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N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #461
2

くにぶんしょうとしてそうぞうそうぞうするということもっともよく使つかのは、おそらくやなぎくにあろう。みんしゅうつたせいかつかんしゅうようなどのこつうじてなつかしいそう(注1)へとたどるみんぞくがくの、くにでのかいたくしゃとしてやなぎにはこのこときわめてたいせつなものあった。

やなぎは、それくうそうくうそうするということとをべつしようしたそのぶんしょう執筆しっぴつや、あつかうたいしょうまたかたあいちがいつれてやなぎおこくうそうくうそうすると、そうぞうそうぞうするべつには、いかにもはっきりしているさいと、そうないあいあるしかしあいも、くうそうくうそうすることしだいにせいかくしてゆけばそうぞうそうぞうするいたるというだんかいてきつながりにおいて――あいせっ(注2)きょうかいぼやけていることあるしても、そのうわへんでは、ちがいはっきりしているというかた――使つかいる

たいてきこんきょあるいはあってあいまいものたっておこそうへのこころうごを、くうそうくうそうするとし、よりはっきりしたこんきょたつしっかりしたこころはたらを、そうぞうそうぞうするとしてやなぎ使つかいるのであるそこでときややとかあきらかとかいうげんていかぶせねばならぬのではあるが、くうそうくうそうするには、にんげんこころはたらとしてマイナスしょうきょくてきひょうしるしついておりそうぞうそうぞうするは、プラス積極的せっきょくてきひょうしるしついている

