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N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #439
2

よくひとについてどのようしていんしょうのであろうか。アッシュゆうめい実験じっけんれいしてしょうかいするだれかれについていんしょうというものは、あたじょうほう)のじゅんじょによってえいきょうされることしめいるたとえば、「てきな→きんべんな→しょうどうてきな→はんりょくあるがんな→嫉妬深しっとぶか」のじゅんばんあるじんぶつとくちょうつたと、しょう欠点けってんあるが、てきおうてきゆうのうじんぶつといういんしょうできる一方いっぽうこれとはぎゃくじゅんばん嫉妬深しっとぶかがんな……→てきな」では、しんこくもんだいかかひとみなされる。(ちゅうりゃくさいしょほうこうをし、のちあたそれむすかいしゃくされるかんがこれしょとうこういうはじあたていてきだとのちこうていてきさんくさみなされてしまうように、「だいいちいんしょうかんじん」なのである

なお、①このこうすべてひとわけではなくむしろよけいえいきょうひとあることてきされているあまりそうぞうてきないひとにんものすくかたげんすくにんあいには、あたじゅんばんがたくはじあたのちあたによってうわされてしまい結果的けっかてきはじによるいんしょううすなり、②によっていんしょうつくられやすいしんきんこう)。あいふくざつつよひとどうかで、つたじょうほうじゅんじょそうすることによっていんしょうことのうある

かいひろゆきへんちょしゅんかんじょうほうしょしんがくによる

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1この効果とはどのようなことか。
  2. 2後の手がかりによって印象がつくられやすいとあるが、なぜか。
  3. 3初頭効果と新近効果の二つの説明からわかることは何か。

