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N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #440
2

しょというこうが、にんげんせいちょうてきのうりょくこうじょうひっものあることを、かつてしゃかいけいけんほうそくてきかいしていたのではないだろうか。どく(注1)などきょうせいてきしゅうよう(注2)てきものではあるが、どくしょしゅうかんけいせいなにじゅうするきょういくメソッド(注3)あっことたしあるしかし、①わたしだいどうあろうか。しょもつというものえいぞうおんきょうメディアなどたんじゅんかくすることゆるひつじゅひんありどくしょほんてきのうりょくあるというかくしんいだいてきたもののきんねんしゃかいけいざいかたによってしんうしなかけていたこといなのではなかろうか。

かつがいひょうげんしゅだんおおえいきょうりょくもつようなったことを②だいながのはいいが、ぶんへんようあまりにきゅうげきことあるいはひとゆうりょくぶんべつものことにはそくがたいへいがいともなかつにもいろいろあるが、しょもつとくゆうたのあたくれるほんさくよろこもたらしてくれるほんじんせいささなるようほんそうたいてきすくなったのは、1980ねんだいなかごろからで、しょてんたなにはじょうほうてきほんや、えいぞうぶんしょせきねらった寿じゅみょうみじかものばかりようなったていからスペースせまさをいいわけに、ほんだな姿すがたしまった

ちょうどそのころからえいぞうぶんかつぶんほんしつかんがメディアろんさかなったが、いまからおもじゅうらいかつぶんすいじゃくしたあいどうなるというどうさつりょくにおいていささかところなかっただろうか。