おお健三郎けんざぶろうあたらぶんがくために』による

ちゅう1)そう:ここでは、ふるだい

ちゅう2)あいせっ:たがせっ

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1柳田が使う「空想・空想する」と「想像・想像する」にはどのような関係があると筆者は考えているか。
  2. 2柳田が「空想・空想する」という言葉を使うのはどのようなときだと筆者は考えているか。
  3. 3柳田が「想像・想像する」という言葉を使うのはどのようなときだと筆者は考えているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary8 words
  • 慣習かんしゅう
    • ·custom; convention; common practice
    • ·becoming accustomed (to)
    N1
  • たどる
    • ·to follow (a road, path, etc.); to trace
    • ·to follow (a clue, scent, tracks, plot, etc.); to trace (a route, history, family tree, etc.); to retrace (e.g. one's memory); to search; to go over
    • ·to head towards (of a situation); to go in the direction of; to take (a course); to pursue (a path); to meet (a fate)
    N1
  • きわめて
    • ·exceedingly; extremely; decisively
    N1
  • せつないAs it appears here: せつな
    • ·painful; heartrending; trying
    • ·oppressive; suffocating; miserable
    N1
  • いかにも
    • ·indeed; really; truly; just (like)
    • ·very; extremely; totally; terribly
    • ·absolutely; certainly; for sure
    N1
  • 動きうごき
    • ·movement; move; motion
    • ·trend; development; change; fluctuation
    N1
  • 根拠こんきょ
    • ·basis; grounds; foundation; reason; authority
    • ·base (of operations)
    • ·base (of a group of stones)
    N1
  • 限定げんてい
    • ·limit; restriction
    N1
Other levels66 words
  • 文章ぶんしょう
    • ·writing; composition; essay; article; passage; prose; (writing) style
    • ·sentence
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 言葉ことば
    • ·language; dialect
    • ·word; phrase; expression; term
    • ·speech; (manner of) speaking; (use of) language
    • ·words; remark; statement; comment
    • ·learning to speak; language acquisition
    N5
  • よく
    • ·nicely; properly; well; skillfully; skilfully
    • ·frequently; often
    • ·I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
    • ·(you have) quite the nerve to; I don't know how you can ...
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使った
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しよう
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使われて
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あって
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • たつ
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • 新しいあたらしい
    • ·new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date; modern
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • 古いふるい
    • ·old; aged; ancient; antiquated; antique; timeworn
    • ·long; since long ago; time-honored
    • ·of the distant past; long-ago
    • ·stale; threadbare; hackneyed; corny
    • ·old-fashioned; outmoded; out-of-date
    N5
  • 伝えるつたえるAs it appears here: 伝えられる
    • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
    N4
  • 生活せいかつ
    • ·life; living
    • ·livelihood; (one's) living
    N4
  • 残るのこる
    • ·to remain; to be left
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 仕方しかた
    • ·way; method; means; resource; course
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • しっかり
    • ·tightly (holding on); firmly; securely
    • ·strongly (built); solidly; sturdily; steadily
    • ·properly; well; sufficiently; hard (working, etc.); fully; completely
    • ·reliably; dependably; levelheadedly; shrewdly; wisely; cleverly
    N4
  • 文学ぶんがく
    • ·literature
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 時代じだい
    • ·period; epoch; era; age
    • ·the times; those days
    • ·oldness; ancientness; antiquity
    • ·antique; period piece
    N4
  • 想像そうぞう
    • ·imagination; supposition; guess
    N3
  • もっとも
    • ·most; extremely
    N3
  • おそらく
    • ·probably; (most) likely; in all likelihood; I suspect; I dare say; I'm afraid
    N3
  • つうじるAs it appears here: つうじて
    • ·to be open (to traffic); to lead (to); to connect (to); to run (from, between; e.g. bus service); to extend (up to); to go (to); to reach
    • ·to flow (of a liquid, current, etc.); to pass (through); to get through (e.g. of a signal); to connect (e.g. of a call); to work (of a phone line)
    • ·to be conveyed (of an intention, meaning, etc.); to be understood (by); to be comprehended; to get across (e.g. of an idea)
    • ·to be well versed (in); to be proficient (in); to know a lot (about); to be familiar (with)
    • ·to be widespread; to be commonly known; to be prevalent
    • ·to have an effect; to work; to be on par (with)
    • ·to communicate secretly (with the enemy); to conspire (with); to betray
    • ·to have an affair (with); to have an illicit relationship; to be intimate (with)
    • ·to be relevant (to); to concern
    • ·to have bowel movement; to (be able to) defacate
    • ·to convey (an intention, feeling, etc.); to get (something) across; to communicate; to make (someone) understand
    • ·to give out (e.g. a business card); to hand out (a name card)
    • ·to do via (something); to go through (someone); to do by using
    • ·to span the entirety (of); to concern (all of); to extend (all across)
    N3
  • 区別くべつ
    • ·distinction; differentiation; discrimination; difference
    N3
  • 時期じき
    • ·time; season; period; phase; stage
    N3
  • あつかう
    • ·to deal with (a person); to treat; to handle; to take care of; to entertain
    • ·to deal with (a problem); to handle; to manage
    • ·to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to work
    • ·to deal in; to sell
    • ·to cover (a topic); to treat; to discuss; to take up
    • ·to treat A as B
    • ·to mediate (an argument)
    • ·to be too much for one; to find unmanageable
    • ·to gossip
    N3
  • 対象たいしょう
    • ·target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.); coverage
    N3
  • 相手あいて
    • ·companion; partner; company
    • ·other party; addressee; counterparty
    • ·opponent (sports, etc.)
    N3
  • ちがい
    • ·difference; distinction; discrepancy
    • ·mistake; error
    N3
  • さい
    • ·occasion; time; circumstances; (in) case (of); when
    N3
    • ·after
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 正確せいかく
    • ·accurate; correct; precise; exact
    N3
  • いたる
    • ·to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to attain
    • ·to lead to (a place); to get to
    • ·in the extreme case of
    • ·to come; to arrive; to result in
    N3
  • あるいは
    • ·or; either ... or
    • ·maybe; perhaps; possibly
    • ·some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
    N3
  • 働きはたらき
    • ·work; labor; labour
    • ·achievement; performance; ability; talent
    • ·salary; income; earnings
    • ·action; activity; workings; function; operation; movement; motion
    • ·conjugation; inflection
    N3
  • そこで
    • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
    N3
  • やや
    • ·a little; partially; somewhat; slightly; semi-; -ish; on the ... side; a short time; a while
    N3
  • あきらか
    • ·clear; obvious; evident; plain; definite
    • ·bright; light
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 評価ひょうか
    • ·valuation; appraisal; evaluation; assessment; estimation; rating; judging
    • ·appreciation; recognition; acknowledgement; rating highly; praising
    N3
  • しるし
    • ·mark; sign
    • ·symbol; emblem
    • ·badge; crest; flag
    • ·evidence; proof
    • ·token (of gratitude, affection, etc.)
    N3
  • 積極的せっきょくてき
    • ·positive; assertive; active; proactive; aggressive
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • なつかしい
    • ·dear (old); fondly remembered; beloved; missed; nostalgic
    N2
  • 空想くうそう
    • ·daydream; fantasy; fancy; vision
    N2
  • 執筆しっぴつ
    • ·writing; authoring
    N2
  • つながり
    • ·connection; link; relationship
    N2
  • 境界きょうかい
    • ·boundary; border; limit; bounds; frontier
    N2
  • あいまい
    • ·vague; ambiguous; unclear
    • ·shady; disreputable
    • ·fuzzy
    N2
  • かぶせるAs it appears here: かぶせ
    • ·to cover (with something)
    • ·to put on (e.g. someone's head)
    • ·to pour liquid (on something); to dash liquid (over something)
    • ·to plate (something) with metal; to cover (with a dental crown)
    • ·to add (e.g. music to a video); to include (into something)
    • ·to speak (over someone else)
    • ·to put the blame (on someone); to place the responsibility (on someone)
    N2
  • 消極的しょうきょくてき
    • ·negative; passive; half-hearted; unmotivated
    N2
  • つくAs it appears here: ついて
    • ·to be lit (of a lamp, burner, etc.); to catch fire; to ignite; to start burning
    • ·to be turned on (of a light, appliance, etc.); to come on
    N2
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • いかにもN1