Study this passage

Vocabulary9 words
  • 知的ちてき
    • ·intellectual
    N1
  • 勤勉きんべん
    • ·diligent; hard-working; industrious
    N1
  • 頑固がんこ
    • ·stubborn; obstinate; pigheaded
    N1
  • 適応てきおう
    • ·adaptation; accommodation; conformity
    N1
  • 肝心かんじん
    • ·essential; important; crucial; vital; main
    N1
  • なお
    • ·still; yet
    • ·more; still more; greater; further
    • ·furthermore; in addition; moreover; note that ...
    • ·as if; just like; as though
    N1
  • 指摘してき
    • ·pointing out; identification
    N1
  • 見方みかた
    • ·viewpoint; point of view; way of looking (at something); view; angle
    • ·way of appreciating (e.g. opera); way of understanding; how to read (a map, train timetable, etc.)
    N1
  • やすい
    • ·easy
    • ·likely to ...; have a tendency to ...
    • ·easy to ...
    N1
Other levels73 words
  • よく
    • ·nicely; properly; well; skillfully; skilfully
    • ·frequently; often
    • ·I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
    • ·(you have) quite the nerve to; I don't know how you can ...
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知らない
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • どの
    • ·which; what (way)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 有名ゆうめい
    • ·famous; well-known
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • 問題もんだい
    • ·question (e.g. on a test); problem
    • ·problem (e.g. societal, political); question; issue; subject (e.g. of research); case; matter
    • ·question (i.e. doubt)
    • ·public discussion; controversy
    • ·trouble; problem; inconvenience; difficulty
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • いう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言われる
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見られる
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • あまり
    • ·remainder; remnant; rest; balance; surplus; remains (of a meal); leftovers
    • ·(not) very; (not) much
    • ·too much; excessively; overly
    • ·extreme; great; severe; tremendous; terrible
    • ·not very good; so-so; mediocre
    • ·more than; over
    N5
  • 少ないすくない
    • ·few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient; seldom; rare
    N5
  • 初めはじめ
    • ·beginning; start; outset; opening
    • ·first (in line, etc.)
    • ·origin
    • ·such as ...; not to mention ...
    N5
  • 薄いうすいAs it appears here: 薄く
    • ·thin (of an object)
    • ·pale; light; faint
    • ·watery; thin; diluted
    • ·weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.); not much (of a presence)
    • ·slim (probability, etc.); small
    • ·sparse; patchy; scattered
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なり
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • つくるAs it appears here: つくられ
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • 強いつよい
    • ·strong; potent; competent; domineering; tough
    • ·strong; brawny; powerful; healthy; rugged
    • ·good (at); skilled; knowledgeable
    • ·being able to handle; know how to deal (with); durable (against); resistant (to); resilient
    • ·firm; rigid; solid
    • ·intense; strong; fierce; high
    • ·dependable; trustworthy
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • 受けるうける
    • ·to receive; to get
    • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
    • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
    • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
    • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
    • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
    • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
    • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
    • ·to face (south, etc.)
    • ·to be modified by
    • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
    • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
    N4
  • 紹介しょうかい
    • ·introduction; presentation; referral; showcase (of a product)
    N4
  • たとえば
    • ·for example; for instance; e.g.
    N4
  • 伝えるつたえるAs it appears here: 伝えられる
    • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
    N4
  • 最初さいしょ
    • ·beginning; outset; first; onset
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えられる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • わけ
    • ·reason; cause; grounds
    • ·meaning; sense
    • ·(good) sense; reason
    • ·circumstances; case
    • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 伝えるつたえる
    • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
    N4
  • 変えるかえる
    • ·to change; to alter; to transform; to convert; to turn; to vary
    • ·to reform; to revise; to amend
    N4
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 印象いんしょう
    • ·impression
    N3
  • 実験じっけん
    • ·experiment; experimentation
    N3
  • れい
    • ·example; instance; illustration; case
    • ·precedent
    • ·custom; habit; practice; usage
    N3
  • 与えるあたえるAs it appears here: 与えられる
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to grant; to confer; to present; to award
    • ·to provide; to afford; to offer; to supply
    • ·to assign
    • ·to cause
    • ·to pass (a variable to a function)
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 影響えいきょう
    • ·influence; effect; impact
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 示すしめすAs it appears here: 示して
    • ·to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to tell; to exemplify; to make apparent
    • ·to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.)
    • ·to indicate; to show; to represent; to signify; to display
    N3
  • 順番じゅんばん
    • ·order; turn
    N3
  • 人物じんぶつ
    • ·person; character; figure; personage; man; woman
    • ·one's character; one's personality
    • ·able person; talented person
    N3
  • 特徴とくちょう
    • ·feature; trait; characteristic; peculiarity; distinction
    N3
  • 多少たしょう
    • ·a little; some; somewhat; slightly; to some degree; to some extent
    • ·amount; quantity; number
    N3
  • 欠点けってん
    • ·fault; defect; flaw; weak point; weakness; shortcoming; drawback
    • ·failure (in an examination); failing grade
    N3
  • 有能ゆうのう
    • ·able; capable; competent; talented; efficient
    N3
  • 一方いっぽう
    • ·one (esp. of two); the other; one way; the other way; one direction; the other direction; one side; the other side; one party; the other party
    • ·on the one hand; on the other hand
    • ·whereas; although; but at the same time; meanwhile; in turn
    • ·just keeps; being inclined to ...; tending to be ...; tending to do ...; continuously ...; just keeps on ...ing; only
    N3
  • ぎゃく
    • ·reverse; opposite
    • ·converse (of a hypothesis, etc.)
    • ·inverse (function)
    N3
  • 深刻しんこく
    • ·serious; severe; grave; acute
    N3
  • 抱えるかかえるAs it appears here: 抱えた
    • ·to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to carry under one's arm; to hold (one's head) in one's hands
    • ·to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to be burdened with (e.g. care of a family member); to have (children, etc.) to provide for
    • ·to employ; to have (on one's staff); to hire
    N3
  • 解釈かいしゃく
    • ·interpretation; explanation; reading; construction
    N3
  • のち
    • ·later; afterwards
    • ·future
    • ·after one's death
    • ·descendant
    N3
  • 効果こうか
    • ·effect; effectiveness; efficacy; result
    • ·effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
    N3
  • すべて
    • ·everything; all; the whole
    • ·entirely; completely; wholly; all
    N3
  • むしろ
    • ·rather; better; instead; if anything
    N3
  • 与えるあたえるAs it appears here: 与えられた
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to grant; to confer; to present; to award
    • ·to provide; to afford; to offer; to supply
    • ·to assign
    • ·to cause
    • ·to pass (a variable to a function)
    N3
  • 維持いじ
    • ·maintenance; preservation; improvement
    N3
  • 相手あいて
    • ·companion; partner; company
    • ·other party; addressee; counterparty
    • ·opponent (sports, etc.)
    N3
  • 操作そうさ
    • ·operation; management; handling
    • ·manipulating (to one's benefit); manipulation; influencing
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • 瞬間しゅんかん
    • ·moment; instant; second
    N3
  • 順序じゅんじょ
    • ·order; sequence
    • ·procedure
    N2
  • 初めにはじめに
    • ·first; firstly; first of all; to begin with; in the beginning; at the beginning
    • ·Introduction; Preface
    N2
  • 第一だいいち
    • ·first; foremost; number one
    • ·most important
    • ·best; greatest; most
    • ·above all; besides; in any case; to begin with
    N2
  • よけい
    • ·extra; more; too much; too many; excessive; superfluous; spare; surplus
    • ·unnecessary; needless; uncalled-for; unwanted; uninvited
    • ·all the more; even more
    N2
  • 物差しものさし
    • ·ruler; measure; measuring stick
    • ·standard; criterion; yardstick; scale
    N2
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • というものN1