じゅんいちろうどくしょさんとう――しんだいの「かんが」』による

ちゅう1)どくここでは、かんがずに、こえこと

ちゅう2)しゅうようがくもんおさじんかくたかこと

ちゅう3)メソッドほうほう

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1私たちの世代とあるが、筆者の世代にとっての読書はどのようなものであったか。
  2. 2「時代の流れ」は、書物にどのような変化をもたらしたか。
  3. 31980年代半ば以降のメディア論について、筆者はどのように述べているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary16 words
  • 行為こうい
    • ·act; deed; conduct
    N1
  • 向上こうじょう
    • ·elevation; rise; improvement; advancement; progress
    N1
  • かつて
    • ·once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-
    • ·never yet; never before; first time; still not happened
    N1
  • 形成けいせい
    • ·formation; molding; making (up); taking form; giving form to
    • ·repair (e.g. with plastic surgery); replacement; -plasty
    N1
  • 何よりなにより
    • ·above anything else; above all; more than anything
    • ·best; greatest; excellent; wonderful; most important
    N1
  • 世代せだい
    • ·generation
    N1
  • 映像えいぞう
    • ·image (on a screen); picture (e.g. on a TV)
    • ·video; film; footage
    • ·reflection
    • ·image (in one's mind); mental picture
    N1
  • 確信かくしん
    • ·conviction; belief; confidence
    N1
  • 自信じしん
    • ·self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
    N1
  • 有力ゆうりょく
    • ·influential; prominent; leading
    • ·strong; powerful; likely; plausible; promising; convincing; substantial
    N1
  • 伴うともなう
    • ·to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon
    • ·to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with; to be involved in
    N1
  • 特有とくゆう
    • ·characteristic (of); peculiar (to)
    N1
  • いいわけ
    • ·excuse
    • ·explanation
    N1
  • 本質ほんしつ
    • ·essence; true nature; substance; reality
    N1
  • 従来じゅうらい
    • ·up to now; so far
    • ·traditional; conventional; usual; existing
    N1
  • 人格じんかく
    • ·personality; character; individuality; personhood
    N1
Other levels85 words
  • 読むよむ
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • 大きなおおきな
    • ·big; large; great
    N5
  • もつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 呼ぶよぶ
    • ·to call out (to); to call; to invoke
    • ·to summon (a doctor, etc.)
    • ·to invite
    • ·to designate; to name; to brand
    • ·to garner (support, etc.); to gather
    • ·to take as one's wife
    N5
  • 一つひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • いろいろ
    • ·various; a variety of; all sorts of; many (different)
    • ·variously; in various ways; in many ways
    • ·various things; this and that
    N5
  • ほん
    • ·book; volume; script
    • ·this; present; current; ... in question; ... at issue
    • ·main; head; principal
    • ·real; genuine; regular; proper
    • ·counter for long, thin objects (sticks, tubes, strings, bottles, pillars, rivers, rail lines, etc.)
    • ·counter for films, TV shows, etc.
    • ·counter for telephone calls, letters, and emails
    • ·counter for goals, home runs, etc.
    • ·counter for rounds or points (in judo, kendo, etc.)
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 少ないすくないAs it appears here: 少なく
    • ·few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient; seldom; rare
    N5
  • 短いみじかい
    • ·short
    • ·brief
    N5
  • 家庭かてい
    • ·home; household; family; hearth
    N5
  • 狭いせまいAs it appears here:
    • ·narrow; confined; small; cramped
    • ·limited; narrow-minded; confining
    N5
  • 本棚ほんだな
    • ·bookshelves; bookshelf; bookcase
    N5
  • 消すけすAs it appears here: 消して
    • ·to erase; to rub out; to rub off; to cross out; to delete
    • ·to turn off (a light, TV, heater, etc.); to switch off
    • ·to extinguish (a fire, candle, etc.); to put out
    • ·to remove (a smell, pain, etc.); to eliminate; to get rid of; to relieve (pain, anxiety, etc.); to neutralize (poison)
    • ·to drown out (a sound); to deaden; to absorb; to muffle
    • ·to kill; to murder; to bump off; to rub out
    N5
  • ちょうど
    • ·exactly; precisely; just; right; opportunely; fortunately
    • ·just (like); as if; as though
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • いま
    • ·now; the present time; just now; soon; immediately
    • ·another; more
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • 引くひく
    • ·to pull; to tug; to lead (e.g. a horse)
    • ·to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest)
    • ·to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to pull in
    • ·to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
    • ·to draw (a line, plan, etc.)
    • ·to catch (a cold)
    • ·to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
    • ·to look up (in a dictionary, phone book, etc.); to consult; to check
    • ·to haul; to pull (vehicles)
    • ·to subtract; to deduct
    • ·to recede; to ebb; to fade
    • ·to be descend from; to inherit (a characteristic)
    • ·to quote; to cite; to raise (as evidence)
    • ·to lay on (electricity, gas, etc.); to install (e.g. a telephone); to supply (e.g. water)
    • ·to hold (e.g. a note)
    • ·to apply (e.g. lipstick); to oil (e.g. a pan); to wax (e.g. a floor)
    • ·to move back; to draw back; to recede; to fall back; to retreat
    • ·to lessen; to subside; to ebb; to go down (e.g. of swelling)
    • ·to resign; to retire; to quit
    • ·to be put off (by someone's words or behaviour); to be turned off; to recoil (in disgust, etc.); to cringe
    • ·to draw back; to pull back; to retreat
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • こえ
    • ·voice
    • ·singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); hoot
    • ·voice; opinion (as expressed in words); view; wish; attitude; will
    • ·sound
    • ·sense (of something's arrival); feeling
    • ·voice; voiced sound
    N5
  • 出すだすAs it appears here: 出して
    • ·to take out; to get out
    • ·to put out; to reveal; to show
    • ·to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in
