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N1 · AdvancedThematic comprehensionPassage #484
2

さいきんそうひょうげんするほうほうについてかんがことおおなったたとえばぶんしょうそうひょうげんするほうほうひとつけれどそのぶんしょうにもいろいろひょうげんけいしきあるてつがくべんきょうはじめたころわたしは、さまざまけいしきなかろんぶんというけいしきだけが、そうひょうげんほうほうふさわしいおもいた

しかしのちこのかんがかたていせいしなければならなくなったそうひょうげんとしてろんぶんゆいいつほうほうということぜったいないわたしは、すぐれたエッセーしょうせつとおしてしばしばそうまな。とすればそうひょうげんするぶんしょうかたちは、ざいあっよいはずある

ところがそうかんがまだもんだいあるというのは、そうひょうげんけいしきは、ぶんしょうというかたちとるとはかぎのだからでもちょうこくでも、おんがくでも、つまりじつさまざまものもちそうひょうげんするのはのうはずあるそのなかには、かたちならないものある

たとえばわたしむらひとびとなかに、ぜんたいふかそうもっていないひとなどひといないむらめんせき96パーセントもりかわしめるこのむらで、ぜんたいそうもたなかったらひといけないところがむらびとは、<ぜんについてなどというろんぶんことも、ぶんしょうことないのであるそればかりか、ぶんぜんてつがくを、おんがくひょうげんしようともかんが

そんなふうみていくと、むらびとぜんたいだけではなくのうについてふかそうや、むらとはなにというそうをももっているのにそれらなんかたちひょうげんすることも、またないのである

すると、むらびとたちは、どんなほうほうぶんたちそうひょうげんしているのであろうか。わたしは、それは、<ほう>をとおしてではないという

ちゅうりゃく

かんがみればもともとは、ほうは、そうむすながらでんしょうされてきたものあった。たとえばむかしは、しょくほうきびしつけられたもののここともちろんことさわぎながらしょくすることも、けっしてしていけなかったそれは、しょくせいめいいただくものだ、というおごそそうあったからあるちゃわんなかこめだけみても、にんげんおそらくなんまんというせいめいいただかなければならないだからそういうにんげんかたかんがながらいまぶんしんたいなかへとうつくれるせいめいかんしゃするこのそうしょくほうつくりだした

ところがきんだいからげんだいそうは、このような、とともにあったそうしたのであるその結果けっかそうは、ぶんしょうというひょうげんけいしきもちぶんしょうそうものなったそしてにんげんうえくんりんし、げんじつはいするしゅだんなっていった

