train station
  • ·staging post on a highway (in pre-modern Japan)
  • ·counter for railway stations and bus stations
  N5
• 作るつくるAs it appears here: 作られる
  • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
  • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
  • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
  • ·to till
  • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
  • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
  • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
  • ·to have (a child)
  • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
  • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
  • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
  • ·to form (a line, etc.)
  • ·to set (a record)
  • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
  N5
• 自分じぶん
  • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
  • ·I; me
  • ·you
  N5
• 子供こども
  • ·child; children
  N5
• 仕事しごと
  • ·work; job; labor; labour; business; task; assignment; occupation; employment
  • ·work
  N5
• 高いたかい
  • ·high; tall
  • ·expensive; high-priced
  • ·high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
  • ·loud
  • ·high-pitched; shrill
  N5
• また
  • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
  • ·also; too; as well; likewise
  • ·on the other hand; while
  • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
  • ·or; otherwise
  • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
  • ·some time (in the future)
  • ·indirect
  N5
• 交通こうつう
  • ·traffic; transportation
  • ·communication; exchange (of ideas, etc.)
  • ·intercourse
  N4
• 増えるふえるAs it appears here: 増えて
  • ·to increase; to multiply
  N4
• ため
  • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
  • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
  • ·consequence; result; effect
  • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
  N4
• 教育きょういく
  • ·education; schooling; training; instruction; teaching; upbringing
  • ·culture; cultivation; education
  N4
• 生活せいかつ
  • ·life; living
  • ·livelihood; (one's) living
  N4
• 始めるはじめるAs it appears here: 始めさせる
  • ·to start; to begin; to commence; to initiate; to originate
  • ·to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to establish
  • ·to start ...; to begin to ...
  N4
• 都市とし
  • ·town; city; municipal; urban
  N3
• 偉大いだい
  • ·great; grand; magnificent; outstanding; mighty
  N3
• こと
  • ·thing; matter
  • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
  • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
  • ·work; business; affair
  • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
  • ·nominalizing suffix
  • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
  • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
  • ·necessity; need
  • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
  N3
• 現在げんざい
  • ·the present; present time; now
  • ·as of
  • ·present tense
  • ·this world; this life
  • ·to actually exist; to exist right now; to exist right in front of one
  N3
• 貧しいまずしいAs it appears here: 貧し
  • ·poor; needy
  • ·lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty; skimpy; slight; inadequate
  N3
• 改善かいぜん
  • ·betterment; improvement
  • ·kaizen (Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement)
  N3
• 地域ちいき
  • ·area; region; district; locality
  N3
• 貧しいまずしい
  • ·poor; needy
  • ·lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty; skimpy; slight; inadequate
  N3
• 過去かこ
  • ·the past; bygone days
  • ·one's past (that one would prefer remained secret)
  • ·past (tense); preterit; preterite
  • ·previous life
  N3
• 年間ねんかん
  • ·(period of) a year
  • ·during the era (of)
  N3
• 鉄道てつどう
  • ·railroad; railway; rail transport
  N3
• 周囲しゅうい
  • ·surroundings; environs
  • ·circumference
  N3
• 何なに
  • ·what
  • ·you-know-what; that thing
  • ·whatsit; whachamacallit; what's-his-name; what's-her-name
  • ·penis; (one's) thing; dick
  • ·(not) at all; (not) in the slightest
  • ·what?; huh?
  • ·hey!; come on!
  • ·oh, no (it's fine); why (it's nothing); oh (certainly not)
  N3
• 給料きゅうりょう
  • ·salary; wages; pay
  N3
• 望みのぞみ
  • ·wish; desire; hope
  • ·prospect; expectation; (one's) hopes
  N3

Example sentences are translated by AI.

• によって/によるN3

  Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

  都市貧困の偉大な逆説は、ある都市が公立学校や大衆交通を提供することによって現在そこに住んでいる人々の貧しさを改善してくれるなら、その地域にはより多くの貧しい人らが集まり、貧困者は増えて続けるということである。

  The great paradox of urban poverty is this: if a city improves the poverty of those already living there by providing public schools and mass transit, then more poor people gather in that area and the number of the poor goes on rising.