    • ·to publish; to make public
    • ·to send (e.g. letter)
    • ·to produce (a sound); to start (fire)
    • ·to serve (food)
    • ·... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
    • ·to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...
    N5
  • 社会しゃかい
    • ·society; public; community; the world
    • ·social studies
    N4
  • 習慣しゅうかん
    • ·habit
    • ·(social) custom; practice; convention; tradition
    N4
  • 教育きょういく
    • ·education; schooling; training; instruction; teaching; upbringing
    • ·culture; cultivation; education
    N4
  • 確かたしか
    • ·sure; certain; positive; definite
    • ·reliable; trustworthy; safe; sound; firm; accurate; correct; exact
    • ·If I'm not mistaken; If I remember correctly; If I remember rightly
    N4
  • 以外いがい
    • ·excluding; except (for); apart from; other than; besides; in addition to
    • ·outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
    N4
  • 文化ぶんか
    • ·culture; civilization; civilisation
    • ·Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
    N4
  • べつ
    • ·distinction; difference; discrimination
    • ·separate; different; another; extra
    • ·exception; exclusion
    • ·classified by; ranked by; according to
    N4
  • 楽しみたのしみ
    • ·enjoyment; pleasure; amusement; delight; joy; fun; diversion; hobby
    • ·anticipation; looking forward to; something to look forward to
    N4
  • たな
    • ·shelf; ledge; rack
    • ·trellis
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思えば
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考え
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 成長せいちょう
    • ·growth; development; growing up; becoming an adult
    • ·growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 経験けいけん
    • ·experience
    N3
  • 理解りかい
    • ·understanding; comprehension; appreciation
    • ·sympathy
    N3
  • 読書どくしょ
    • ·reading (books)
    N3
  • 重視じゅうし
    • ·regarding as important; attaching importance to; taking a serious view of; putting emphasis on
    N3
  • 書物しょもつ
    • ·book; volume
    N3
  • 単純たんじゅん
    • ·simple; plain; uncomplicated; straightforward; simple-minded; naive
    N3
  • 比較ひかく
    • ·comparison
    N3
  • 許すゆるすAs it appears here: 許さない
    • ·to permit; to allow; to approve; to consent to
    • ·to forgive; to pardon; to excuse; to tolerate
    • ·to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to release; to let off
    • ·to acknowledge; to admit
    • ·to trust; to confide in; to let one's guard down
    • ·to give up (points in a game, distance in a race, etc.); to yield
    N3
  • 能力のうりょく
    • ·ability; faculty
    N3
  • いだくAs it appears here: いだいて
    • ·to hold in one's arms (e.g. a baby); to embrace; to hug
    • ·to have (a thought or feeling); to hold; to harbour (suspicion, doubt, etc.); to harbor; to bear (a grudge, ill will, etc.); to entertain (hope, illusions, etc.); to cherish (e.g. an ambition)
    N3
  • 表現ひょうげん
    • ·expression; representation; description
    • ·representation (of a group)
    N3
  • 手段しゅだん
    • ·means; way; measure
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 急激きゅうげき
    • ·sudden; abrupt; rapid; sharp; drastic; radical
    N3
  • あるいは
    • ·or; either ... or
    • ·maybe; perhaps; possibly
    • ·some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
    N3
  • 予測よそく
    • ·prediction; estimation
    N3
  • 与えるあたえるAs it appears here: 与えて
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to grant; to confer; to present; to award
    • ·to provide; to afford; to offer; to supply
    • ·to assign
    • ·to cause
    • ·to pass (a variable to a function)
    N3
  • 喜びよろこび
    • ·joy; delight; rapture; pleasure; gratification; rejoicing; congratulations; felicitations
    N3
  • 人生じんせい
    • ·(one's) life
    N3
  • 年代ねんだい
    • ·age; era; period; date
    N3
  • 半ばなかば
    • ·middle; halfway; midway
    • ·half (of); one half
    • ·half (e.g. done, jokingly); partly; in part; partially
    • ·mostly; almost; nearly
    N3
  • ごろ
    • ·(approximate) time; around; about; toward
    • ·suitable time (or condition)
    • ·time of year; season
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 姿すがた
    • ·figure; form; shape
    • ·appearance; dress; guise
    • ·state; condition; picture; image
    • ·form (of a waka)
    • ·dressed in ...; wearing ...
    N3
  • ころ
    • ·(approximate) time; around; about; toward
    • ·suitable time (or condition)
    • ·time of year; season
    N3
  • 欠けるかける
    • ·to chip; to be chipped; to break (off); to be damaged
    • ·to be missing (from a set, team, etc.); to be absent; to become lost
    • ·to be lacking (in); to be short (of); to be deficient; to be wanting (in)
    • ·to wane (of the moon); to go into eclipse
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 学問がくもん
    • ·study; scholarship; learning; education; knowledge
    • ·discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
    N3
  • 方法ほうほう
    • ·method; way; manner; process; procedure; means; measure
    N3
  • 法則ほうそく
    • ·law; rule
    N2
  • 必需品ひつじゅひん
    • ·necessities; necessary article; requisite; essentials
    N2
  • 活字かつじ
    • ·(piece of) type; movable type; moveable type; printing type
    • ·printed word; printed matter; print
    N2
  • 書店しょてん
    • ·bookshop; bookstore
    N2
  • ねらうAs it appears here: ねらった
    • ·to aim at (with a weapon, etc.)
    • ·to be after (something or someone); to have an eye on; to plan to make one's own
    • ·to aim for; to set up as a goal
    N2
  • 寿命じゅみょう
    • ·lifespan; life; lifetime
    • ·life (of a battery, lightbulb, etc.); service life; end of an object's (useful) life
    N2
  • 目立つめだつ
    • ·to be conspicuous; to stand out
    N2
  • 高めるたかめる
    • ·to raise; to lift; to boost; to enhance
    N2
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • かつてN1