うちやまたかし『「さとというそうによる

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1かたちにならないものとして筆者が挙げているのはどれか。
  2. 2この文章中で筆者は、自分の村に暮らす人々がどんな思想をもっていると述べているか。
  3. 3食事の作法は、次のどのような考え方と結びついているか。
  4. 4この文章中で筆者が述べていることはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary7 words
  • ふさわしい
    • ·appropriate; adequate; suitable; fitting; worthy
    N1
  • 訂正ていせい
    • ·correction; revision; amendment
    N1
  • 自在じざい
    • ·being able to do as one pleases; doing at will
    • ·pothook
    N1
  • ふう
    • ·seal
    N1
  • しつけるAs it appears here: しつけられた
    • ·to be used to; to get accustomed to; to be in the habit of doing
    • ·to train; to discipline; to teach manners
    • ·to tack (in needlework); to baste
    • ·to plant (esp. rice seedlings)
    N1
  • 厳かおごそか
    • ·solemn (ceremony, atmosphere, etc.); austere; grave; majestic; dignified; stately; impressive
    N1
  • 日々ひび
    • ·daily; everyday
    • ·days (e.g. of one's youth)
    • ·every day; day after day; day by day; from day to day
    N1
Other levels115 words
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多く
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 文章ぶんしょう
    • ·writing; composition; essay; article; passage; prose; (writing) style
    • ·sentence
    N5
  • ひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • いろいろ
    • ·various; a variety of; all sorts of; many (different)
    • ·variously; in various ways; in many ways
    • ·various things; this and that
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 勉強べんきょう
    • ·study
    • ·diligence; working hard
    • ·experience; knowledge; lesson (for the future)
    • ·discount; price reduction
    N5
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しなければ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • まだ
    • ·still; as yet; only
    • ·(not) yet
    • ·more; (more) still
    • ·at least; comparatively; relatively
    • ·unfinished; incomplete; not yet done
    N5
  • 問題もんだい
    • ·question (e.g. on a test); problem
    • ·problem (e.g. societal, political); question; issue; subject (e.g. of research); case; matter
    • ·question (i.e. doubt)
    • ·public discussion; controversy
    • ·trouble; problem; inconvenience; difficulty
    N5
    • ·picture; drawing; painting; sketch
    • ·image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
    N5
  • 音楽おんがく
    • ·music
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: ならない
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • むら
    • ·village
    N5
  • もつAs it appears here: もって
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 一人ひとり
    • ·one person
    • ·being alone; being by oneself
    • ·being single; being unmarried
    • ·by oneself; alone
    • ·just; only; simply
    N5
  • いるAs it appears here: いない
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • かわ
    • ·river; stream
    • ·River; the ... river
    N5
  • しめる
    • ·to tie; to fasten; to tighten
    • ·to wear (necktie, belt); to put on
    • ·to total; to sum
    • ·to be strict with
    • ·to economize; to economise; to cut down on
    • ·to salt; to marinate; to pickle; to make sushi adding a mixture of vinegar and salt
    • ·to kill (fish, poultry, etc.)
    • ·to strongly press (someone); to crack down on; to keep under strict control
    N5
  • もつAs it appears here: もたなかったら
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • 書くかく
    • ·to write; to compose; to pen
    • ·to draw; to paint
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しよう
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • みるAs it appears here: みて
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 食べ物たべもの
    • ·food
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あった
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • なん
    • ·what
    • ·how many
    • ·many; a lot of
    • ·several; a few; some
    N5
  • まん
    • ·10,000; ten thousand
    • ·myriad
    • ·everything; all
    • ·various
    N5
  • いま
    • ·now; the present time; just now; soon; immediately
    • ·another; more
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • もつAs it appears here: もち
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • うえ
    • ·above; over; up
    • ·top; summit; upper part; head (e.g. of a staircase)
    • ·surface; on (top of)
    • ·the above (in a piece of writing); earlier part
    • ·superior; better; higher (position, rank, etc.); upper (class)
    • ·elder; older; senior
    • ·with respect to ...; in terms of; as far as ... is concerned; when (e.g. drunk)
    • ·besides ...; in addition to ...; on top of ...; as well as ...
    • ·after ...; upon ...; on ...; with (e.g. full awareness); as a result of ...
    • ·since ...; now that ...; because ...
    • ·honorable; venerable; dear
    • ·emperor; sovereign; shogun; daimyo
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 最近さいきん
    • ·recently; lately; these days; nowadays; right now
