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N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #451
2

ファースト・フードかいじゅうひろがったのは、ぶんにんげんしゅうごうじょうたいへんいたからあるぞくこれまでほどあんていものではなくなったし、てきせいかつろうどうあそパターンじんてきかつようなっていたのであるにんげんせっしょくわずらものかんけいこうぞうだいしたしょくもつたのかんかくしゃこうじょうかいらくではなくなったそれこうあいまそうにゅうされるものなることおおし、それへいこうしてにんげんしょくかん便べんことのぞことこうりょべきあろう。

ちゅうりゃく

もちろんしょくぶんにとってファースト・フードは、コンビニものこうどうにたいしてどうようぜんめんてきではないしかししゅようレストランいたるところそうせい(注1)してくるなかに、ひとつきんしつするちからとしてかつローカルかいてきまでひろがったどういつあみことは、できないちからちょうこうてきげんしょうなのである

おそらくこうしたファースト・フードけいけんは、しきされていることがらじょうに、ほとんどしきされないかんかくてきえいきょうほうおおだろう。かつてしょくないようからみると、ひんこんしかいいようないメニューことあえてしゃかいてきかんけいかいしようしないでも、ひとファースト・フードようによっていつのまにかゆうみん(注2)なっていくことそしてこのしょくけいしききょうゆうによってわれわれみょうかたちで、われわれしんいつのまにかかいいることなどある