    Refers to a time in the past, or with a negative predicate means 'never before' — 'once,' 'formerly.'

    書を読むという行為が、人間の成長や知的能力の向上に必須のものであることを、かつての社会は経験法則的に理解していたのではないだろうか。

    Perhaps society in the past understood through experience that reading books was indispensable to human growth and the improvement of intellectual ability.

  • というものN1

    Emphasizes the entire stretch of a stated time period, or foregrounds the essential nature of a thing — "for the whole (time)...", "the very idea of...".

    書物というものが映像や音響メディアなどと単純に比較することを許さない必需品であり、読書は基本的な能力であるという確信をいだいてきたものの、近年の社会経済のあり方によって自信を喪いかけていたことは否めないのではなかろうか。

    Although we have continued to believe that books are necessities that cannot simply be compared with visual or audio media, and that reading is a fundamental ability, can we really deny that recent socioeconomic conditions have caused us to begin losing confidence in that belief?

Other levels26 patterns
  • もののN2

    Concessive connective — 'although / even though ~, ...'; concedes the first clause then states something that runs counter to it.

    書物というものが映像や音響メディアなどと単純に比較することを許さない必需品であり、読書は基本的な能力であるという確信をいだいてきたものの、近年の社会経済のあり方によって自信を喪いかけていたことは否めないのではなかろうか。

    Although we have continued to believe that books are necessities that cannot simply be compared with visual or audio media, and that reading is a fundamental ability, can we really deny that recent socioeconomic conditions have caused us to begin losing confidence in that belief?

  • 以外(いがい)N2

    Marks everything except the named item — 'other than ~', 'apart from ~', 'besides ~'.

    活字以外の表現手段が大きな影響力をもつようになったことを②「時代の流れ」と呼ぶのはいいが、文化の変容があまりにも急激なこと、あるいは一つの有力な文化が別のものに置き換えられることには予測しがたい弊害を伴う。

    It may be fine to call the growing influence of forms of expression other than print “the tide of the times,” but overly rapid cultural change, or the replacement of one dominant culture by another, brings with it unpredictable harmful effects.

  • あるいはN2

    Presents an alternative or a possibility — 'or; or perhaps; alternatively'.

    活字以外の表現手段が大きな影響力をもつようになったことを②「時代の流れ」と呼ぶのはいいが、文化の変容があまりにも急激なこと、あるいは一つの有力な文化が別のものに置き換えられることには予測しがたい弊害を伴う。

    It may be fine to call the growing influence of forms of expression other than print “the tide of the times,” but overly rapid cultural change, or the replacement of one dominant culture by another, brings with it unpredictable harmful effects.

  • というN33 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    書を読むという行為が、人間の成長や知的能力の向上に必須のものであることを、かつての社会は経験法則的に理解していたのではないだろうか。

    Perhaps society in the past understood through experience that reading books was indispensable to human growth and the improvement of intellectual ability.

  • 的(てき)N34 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    書を読むという行為が、人間の成長や知的能力の向上に必須のものであることを、かつての社会は経験法則的に理解していたのではないだろうか。

    Perhaps society in the past understood through experience that reading books was indispensable to human growth and the improvement of intellectual ability.

  • たものだN3

    recalls a past habitual action with fondness or nostalgia, 'used to (do)'.

    素読などは強制的、修養的なものではあるが、読書習慣の形成を何よりも重視する教育メソッドであったことは確かである。

    Practices such as sodoku were compulsory and aimed at self-cultivation, but they were unquestionably educational methods that placed the highest priority on forming the habit of reading.