    Adverb stressing that something is exactly as it looks or as expected — 'indeed', 'truly', 'every bit the ~'.

    その文章の執筆の時期や、あつかう対象、また語りかける相手のちがいにつれて、柳田の行なった空想・空想すると、想像・想像するの区別には、いかにもはっきりしている際と、そうでない場合がある。

    Depending on when a piece was written, the subject being treated, and the audience he was addressing, Yanagita's distinction between “fantasy/to fantasize” and “imagination/to imagine” is sometimes very clear and sometimes less so.

Other levels23 patterns
  • 恐らくN2

    Adverb marking the speaker's likely conjecture — "probably, most likely".

    わが国の文章の書き手として、想像・想像するという言葉をもっともよく使ったのは、おそらく柳田国男であろう。

    Among writers in our country, the person who probably used the words “imagination” and “to imagine” most frequently was Yanagita Kunio.

  • あるいはN2

    Presents an alternative or a possibility — 'or; or perhaps; alternatively'.

    具体的な根拠のない、あるいはあってもあいまいなものにたって行なう古層への心の動きを、空想・空想するとし、よりはっきりした根拠にたつ、しっかりした心の働きを、想像・想像するとして、柳田は使いわけているのである。

    Yanagita uses “fantasy/to fantasize” for a movement of the mind toward ancient layers based on no concrete grounds, or on grounds that are vague even when they exist, while using “imagination/to imagine” for a firmer mental activity based on clearer evidence.

  • ねばならないN2

    Formal, somewhat literary way of stating an obligation, "must / have to (do)".

    そこで時には、ややとか、あきらかにとかいう限定辞をかぶせねばならぬのではあるが、空想・空想するには、人間の心の働きとして、マイナス・消極的評価のしるしがついており、想像・想像するは、プラス・積極的評価のしるしがついている。

    Thus, although qualifiers such as “somewhat” or “clearly” sometimes need to be added, “fantasy/to fantasize,” as an operation of the human mind, carries a mark of negative and passive evaluation, whereas “imagination/to imagine” carries a mark of positive and active evaluation.

  • としてN34 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    わが国の文章の書き手として、想像・想像するという言葉をもっともよく使ったのは、おそらく柳田国男であろう。

    Among writers in our country, the person who probably used the words “imagination” and “to imagine” most frequently was Yanagita Kunio.

  • というN34 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    わが国の文章の書き手として、想像・想像するという言葉をもっともよく使ったのは、おそらく柳田国男であろう。

    Among writers in our country, the person who probably used the words “imagination” and “to imagine” most frequently was Yanagita Kunio.