    • ·nearest; closest
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • たとえば
    • ·for example; for instance; e.g.
    N4
  • はじめるAs it appears here: はじめた
    • ·to start; to begin; to commence; to initiate; to originate
    • ·to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to establish
    • ·to start ...; to begin to ...
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 小説しょうせつ
    • ·novel; story; (work of) fiction
    N4
  • かたち
    • ·(physical) form; shape; figure
    • ·visage; (facial) features; appearance (of a person); figure; looks
    • ·form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); style; (outward) appearance
    • ·(resultant) state; situation; condition; form
    • ·behaviour (towards others); attitude; demeanor; manners
    • ·shape (positional qualities of a group of stones)
    N4
  • はず
    • ·should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be)
    • ·nock (of a bow)
    • ·nock (of an arrow)
    • ·nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger)
    • ·wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 深いふかい
    • ·deep
    • ·profound
    • ·dense; thick
    • ·close (relationship)
    • ·intense; strong
    • ·late
    N4
  • もり
    • ·forest
    • ·shrine grove
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えない
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • むかし
    • ·the old days; the past; former times; a long time ago
    • ·the past ten years; the past decade
    N4
  • 厳しいきびしいAs it appears here: 厳しく
    • ·severe; strict; rigid; unsparing; relentless
    • ·hard (to do); difficult; tricky
    • ·intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather); inclement
    N4
  • さわぐAs it appears here: さわぎ
    • ·to make noise; to make racket; to be noisy
    • ·to rustle; to swoosh
    • ·to make merry
    • ·to clamor; to clamour; to make a fuss; to kick up a fuss
    • ·to lose one's cool; to panic; to act flustered
    • ·to feel tense; to be uneasy; to be excited
    N4
  • けっして
    • ·(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
    N4
  • こめ
    • ·(husked grains of) rice
    • ·staple (product, etc.); necessity
    • ·(online) comment
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考え
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 移るうつるAs it appears here: 移って
    • ·to move (to another place or state); to change (e.g. of state, affiliation, scenery, etc.); to be transferred
    • ·to spread (of a fire, smell, etc.); to catch (an illness); to be infected; to be contagious
    • ·to move (e.g. of one's focus); to change (e.g. of one's interest)
    • ·to be permeated (by a color or scent); to seep into
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    N4
  • 思想しそう
    • ·thought; idea; ideology
    N3
  • 表現ひょうげん
    • ·expression; representation; description
    • ·representation (of a group)
    N3
  • 方法ほうほう
    • ·method; way; manner; process; procedure; means; measure
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 哲学てつがく
    • ·philosophy
    N3
  • ころ
    • ·(approximate) time; around; about; toward
    • ·suitable time (or condition)
    • ·time of year; season
    N3
  • さまざま
    • ·various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
    N3
  • 論文ろんぶん
    • ·thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
    N3
  • 唯一ゆいいつ
    • ·only; sole; unique
    N3
  • すぐれるAs it appears here: すぐれた
    • ·to be better (than); to be superior; to surpass; to excel; to be excellent
    N3
    • ·poem; poetry; verse
    • ·Chinese poem
    N3
  • とおすAs it appears here: とおして
    • ·to let pass; to allow through; to let through; to make way (for)
    • ·to transmit (e.g. light, sound, etc.); to conduct (electricity); to let permeate (e.g. water through a fabric); to permit through; to let through (e.g. air); to run through (e.g. a pipe); to penetrate; to let in
    • ·to stick through (e.g. a hole); to force through (e.g. an opening); to thread (e.g. a needle); to put through
    • ·to connect (e.g. two places); to open (a route, path, etc.); to link (e.g. by a road); to establish (a connection between); to join; to extend up to (somewhere)
    • ·to pass (a student, applicant, etc.); to admit (e.g. a student); to let through; to let in
    • ·to lead (someone) into (a house, room, etc.); to show in; to guide in; to admit (someone)
    • ·to present logically; to make (e.g. one's argument) convincing; to be consistent (in one's reasoning); to stick to (e.g. one's principles)
    • ·to go through (e.g. a middleman); to put as an intermediary; to mediate via (somebody); to do via (something)
    • ·to pass (a law); to put through (e.g. a motion); to make way (for)
    • ·to listen through (a door, wall, etc.); to look through (e.g. a window)
    • ·to heat thorougly (of food); to cook properly; to warm well; to heat evenly
    • ·to dip into (e.g. a sauce); to pass through (e.g. a broth); to put through (e.g. boiling water)