  • よりもN3

    Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

    素読などは強制的、修養的なものではあるが、読書習慣の形成を何よりも重視する教育メソッドであったことは確かである。

    Practices such as sodoku were compulsory and aimed at self-cultivation, but they were unquestionably educational methods that placed the highest priority on forming the habit of reading.

  • によって/によるN32 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    書物というものが映像や音響メディアなどと単純に比較することを許さない必需品であり、読書は基本的な能力であるという確信をいだいてきたものの、近年の社会経済のあり方によって自信を喪いかけていたことは否めないのではなかろうか。

    Although we have continued to believe that books are necessities that cannot simply be compared with visual or audio media, and that reading is a fundamental ability, can we really deny that recent socioeconomic conditions have caused us to begin losing confidence in that belief?

  • あまりにもN3

    Emphasizes an excessive degree that leads to some result, "so ... that / far too ~."

    活字以外の表現手段が大きな影響力をもつようになったことを②「時代の流れ」と呼ぶのはいいが、文化の変容があまりにも急激なこと、あるいは一つの有力な文化が別のものに置き換えられることには予測しがたい弊害を伴う。

    It may be fine to call the growing influence of forms of expression other than print “the tide of the times,” but overly rapid cultural change, or the replacement of one dominant culture by another, brings with it unpredictable harmful effects.

  • において/におけるN3

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    ちょうどそのころから映像文化や活字文化の本質を考えるメディア論が盛んになったが、いまから思えば従来の活字文化が衰弱した場合にどうなるかという洞察力において、いささか欠けるところがなかっただろうか。

    Around that same time, media theories examining the nature of visual culture and print culture became popular, but looking back now, were they not somewhat lacking in insight into what would happen if traditional print culture were to weaken?

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ちょうどそのころから映像文化や活字文化の本質を考えるメディア論が盛んになったが、いまから思えば従来の活字文化が衰弱した場合にどうなるかという洞察力において、いささか欠けるところがなかっただろうか。

    Around that same time, media theories examining the nature of visual culture and print culture became popular, but looking back now, were they not somewhat lacking in insight into what would happen if traditional print culture were to weaken?

  • ずにN3

    Marks doing one thing without doing another; a more formal equivalent of 〜ないで — 'without …ing'.

    (注1)素読:ここでは、意味を考えずに、声を出して読むこと

    (Note 1) sodoku: here, reading aloud without thinking about the meaning

  • 〜ていたN42 times in this passage

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    書を読むという行為が、人間の成長や知的能力の向上に必須のものであることを、かつての社会は経験法則的に理解していたのではないだろうか。

    Perhaps society in the past understood through experience that reading books was indispensable to human growth and the improvement of intellectual ability.

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    素読などは強制的、修養的なものではあるが、読書習慣の形成を何よりも重視する教育メソッドであったことは確かである。

    Practices such as sodoku were compulsory and aimed at self-cultivation, but they were unquestionably educational methods that placed the highest priority on forming the habit of reading.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    書物というものが映像や音響メディアなどと単純に比較することを許さない必需品であり、読書は基本的な能力であるという確信をいだいてきたものの、近年の社会経済のあり方によって自信を喪いかけていたことは否めないのではなかろうか。

    Although we have continued to believe that books are necessities that cannot simply be compared with visual or audio media, and that reading is a fundamental ability, can we really deny that recent socioeconomic conditions have caused us to begin losing confidence in that belief?

  • ようになるN42 times in this passage

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    活字以外の表現手段が大きな影響力をもつようになったことを②「時代の流れ」と呼ぶのはいいが、文化の変容があまりにも急激なこと、あるいは一つの有力な文化が別のものに置き換えられることには予測しがたい弊害を伴う。

    It may be fine to call the growing influence of forms of expression other than print “the tide of the times,” but overly rapid cultural change, or the replacement of one dominant culture by another, brings with it unpredictable harmful effects.

  • 〜てくれるN42 times in this passage

    Someone does an action for the benefit of the speaker (or the speaker's in-group) — '(someone) does (something) for me'.