  • ようとするN3

    Describes attempting to do something or being on the verge of doing it — 'try to…', 'be about to…'.

    柳田は、それと空想・空想するという言葉とを区別しようとした

    Yanagita tried to distinguish it from the words “fantasy” and “to fantasize.”

  • につれてN3

    Expresses that as one thing changes, another changes proportionally alongside it; 'as', 'in proportion to'.

    その文章の執筆の時期や、あつかう対象、また語りかける相手のちがいにつれて、柳田の行なった空想・空想すると、想像・想像するの区別には、いかにもはっきりしている際と、そうでない場合がある。

    Depending on when a piece was written, the subject being treated, and the audience he was addressing, Yanagita's distinction between “fantasy/to fantasize” and “imagination/to imagine” is sometimes very clear and sometimes less so.

  • 的(てき)N32 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    しかし後の場合も、空想・空想することをしだいに正確にしてゆけば、想像・想像するにいたるという、段階的なつながりにおいて――あい接し、境界がぼやけていることはあるにしても、その上辺と下辺では、ちがいがはっきりしている、という仕方で――使われている。

    Even in the latter cases, however, he uses them as stages in a continuum: as “fantasy” or “fantasizing” is gradually made more precise, it develops into “imagination” or “imagining”—so although the two may meet and their boundary may blur, the distinction remains clear at the upper and lower ends.

  • において/におけるN3

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    しかし後の場合も、空想・空想することをしだいに正確にしてゆけば、想像・想像するにいたるという、段階的なつながりにおいて――あい接し、境界がぼやけていることはあるにしても、その上辺と下辺では、ちがいがはっきりしている、という仕方で――使われている。

    Even in the latter cases, however, he uses them as stages in a continuum: as “fantasy” or “fantasizing” is gradually made more precise, it develops into “imagination” or “imagining”—so although the two may meet and their boundary may blur, the distinction remains clear at the upper and lower ends.

  • にしてもN3

    Concedes a point regardless of the case at hand, 'even if / even though / even in the case of'.

    しかし後の場合も、空想・空想することをしだいに正確にしてゆけば、想像・想像するにいたるという、段階的なつながりにおいて――あい接し、境界がぼやけていることはあるにしても、その上辺と下辺では、ちがいがはっきりしている、という仕方で――使われている。

    Even in the latter cases, however, he uses them as stages in a continuum: as “fantasy” or “fantasizing” is gradually made more precise, it develops into “imagination” or “imagining”—so although the two may meet and their boundary may blur, the distinction remains clear at the upper and lower ends.

  • ついN32 times in this passage

    Marks an action done unintentionally or on impulse, in spite of oneself — "can't help but, without meaning to".

    そこで時には、ややとか、あきらかにとかいう限定辞をかぶせねばならぬのではあるが、空想・空想するには、人間の心の働きとして、マイナス・消極的評価のしるしがついており、想像・想像するは、プラス・積極的評価のしるしがついている。

    Thus, although qualifiers such as “somewhat” or “clearly” sometimes need to be added, “fantasy/to fantasize,” as an operation of the human mind, carries a mark of negative and passive evaluation, whereas “imagination/to imagine” carries a mark of positive and active evaluation.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    (大江健三郎『新しい文学のために』による)

    (Based on Oe Kenzaburo, “For a New Literature”)

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    (大江健三郎『新しい文学のために』による

    (Based on Oe Kenzaburo, “For a New Literature”)

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    民衆に伝えられる生活の慣習、用具などに残る手がかりをつうじて、なつかしい古層へとたどる民俗学の、わが国での開拓者として、柳田にはこの言葉がきわめてたいせつなものであった。

    As the pioneer in our country of folklore studies, which trace their way back to nostalgic ancient cultural layers through clues preserved in the customs of everyday life and tools handed down among ordinary people, this word was extremely important to Yanagita.

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    具体的な根拠のない、あるいはあってもあいまいなものにたって行なう古層への心の動きを、空想・空想するとし、よりはっきりした根拠にたつ、しっかりした心の働きを、想像・想像するとして、柳田は使いわけているのである。

    Yanagita uses “fantasy/to fantasize” for a movement of the mind toward ancient layers based on no concrete grounds, or on grounds that are vague even when they exist, while using “imagination/to imagine” for a firmer mental activity based on clearer evidence.