    • ·to make (someone) approve (e.g. a plan); to force agreement; to push through (a proposal, idea, will, etc.); to have one's way
    • ·to continue (in a state); to persist in (doing); to keep doing; to remain (in a state)
    • ·to do through the lens of; to view from the angle of; to do from the perspective of
    • ·to do to the entirety of; to cover all of; to span the whole
    • ·to do from beginning to end without a break; to finish in one session; to do all at once; to do in one go
    • ·to relay (a message, an order, etc.); to convey (an intention, meaning, etc.); to send through; to pass on (e.g. information); to make heard (e.g. one's voice)
    • ·to do ... to the end; to do ... continuously; to carry through ...; to complete ...
    N3
  • しばしば
    • ·often; again and again; frequently; repeatedly
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • 限るかぎるAs it appears here: 限らない
    • ·to restrict; to limit; to confine
    • ·to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be confined to
    • ·to be best (for); to be the best plan; to be the only way (to)
    N3
  • つまり
    • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
    • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
    • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
    • ·shrinkage
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·dead end; corner
    • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
    N3
  • 実にじつに
    • ·really; truly; indeed; very; extremely; terribly
    N3
  • 用いるもちいるAs it appears here: 用いて
    • ·to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • 暮らすくらす
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • 自然しぜん
    • ·nature
    • ·natural; spontaneous; automatic
    • ·naturally; spontaneously; automatically
    N3
  • 暮らすくらすAs it appears here: 暮らして
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • 何かなにか
    • ·something; some; any
    • ·somehow; for some reason
    • ·(so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
    N3
  • 作法さほう
    • ·manners; etiquette; propriety
    • ·manner of production (esp. of prose, poetry, etc.); way of making
    N3
  • 食事しょくじ
    • ·meal (e.g. lunch, dinner)
    • ·diet
    N3
  • 残すのこす
    • ·to leave (behind)
    • ·to leave (undone); to not finish
    • ·to save; to set aside; to reserve
    • ·to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death); to bequeath
    • ·to stay (in the ring); to hold on
    N3
  • もちろん
    • ·of course; certainly; naturally
    N3
  • 生命せいめい
    • ·life; existence
    • ·(one's) working life; career
    • ·life force; lifeblood; soul; essence
    N3
  • いただく
    • ·to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to buy
    • ·to eat; to drink
    • ·to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head); to have (on top)
    • ·to have (as one's leader); to live under (a ruler); to install (a president)
    • ·to get someone to do something
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • おそらく
    • ·probably; (most) likely; in all likelihood; I suspect; I dare say; I'm afraid
    N3
  • いただくAs it appears here: いただかなければ
    • ·to receive; to get; to accept; to take; to buy
    • ·to eat; to drink
    • ·to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head); to have (on top)
    • ·to have (as one's leader); to live under (a ruler); to install (a president)
    • ·to get someone to do something
    N3
  • 身体しんたい
    • ·body; physical system; (the) person
    N3
  • 感謝かんしゃ
    • ·thanks; gratitude; appreciation; thankfulness
    N3
  • 近代きんだい
    • ·present day; modern times; recent times
    • ·early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
    N3
  • 現代げんだい
    • ·present age; present day; today
    • ·modern era; modern times
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 暮らしくらし
    • ·(way of) life; lifestyle; living; life circumstances; livelihood; day-to-day life
    N3
  • 無視むし
    • ·disregarding; ignoring
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • 現実げんじつ
    • ·reality; actuality; hard fact
    N3
  • 支配しはい
    • ·rule; domination; control
    • ·direction; management; guidance
    • ·control (of one's destiny, public opinion, etc.); governing; influence; sway
    • ·government
    N3
  • 手段しゅだん
    • ·means; way; measure
    N3
  • 形式けいしき
    • ·form (as opposed to substance)
    • ·format; form; style; manner
    • ·formality; form
    • ·mode; form
    • ·form (bilinear, quadratic, etc.)
    N2
  • 彫刻ちょうこく
    • ·carving; engraving; sculpture
    N2
  • 面積めんせき
    • ·area (measurement); square measure; size (of land); floor space
    N2
  • もともと
    • ·originally; from the start; from the beginning; from the outset; by nature
    • ·none the worse (for); (coming out) even; in the same position (as before)
    N2
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • をもって / をもちましてN1