こうせいがくによる

ちゅう1)そうせいするここでは、おおできる

ちゅう2)ゆうみんここでは、しゃかいてきかんけいもたないひと

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1筆者によると、ファースト・フードがひろまった理由は何か。
  2. 2兆候的現象とあるが、それはどのような現象か。
  3. 3ファースト・フードのひろがりが人びとに与える影響を、筆者はどのように考えているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary14 words
  • かつ
    • ·and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time
    N1
  • 多様たよう
    • ·diverse; various
    N1
  • 接触せっしょく
    • ·touch; contact; touching
    N1
  • 煩わしいわずらわしい
    • ·troublesome; annoying; complicated
    N1
  • 社交しゃこう
    • ·social life; social intercourse
    N1
  • 行為こうい
    • ·act; deed; conduct
    N1
  • あいま
    • ·interval; break; pause; spare moment
    N1
  • 平行へいこう
    • ·parallelism; running parallel (to, with)
    • ·running concurrently; occurring at the same time; keeping pace with
    • ·not reaching an agreement (e.g. of a debate)
    N1
  • 規模きぼ
    • ·scale; scope; plan; structure
    N1
  • 組み込むくみこむ
    • ·to insert; to include; to incorporate; to install; to embed
    N1
  • かつて
    • ·once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-
    • ·never yet; never before; first time; still not happened
    N1
  • 貧困ひんこん
    • ·poverty; penury; need; destitution
    • ·shortage; lack; want
    N1
  • あえて
    • ·purposely (of something needless, unexpected or seemingly counterproductive, etc.); daringly (doing something); deliberately; intentionally
    • ·not necessarily; not particularly; not especially
    • ·definitely not
    N1
  • 破壊はかい
    • ·destruction; disruption
    • ·(application) crash
    N1
Other levels84 words
  • 家族かぞく
    • ·family
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • もつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多かった
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 買い物かいもの
    • ·shopping; purchased goods
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • ひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できない
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されない
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 大きいおおきい
    • ·big; large; great
    • ·loud
    • ·extensive; spacious
    • ·important; decisive; valuable
    • ·older; grown-up
    N5
  • みる
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いい
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しよう
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しないで
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
    • ·tree; shrub; bush
    • ·wood; timber
    • ·wooden clappers (signalling the beginning or end of a performance)
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • もつAs it appears here: もたない
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 文化ぶんか
    • ·culture; civilization; civilisation
    • ·Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
    N4
  • なくなるAs it appears here: なくなった
    • ·to be lost (e.g. luggage); to be missing
    • ·to be used up; to be run out; to be exhausted; to be consumed; to be reduced to zero; to not occur any more
    • ·to disappear (e.g. pain); to be lost (e.g. a dream, confidence)
    N4
  • 生活せいかつ
    • ·life; living
    • ·livelihood; (one's) living
    N4
  • 遊びあそび
    • ·play; playing; game
    • ·pleasure; amusement; pastime; recreation; diversion
    • ·play (in a mechanism, e.g. a steering wheel)
    • ·flexibility (in a performance, art, etc.); freedom
    • ·flyleaf
    N4
  • 楽しみたのしみ
    • ·enjoyment; pleasure; amusement; delight; joy; fun; diversion; hobby
    • ·anticipation; looking forward to; something to look forward to
    N4
  • ちから
    • ·force; strength; might; vigour; vigor; energy
    • ·capability; ability; proficiency; capacity; faculty
    • ·efficacy; effect
    • ·effort; endeavours; endeavors; exertions
    • ·power; authority; influence; good offices; agency
    • ·support; help; aid; assistance
    • ·stress; emphasis
    • ·means; resources
    N4
  • 以上いじょう
    • ·not less than ...; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
    • ·beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
    • ·the above; the above-mentioned; the aforementioned; the foregoing
    • ·since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
    • ·that's all; that is the end; the end
    N4
  • ほとんど
    • ·almost; nearly; mostly; practically; virtually; basically; just about; all but
    • ·hardly; barely; scarcely; little
    • ·large majority; large proportion; greater part; most (of); almost all (of)
    N4
  • 慣れるなれる
    • ·to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become familiar with
    • ·to become skilled in; to become experienced at
    • ·to become tame; to become domesticated
    • ·to get used to doing
    N4
  • 関係かんけい
    • ·relation; relationship; connection
    • ·participation; involvement; concern
    • ·influence; effect
    • ·sexual relations; sexual relationship
    • ·related to; connected to
    N4
  • 利用りよう
    • ·use; utilization; utilisation; application
    N4
  • かたち
    • ·(physical) form; shape; figure
    • ·visage; (facial) features; appearance (of a person); figure; looks
    • ·form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); style; (outward) appearance
    • ·(resultant) state; situation; condition; form
    • ·behaviour (towards others); attitude; demeanor; manners
    • ·shape (positional qualities of a group of stones)
    N4
  • 世界せかい
    • ·the world; society; the universe
    • ·sphere; circle; world
    • ·world-renowned; world-famous
    • ·realm governed by one Buddha; space
    N4
  • ひろがるAs it appears here: ひろがった
    • ·to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 状態じょうたい
    • ·state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
    N3
  • 変化へんか
    • ·change; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; transformation
    • ·variety; diversity
    • ·inflection; declension; conjugation
    • ·henka; (expl.) evasive sidestep at the beginning of a bout
    N3
  • 起こるおこるAs it appears here: 起こって
    • ·to occur; to happen
    N3
  • 労働ろうどう
    • ·labor; labour; work
    • ·Labour Party
    N3
  • 感じるかんじる
    • ·to feel; to sense; to experience
    • ·to be moved (by); to be touched (by); to be impressed (by); to respond (to)
    • ·to become infected with (an illness); to catch
    N3
  • 傾向けいこう
    • ·tendency; trend; inclination
    N3
  • 食事しょくじ
    • ·meal (e.g. lunch, dinner)
    • ·diet
    N3
  • 感覚かんかく
    • ·sense; sensation; feeling; intuition
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 済ませるすませる
    • ·to finish; to make an end of; to get through with; to let end
    • ·to make do (with); to manage (with)
    • ·to resolve; to settle; to bring to a conclusion
    N3
  • 望むのぞむAs it appears here: 望んだ
    • ·to desire; to want; to wish for; to hope for
    • ·to expect (of someone); to hope for; to look forward to
    • ·to see; to command (a view of); to overlook
    N3
  • 考慮こうりょ
    • ·consideration; taking into account
    N3
  • もちろん
    • ·of course; certainly; naturally
    N3
  • 都市とし
    • ·town; city; municipal; urban
    N3
  • 占めるしめる
    • ·to account for; to make up; to take up
    • ·to occupy (a place, position, etc.); to hold (a rank, seat, etc.)
    • ·to occupy (one's mind, heart, etc.); to weigh (on one's mind); to grip (e.g. one's heart)
    • ·to gain; to secure; to obtain; to win
    N3
  • 位置いち
    • ·place; position; location
    • ·position; standing; status; situation
    N3
  • 行動こうどう
    • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
    N3
  • 同様どうよう
    • ·same; similar; (just) like; equal
    N3
  • いたる
    • ·to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to attain
    • ·to lead to (a place); to get to
    • ·in the extreme case of
    • ·to come; to arrive; to result in
    N3
  • 同一どういつ
    • ·identical; same; one and the same; equal
    • ·fair; equal treatment; without discrimination
    N3
  • 無視むし
    • ·disregarding; ignoring
    N3
  • 現象げんしょう
    • ·phenomenon
    N3
  • おそらく
    • ·probably; (most) likely; in all likelihood; I suspect; I dare say; I'm afraid
    N3
  • 経験けいけん
    • ·experience
    N3
  • 意識いしき
    • ·consciousness
    • ·becoming aware (of); awareness; sense
    • ·mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
    N3
  • 影響えいきょう
    • ·influence; effect; impact
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 内容ないよう
    • ·contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • われわれ
    • ·we
    N3
  • 奇妙きみょう
    • ·strange; odd; peculiar; queer; curious
    N3
  • 自身じしん
    • ·(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
    N3
  • 化しかし
    • ·confectionery; sweets; candy; cake
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 集合しゅうごう
    • ·meeting up; gathering; assembly
    • ·set
    N2
  • 増大ぞうだい
    • ·enlargement; increase
    N2
  • 形式けいしき
    • ·form (as opposed to substance)
    • ·format; form; style; manner
    • ·formality; form
    • ·mode; form
    • ·form (bilinear, quadratic, etc.)
    N2
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    しかし多種多様なレストランがいたるところに叢生してくるなかに、ひとつの均質化する力として割り込み、かつローカルな都市を世界的な規模にまでひろがった同一の網目に組み込むことは、無視できない力の兆候的現象なのである。