  • よりN4

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    具体的な根拠のない、あるいはあってもあいまいなものにたって行なう古層への心の動きを、空想・空想するとし、よりはっきりした根拠にたつ、しっかりした心の働きを、想像・想像するとして、柳田は使いわけているのである。

    Yanagita uses “fantasy/to fantasize” for a movement of the mind toward ancient layers based on no concrete grounds, or on grounds that are vague even when they exist, while using “imagination/to imagine” for a firmer mental activity based on clearer evidence.

  • とか~とかN4

    Lists a few representative, non-exhaustive examples — 'things like X and Y', 'X, Y, and so on'.

    そこで時には、ややとか、あきらかにとかいう限定辞をかぶせねばならぬのではあるが、空想・空想するには、人間の心の働きとして、マイナス・消極的評価のしるしがついており、想像・想像するは、プラス・積極的評価のしるしがついている。

    Thus, although qualifiers such as “somewhat” or “clearly” sometimes need to be added, “fantasy/to fantasize,” as an operation of the human mind, carries a mark of negative and passive evaluation, whereas “imagination/to imagine” carries a mark of positive and active evaluation.

  • 〜たいN5

    Expresses the speaker's own desire to do something — “want to do”.

    民衆に伝えられる生活の慣習、用具などに残る手がかりをつうじて、なつかしい古層へとたどる民俗学の、わが国での開拓者として、柳田にはこの言葉がきわめてたいせつなものであった。

    As the pioneer in our country of folklore studies, which trace their way back to nostalgic ancient cultural layers through clues preserved in the customs of everyday life and tools handed down among ordinary people, this word was extremely important to Yanagita.

  • 〜ているN56 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    その文章の執筆の時期や、あつかう対象、また語りかける相手のちがいにつれて、柳田の行なった空想・空想すると、想像・想像するの区別には、いかにもはっきりしている際と、そうでない場合がある。

    Depending on when a piece was written, the subject being treated, and the audience he was addressing, Yanagita's distinction between “fantasy/to fantasize” and “imagination/to imagine” is sometimes very clear and sometimes less so.

  • がありますN5

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    その文章の執筆の時期や、あつかう対象、また語りかける相手のちがいにつれて、柳田の行なった空想・空想すると、想像・想像するの区別には、いかにもはっきりしている際と、そうでない場合がある

    Depending on when a piece was written, the subject being treated, and the audience he was addressing, Yanagita's distinction between “fantasy/to fantasize” and “imagination/to imagine” is sometimes very clear and sometimes less so.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし後の場合も、空想・空想することをしだいに正確にしてゆけば、想像・想像するにいたるという、段階的なつながりにおいて――あい接し、境界がぼやけていることはあるにしても、その上辺と下辺では、ちがいがはっきりしている、という仕方で――使われている。

    Even in the latter cases, however, he uses them as stages in a continuum: as “fantasy” or “fantasizing” is gradually made more precise, it develops into “imagination” or “imagining”—so although the two may meet and their boundary may blur, the distinction remains clear at the upper and lower ends.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    しかし後の場合も、空想・空想することをしだいに正確にしてゆけば、想像・想像するにいたるという、段階的なつながりにおいて――あい接し、境界がぼやけていることはあるにしても、その上辺と下辺では、ちがいがはっきりしている、という仕方で――使われている。

    Even in the latter cases, however, he uses them as stages in a continuum: as “fantasy” or “fantasizing” is gradually made more precise, it develops into “imagination” or “imagining”—so although the two may meet and their boundary may blur, the distinction remains clear at the upper and lower ends.

  • のでN52 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    具体的な根拠のない、あるいはあってもあいまいなものにたって行なう古層への心の動きを、空想・空想するとし、よりはっきりした根拠にたつ、しっかりした心の働きを、想像・想像するとして、柳田は使いわけているのである。

    Yanagita uses “fantasy/to fantasize” for a movement of the mind toward ancient layers based on no concrete grounds, or on grounds that are vague even when they exist, while using “imagination/to imagine” for a firmer mental activity based on clearer evidence.

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