    Formal marker of the means used, or the effective time from/at which something takes effect — 'by means of', 'as of'.

    たとえば私の村に暮らす人々のなかに、自然に対する深い思想をもっていない人など一人もいない。

    For example, among the people living in my village, there is not a single person who lacks profound ideas about nature.

Other levels46 patterns
  • ということはN2

    Draws a logical conclusion or restatement from a preceding fact — "which means…, in other words…, that is to say…".

    思想の表現として、論文が唯一の方法だということは絶対にない。

    An academic paper is by no means the only way of expressing ideas.

  • ばかりかN2

    Adds an unexpected, stronger further case beyond the first — 'not only… but also'.

    そればかりか、自分の自然哲学を、絵や音楽で表現しようとも考えない。

    Nor, for that matter, do they think of expressing their philosophy of nature through painting or music.

  • ふうにN2

    Attaches to a demonstrative or quotation to describe the manner or style of an action — "in this/that kind of way".

    そんなふうにみていくと、村人は自然に対してだけではなく、農についての深い思想や、村とは何かという思想をももっているのに、それらを何らかのかたちで表現することも、またないのである。

    Seen in this way, the villagers possess profound ideas not only about nature but also about agriculture and what a village is, yet they do not express those ideas in any particular form either.

  • ではないかN2

    Rhetorically seeks agreement or expresses a realization — 'isn't it? / right? / surely.'

    私は、それは、<作法>をとおしてではないかという気がする。

    I have the sense that perhaps they express them through “customs and manners.”

  • 恐らくN2

    Adverb marking the speaker's likely conjecture — "probably, most likely".

    茶碗の中の米だけをみても、人間はおそらく何万という生命をいただかなければならない。

    Even in a single bowl of rice, a person probably receives tens of thousands of lives.

  • についてN33 times in this passage

    Marks the topic an action or statement is directed at; 'about', 'concerning', 'regarding'.

    最近、思想を表現する方法について考えることが多くなった。

    Recently, I have often found myself thinking about ways of expressing ideas.

  • 例えば(たとえば)N33 times in this passage

    Introduces an illustrative instance, 'for example / for instance'.

    たとえば、文章は思想を表現する方法のひとつだけれど、その文章にもいろいろな表現形式がある。

    For example, writing is one way of expressing ideas, but writing itself takes many different forms.

  • をはじめN3

    Cites X as the foremost representative example of a larger group — 'starting with X (among others)', 'X and the like'.

    哲学の勉強をはじめた頃の私は、さまざまな形式のなかで論文という形式だけが、思想表現の方法にふさわしいと思っていた。

    When I first began studying philosophy, I believed that among all these forms, only the academic paper was suitable for expressing ideas.

  • というN39 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    哲学の勉強をはじめた頃の私は、さまざまな形式のなかで論文という形式だけが、思想表現の方法にふさわしいと思っていた。

    When I first began studying philosophy, I believed that among all these forms, only the academic paper was suitable for expressing ideas.

  • としてN3

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    思想の表現として、論文が唯一の方法だということは絶対にない。

    An academic paper is by no means the only way of expressing ideas.

  • とすれば・としたら・とするとN32 times in this passage

    'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.

    とすれば、思想を表現する文章のかたちは、自在であってよいはずである。

    If so, the written forms used to express ideas ought to be free and flexible.

  • ところがN33 times in this passage

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ところが、そう考えてもまだ問題はある。

    Yet even after reaching that conclusion, another problem remains.

  • というのはN3

    Introduces an explanation or definition of the topic just named — 'the thing called…' / 'what … means is'.

    というのは、思想の表現形式は、文章というかたちをとるとは限らないのだから。

    This is because the form in which ideas are expressed does not necessarily have to be writing.

  • とは限らない(とはかぎらない)N3

    Negates a sweeping assumption — "it isn't necessarily the case that / not always".

    というのは、思想の表現形式は、文章というかたちをとるとは限らないのだから。

    This is because the form in which ideas are expressed does not necessarily have to be writing.

  • つまりN3

    Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

    絵でも彫刻でも、音楽でも、つまり実にさまざまなものを用いて、思想を表現するのは可能なはずである。

    Ideas should be expressible through paintings, sculpture, music—in other words, through an enormous variety of things.

  • に対してN33 times in this passage

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    たとえば私の村に暮らす人々のなかに、自然に対する深い思想をもっていない人など一人もいない。

    For example, among the people living in my village, there is not a single person who lacks profound ideas about nature.