    Yet amid the proliferation of all kinds of restaurants everywhere, fast food intrudes as a homogenizing force and incorporates local cities into the same network extending across the globe; this is a symptomatic phenomenon revealing a force that cannot be ignored.

  • かつてN1

    Refers to a time in the past, or with a negative predicate means 'never before' — 'once,' 'formerly.'

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

  • 敢えて(あえて)N1

    deliberately doing something difficult or unnecessary that one need not do; 'dare to', 'go out of one's way to'

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

Other levels21 patterns
  • 恐らくN2

    Adverb marking the speaker's likely conjecture — "probably, most likely".

    おそらくこうしたファースト・フードの経験は、意識されていることがら以上に、ほとんど意識されない感覚的な影響の方が大きいだろう。

    In the experience of fast food, the largely unconscious sensory effects are probably greater than the things of which we are consciously aware.

  • 以上に(いじょうに)N2

    Marks that something exceeds a stated or expected degree — 'more than ~; even more than'.

    おそらくこうしたファースト・フードの経験は、意識されていることがら以上に、ほとんど意識されない感覚的な影響の方が大きいだろう。

    In the experience of fast food, the largely unconscious sensory effects are probably greater than the things of which we are consciously aware.

  • たものだN3

    recalls a past habitual action with fondness or nostalgia, 'used to (do)'.

    家族はこれまでほど安定したものではなくなったし、私的な生活、労働や遊びのパターンも個人的かつ多様になっていたのである。

    Families had become less stable than before, while patterns of private life, work, and leisure had become increasingly individualized and diverse.

  • にとってN3

    Marks the person or thing from whose standpoint something is judged or matters; 'for', 'to'.

    もちろん都市の食文化にとってファースト・フードが占める位置は、コンビニが買い物行動にたいして占める位置と同様、全面的ではない。

    Of course, the position occupied by fast food in urban food culture, like that of convenience stores in shopping behavior, is by no means all-encompassing.

  • としてN3

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    しかし多種多様なレストランがいたるところに叢生してくるなかに、ひとつの均質化する力として割り込み、かつローカルな都市を世界的な規模にまでひろがった同一の網目に組み込むことは、無視できない力の兆候的現象なのである。

    Yet amid the proliferation of all kinds of restaurants everywhere, fast food intrudes as a homogenizing force and incorporates local cities into the same network extending across the globe; this is a symptomatic phenomenon revealing a force that cannot be ignored.