    活字にもいろいろあるが、書物に特有の楽しみを与えてくれる本、思索の喜びをもたらしてくれる本、人生の支えになるような本が相対的に少なくなったのは、1980年代の半ばごろからで、書店の棚には情報的な本や、映像文化の書籍化をねらった寿命の短いものばかりが目立つようになった。

    Printed material comes in many forms, but from around the mid-1980s, books that offered pleasures unique to reading, books that brought the joy of contemplation, and books that could serve as a source of support in life became relatively scarce. Bookstore shelves increasingly came to be dominated by informational books and short-lived publications intended to turn visual culture into book form.

  • ようだN4

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    活字にもいろいろあるが、書物に特有の楽しみを与えてくれる本、思索の喜びをもたらしてくれる本、人生の支えになるような本が相対的に少なくなったのは、1980年代の半ばごろからで、書店の棚には情報的な本や、映像文化の書籍化をねらった寿命の短いものばかりが目立つようになった。

    Printed material comes in many forms, but from around the mid-1980s, books that offered pleasures unique to reading, books that brought the joy of contemplation, and books that could serve as a source of support in life became relatively scarce. Bookstore shelves increasingly came to be dominated by informational books and short-lived publications intended to turn visual culture into book form.

  • 頃(ころ / ごろ)N42 times in this passage

    Suffix/noun marking an approximate point in time; 'around (the time of), about when, back when'.

    活字にもいろいろあるが、書物に特有の楽しみを与えてくれる本、思索の喜びをもたらしてくれる本、人生の支えになるような本が相対的に少なくなったのは、1980年代の半ばごろからで、書店の棚には情報的な本や、映像文化の書籍化をねらった寿命の短いものばかりが目立つようになった。

    Printed material comes in many forms, but from around the mid-1980s, books that offered pleasures unique to reading, books that brought the joy of contemplation, and books that could serve as a source of support in life became relatively scarce. Bookstore shelves increasingly came to be dominated by informational books and short-lived publications intended to turn visual culture into book form.

  • ばかりN4

    Limits or emphasizes a thing — 'only / nothing but' — or after a past-tense verb means 'just (finished) doing.'

    活字にもいろいろあるが、書物に特有の楽しみを与えてくれる本、思索の喜びをもたらしてくれる本、人生の支えになるような本が相対的に少なくなったのは、1980年代の半ばごろからで、書店の棚には情報的な本や、映像文化の書籍化をねらった寿命の短いものばかりが目立つようになった。

    Printed material comes in many forms, but from around the mid-1980s, books that offered pleasures unique to reading, books that brought the joy of contemplation, and books that could serve as a source of support in life became relatively scarce. Bookstore shelves increasingly came to be dominated by informational books and short-lived publications intended to turn visual culture into book form.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    家庭からはスペースの狭さをいいわけに、本棚が姿を消してしまった

    In homes, too, bookshelves disappeared, with lack of space used as the excuse.

  • 場合は(ばあいは)N4

    States the situation or condition under which something applies — 'in the case of; in the event that; if'.

    ちょうどそのころから映像文化や活字文化の本質を考えるメディア論が盛んになったが、いまから思えば従来の活字文化が衰弱した場合にどうなるかという洞察力において、いささか欠けるところがなかっただろうか。

    Around that same time, media theories examining the nature of visual culture and print culture became popular, but looking back now, were they not somewhat lacking in insight into what would happen if traditional print culture were to weaken?

  • じゃない・ではないN5

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    書を読むという行為が、人間の成長や知的能力の向上に必須のものであることを、かつての社会は経験法則的に理解していたのではないだろうか。

    Perhaps society in the past understood through experience that reading books was indispensable to human growth and the improvement of intellectual ability.

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    書を読むという行為が、人間の成長や知的能力の向上に必須のものであることを、かつての社会は経験法則的に理解していたのではないだろうか。

    Perhaps society in the past understood through experience that reading books was indispensable to human growth and the improvement of intellectual ability.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、①私たちの世代はどうであろうか。

    But what about our generation?

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    書物というものが映像や音響メディアなどと単純に比較することを許さない必需品であり、読書は基本的な能力であるという確信をいだいてきたものの、近年の社会経済のあり方によって自信を喪いかけていたことは否めないのではなかろうか。

    Although we have continued to believe that books are necessities that cannot simply be compared with visual or audio media, and that reading is a fundamental ability, can we really deny that recent socioeconomic conditions have caused us to begin losing confidence in that belief?

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