  • だけでなくN3

    Correlative adding a further item beyond the one stated — 'not only ... (but also)'.

    そんなふうにみていくと、村人は自然に対してだけではなく、農についての深い思想や、村とは何かという思想をももっているのに、それらを何らかのかたちで表現することも、またないのである。

    Seen in this way, the villagers possess profound ideas not only about nature but also about agriculture and what a village is, yet they do not express those ideas in any particular form either.

  • はもちろんN3

    Names one obvious case and adds another — 'not only X (which goes without saying) but also Y'.

    食べ物を残すことはもちろんのこと、さわぎながら食事をすることも、けっしてしてはいけなかった。

    Not only was leaving food uneaten forbidden, but making a commotion while eating was also absolutely unacceptable.

  • 決して~ないN3

    Adverb pairing with a following negative to stress absolute denial, 'never / by no means / not at all'.

    食べ物を残すことはもちろんのこと、さわぎながら食事をすることも、けっしてしてはいけなかった。

    Not only was leaving food uneaten forbidden, but making a commotion while eating was also absolutely unacceptable.

  • と共に(とともに)N3

    Links two things that happen together or change at the same time — "together with; along with; as ~ does".

    ところが、近代から現代の思想は、このような、日々の暮らしとともにあった思想を無視したのである。

    Yet modern and contemporary thought has ignored this kind of thought that once existed together with everyday life.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    (内山節『「里」という思想』による

    (From Uchiyama Takashi, “The Idea of ‘Sato’”)

  • 頃(ころ / ごろ)N4

    Suffix/noun marking an approximate point in time; 'around (the time of), about when, back when'.

    哲学の勉強をはじめたの私は、さまざまな形式のなかで論文という形式だけが、思想表現の方法にふさわしいと思っていた。

    When I first began studying philosophy, I believed that among all these forms, only the academic paper was suitable for expressing ideas.

  • と思う(とおもう)N4

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    哲学の勉強をはじめた頃の私は、さまざまな形式のなかで論文という形式だけが、思想表現の方法にふさわしいと思っていた。

    When I first began studying philosophy, I believed that among all these forms, only the academic paper was suitable for expressing ideas.

  • 〜ていたN4

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    哲学の勉強をはじめた頃の私は、さまざまな形式のなかで論文という形式だけが、思想表現の方法にふさわしいと思っていた

    When I first began studying philosophy, I believed that among all these forms, only the academic paper was suitable for expressing ideas.

  • はずだN42 times in this passage

    Expresses the speaker's reasoned confidence that something is or should be the case — 'should, ought to, is supposed to'.

    とすれば、思想を表現する文章のかたちは、自在であってよいはずである。

    If so, the written forms used to express ideas ought to be free and flexible.

  • てもN42 times in this passage

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    ところが、そう考えてもまだ問題はある。

    Yet even after reaching that conclusion, another problem remains.

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    たとえば私の村に暮らす人々のなかに、自然に対する深い思想をもっていない人など一人もいない。

    For example, among the people living in my village, there is not a single person who lacks profound ideas about nature.

  • たらN4

    Conditional/temporal ending on the plain-past stem meaning that once or if the first action happens, the second follows ('if / once / when ... then').

    村の面積の96パーセントを森や川がしめるこの村で、自然に対する思想をもたなかったら、人は暮らしていけない。

    In this village, where forests and rivers occupy 96 percent of the area, people could not live without having some philosophy toward nature.

  • 〜ていくN42 times in this passage

    Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

    そんなふうにみていくと、村人は自然に対してだけではなく、農についての深い思想や、村とは何かという思想をももっているのに、それらを何らかのかたちで表現することも、またないのである。

    Seen in this way, the villagers possess profound ideas not only about nature but also about agriculture and what a village is, yet they do not express those ideas in any particular form either.

  • 〜のにN4

    Links two clauses so the result contradicts what the first clause leads you to expect — "even though ~ / although ~".