  • 的(てき)N32 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    しかし多種多様なレストランがいたるところに叢生してくるなかに、ひとつの均質化する力として割り込み、かつローカルな都市を世界的な規模にまでひろがった同一の網目に組み込むことは、無視できない力の兆候的現象なのである。

    Yet amid the proliferation of all kinds of restaurants everywhere, fast food intrudes as a homogenizing force and incorporates local cities into the same network extending across the globe; this is a symptomatic phenomenon revealing a force that cannot be ignored.

  • に慣れるN3

    Expresses becoming accustomed to or getting used to something, 'to get used to'.

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

  • ようとしないN3

    Says someone shows no intention of doing something or stubbornly won't do it — 'won't (even try to)…', 'refuses to…'.

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

  • によって/によるN33 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

  • 〜ていたN42 times in this passage

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    ファースト・フードが世界中にひろがったのは、文化や人間の集合状態に変化が起こっていたからである。

    Fast food spread throughout the world because changes were taking place in culture and in the ways people formed groups.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    しかし多種多様なレストランがいたるところに叢生してくるなかに、ひとつの均質化する力として割り込み、かつローカルな都市を世界的な規模にまでひろがった同一の網目に組み込むことは、無視できない力の兆候的現象なのである。

    Yet amid the proliferation of all kinds of restaurants everywhere, fast food intrudes as a homogenizing force and incorporates local cities into the same network extending across the globe; this is a symptomatic phenomenon revealing a force that cannot be ignored.

  • 〜ていくN4

    Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

  • までN52 times in this passage

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    家族はこれまでほど安定したものではなくなったし、私的な生活、労働や遊びのパターンも個人的かつ多様になっていたのである。

    Families had become less stable than before, while patterns of private life, work, and leisure had become increasingly individualized and diverse.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    家族はこれまでほど安定したものではなくなったし、私的な生活、労働や遊びのパターンも個人的かつ多様になっていたのである。

    Families had become less stable than before, while patterns of private life, work, and leisure had become increasingly individualized and diverse.

  • じゃない・ではないN5

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    もちろん都市の食文化にとってファースト・フードが占める位置は、コンビニが買い物行動にたいして占める位置と同様、全面的ではない

    Of course, the position occupied by fast food in urban food culture, like that of convenience stores in shopping behavior, is by no means all-encompassing.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし多種多様なレストランがいたるところに叢生してくるなかに、ひとつの均質化する力として割り込み、かつローカルな都市を世界的な規模にまでひろがった同一の網目に組み込むことは、無視できない力の兆候的現象なのである。

    Yet amid the proliferation of all kinds of restaurants everywhere, fast food intrudes as a homogenizing force and incorporates local cities into the same network extending across the globe; this is a symptomatic phenomenon revealing a force that cannot be ignored.

  • 〜ているN52 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    おそらくこうしたファースト・フードの経験は、意識されていることがら以上に、ほとんど意識されない感覚的な影響の方が大きいだろう。

    In the experience of fast food, the largely unconscious sensory effects are probably greater than the things of which we are consciously aware.

  • より〜ほうがN5

    Expresses comparison or preference — 'B is more ... than A / would rather B' (A より B のほうが).

    おそらくこうしたファースト・フードの経験は、意識されていることがら以上に、ほとんど意識されない感覚的な影響の方が大きいだろう。

    In the experience of fast food, the largely unconscious sensory effects are probably greater than the things of which we are consciously aware.

  • だろうN5

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    おそらくこうしたファースト・フードの経験は、意識されていることがら以上に、ほとんど意識されない感覚的な影響の方が大きいだろう

    In the experience of fast food, the largely unconscious sensory effects are probably greater than the things of which we are consciously aware.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    かつての食の内容からみると、貧困としかいいようのないメニューに慣れること、あえて社会的関係を破壊しようとしないでも、人びとはファースト・フードの利用によって、いつのまにか都市の遊民になっていくこと、そしてこの食形式の共有によってわれわれは奇妙なかたちで、われわれ自身をいつのまにか世界化していること、などである。

    These effects include becoming accustomed to menus that, compared with the content of meals in the past, can only be called impoverished; becoming, through the use of fast food and without deliberately trying to destroy social relationships, urban drifters with no social ties; and, through sharing this form of eating, strangely globalizing ourselves without even realizing it.

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