• ということだN3

  Reports hearsay or states a conclusion drawn from what precedes — 'I hear that…' / 'that is to say / it amounts to…'.

  都市貧困の偉大な逆説は、ある都市が公立学校や大衆交通を提供することによって現在そこに住んでいる人々の貧しさを改善してくれるなら、その地域にはより多くの貧しい人らが集まり、貧困者は増えて続けるということである。

  The great paradox of urban poverty is this: if a city improves the poverty of those already living there by providing public schools and mass transit, then more poor people gather in that area and the number of the poor goes on rising.

• よりもN3

  Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

  何よりも彼らは自分らの生活の質を改善するために、都市へと足を運ぶのである。

  Above all, they make their way to the city in order to improve the quality of their own lives.

• ためにN3

  marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

  何よりも彼らは自分らの生活の質を改善するために、都市へと足を運ぶのである。

  Above all, they make their way to the city in order to improve the quality of their own lives.

• としてN3

  Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

  子供の教育、新しい仕事、そして、高い給料への望みはまた新しい人を呼び寄せ、都市貧困者としての生活を始めさせるのである。

  Education for their children, new work, and the hope of higher pay draw yet more people in, and set them to living as the urban poor.

• 〜てくれるN4

  Someone does an action for the benefit of the speaker (or the speaker's in-group) — '(someone) does (something) for me'.

  都市貧困の偉大な逆説は、ある都市が公立学校や大衆交通を提供することによって現在そこに住んでいる人々の貧しさを改善してくれるなら、その地域にはより多くの貧しい人らが集まり、貧困者は増えて続けるということである。

  The great paradox of urban poverty is this: if a city improves the poverty of those already living there by providing public schools and mass transit, then more poor people gather in that area and the number of the poor goes on rising.

• よりN42 times in this passage

  Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

  都市貧困の偉大な逆説は、ある都市が公立学校や大衆交通を提供することによって現在そこに住んでいる人々の貧しさを改善してくれるなら、その地域にはより多くの貧しい人らが集まり、貧困者は増えて続けるということである。

  The great paradox of urban poverty is this: if a city improves the poverty of those already living there by providing public schools and mass transit, then more poor people gather in that area and the number of the poor goes on rising.

• 続ける（つづける）N4

  Attaches to a verb stem to mean keep doing / continue doing the action ('keep ~ing').

  都市貧困の偉大な逆説は、ある都市が公立学校や大衆交通を提供することによって現在そこに住んでいる人々の貧しさを改善してくれるなら、その地域にはより多くの貧しい人らが集まり、貧困者は増えて続けるということである。

  The great paradox of urban poverty is this: if a city improves the poverty of those already living there by providing public schools and mass transit, then more poor people gather in that area and the number of the poor goes on rising.

• 〜てくるN42 times in this passage

  Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

  過去20年間東京で新しい鉄道や駅が作られるとその周囲にはより多くの相対的貧困者が集まってきた。

  Over the past twenty years, wherever a new railway or station was built in Tokyo, more of the relatively poor gathered around it.

• させるN4

  Causative construction — make or let someone do an action ('make/let ~ do').

  子供の教育、新しい仕事、そして、高い給料への望みはまた新しい人を呼び寄せ、都市貧困者としての生活を始めさせるのである。

  Education for their children, new work, and the hope of higher pay draw yet more people in, and set them to living as the urban poor.

• のでN52 times in this passage

  Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

  何よりも彼らは自分らの生活の質を改善するために、都市へと足を運ぶのである。

  Above all, they make their way to the city in order to improve the quality of their own lives.

• そしてN5

  Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

  子供の教育、新しい仕事、そして、高い給料への望みはまた新しい人を呼び寄せ、都市貧困者としての生活を始めさせるのである。

  Education for their children, new work, and the hope of higher pay draw yet more people in, and set them to living as the urban poor.