    そんなふうにみていくと、村人は自然に対してだけではなく、農についての深い思想や、村とは何かという思想をももっているのに、それらを何らかのかたちで表現することも、またないのである。

    Seen in this way, the villagers possess profound ideas not only about nature but also about agriculture and what a village is, yet they do not express those ideas in any particular form either.

  • がするN4

    With a perception noun (sound, smell, taste, feeling), expresses that such a sensation occurs — 'there is a smell/sound', 'I sense that'.

    私は、それは、<作法>をとおしてではないかという気がする

    I have the sense that perhaps they express them through “customs and manners.”

  • 〜てみるN4

    Verb te-form plus 見る, doing something on a trial basis to see what happens — 'try ...ing'.

    考えてみれば、もともとは、作法は、思想と結びつきながら伝承されてきたものであった。

    When one thinks about it, customs and manners were originally handed down through generations in connection with ideas and beliefs.

  • ながらN43 times in this passage

    Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

    考えてみれば、もともとは、作法は、思想と結びつきながら伝承されてきたものであった。

    When one thinks about it, customs and manners were originally handed down through generations in connection with ideas and beliefs.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    考えてみれば、もともとは、作法は、思想と結びつきながら伝承されてきたものであった。

    When one thinks about it, customs and manners were originally handed down through generations in connection with ideas and beliefs.

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    茶碗の中の米だけをみても、人間はおそらく何万という生命をいただかなければならない

    Even in a single bowl of rice, a person probably receives tens of thousands of lives.

  • 〜てくれるN4

    Someone does an action for the benefit of the speaker (or the speaker's in-group) — '(someone) does (something) for me'.

    だから、そういう人間のあり方を考えながら、いま自分の身体のなかへと移ってくれる生命に感謝する。

    Therefore, while reflecting on this condition of human existence, one gives thanks to the lives that are now becoming part of one's own body.

  • ようだN4

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    ところが、近代から現代の思想は、このような、日々の暮らしとともにあった思想を無視したのである。

    Yet modern and contemporary thought has ignored this kind of thought that once existed together with everyday life.

  • けれどもN5

    More formal contrastive conjunction linking two clauses — "but / however / although."

    たとえば、文章は思想を表現する方法のひとつだけれど、その文章にもいろいろな表現形式がある。

    For example, writing is one way of expressing ideas, but writing itself takes many different forms.

  • がありますN52 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    たとえば、文章は思想を表現する方法のひとつだけれど、その文章にもいろいろな表現形式がある

    For example, writing is one way of expressing ideas, but writing itself takes many different forms.

  • だけN52 times in this passage

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    哲学の勉強をはじめた頃の私は、さまざまな形式のなかで論文という形式だけが、思想表現の方法にふさわしいと思っていた。

    When I first began studying philosophy, I believed that among all these forms, only the academic paper was suitable for expressing ideas.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、後に、この考え方を訂正しなければならなくなった。

    Later, however, I had to revise this view.

  • まだN5

    Adverb showing an action or state still continues, or (with a negative) has not happened yet — "still / (not) yet."

    ところが、そう考えてもまだ問題はある。

    Yet even after reaching that conclusion, another problem remains.

  • のでN54 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    ところが村人は、<自然について>などという論文を書くことも、文章を書くこともないのである。

    Yet the villagers do not write papers entitled things like “On Nature,” nor do they put their thoughts into writing.

  • 〜ているN52 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    そんなふうにみていくと、村人は自然に対してだけではなく、農についての深い思想や、村とは何かという思想をももっているのに、それらを何らかのかたちで表現することも、またないのである。

    Seen in this way, the villagers possess profound ideas not only about nature but also about agriculture and what a village is, yet they do not express those ideas in any particular form either.

  • どんなN5

    Asks or specifies what kind or sort of thing something is, "what kind of".

    とすると、村人たちは、どんな方法で自分たちの思想を表現しているのであろうか。

    If that is so, by what means do the villagers express their ideas?

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    そして、いつの間にか人間の上に君臨し、現実を支配する手段になっていった。

    Before long, it came to reign over human beings and became a means of controlling reality.

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