    Emphasizes the entire stretch of a stated time period, or foregrounds the essential nature of a thing — "for the whole (time)...", "the very idea of...".

    誰彼についての印象というものは、与えられる手がかり(情報)の順序によって影響されることを示している。

    It shows that our impression of a person is influenced by the order in which cues, or information, are presented.

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    世に言われるように、「第一印象が肝心」なのである。

    As the saying goes, “first impressions are crucial.”

Other levels17 patterns
  • と考えられるN2

    Presents a reasoned, impersonal inference — "it can be considered that…, it is thought that…".

    (中略)最初の手がかりが方向づけをし、後に与えられる手がかりはそれに結びつけて解釈されると考えられる

    (Passage omitted) The first cue is thought to set the direction, while later cues are interpreted in relation to it.

  • についてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the topic an action or statement is directed at; 'about', 'concerning', 'regarding'.

    よく知らない人についてどのようにして印象を受けるのであろうか。

    How do we form an impression of someone we do not know well?

  • によって/によるN36 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    誰彼についての印象というものは、与えられる手がかり(情報)の順序によって影響されることを示している。

    It shows that our impression of a person is influenced by the order in which cues, or information, are presented.

  • 例えば(たとえば)N3

    Introduces an illustrative instance, 'for example / for instance'.

    たとえば、「知的な→勤勉な→衝動的な→批判力のある→頑固な→嫉妬深い」の順番である人物の特徴が伝えられると、多少の欠点はあるが、適応的で有能な人物という印象ができる。

    For example, if a person’s traits are presented in the order “intelligent → industrious → impulsive → critical-minded → stubborn → envious,” the resulting impression is of an adaptable and capable person, despite a few shortcomings.

  • 的(てき)N36 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    たとえば、「知的な→勤勉な→衝動的な→批判力のある→頑固な→嫉妬深い」の順番である人物の特徴が伝えられると、多少の欠点はあるが、適応的で有能な人物という印象ができる。

    For example, if a person’s traits are presented in the order “intelligent → industrious → impulsive → critical-minded → stubborn → envious,” the resulting impression is of an adaptable and capable person, despite a few shortcomings.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    たとえば、「知的な→勤勉な→衝動的な→批判力のある→頑固な→嫉妬深い」の順番である人物の特徴が伝えられると、多少の欠点はあるが、適応的で有能な人物という印象ができる。

    For example, if a person’s traits are presented in the order “intelligent → industrious → impulsive → critical-minded → stubborn → envious,” the resulting impression is of an adaptable and capable person, despite a few shortcomings.

  • わけだN3

    Presents a conclusion as the natural consequence of a stated reason — 'that's why', 'no wonder', 'so it means'.

    なお、①この効果はすべての人に見られるわけではなく、むしろ、後の手がかりによけい影響を受ける人もあることも指摘されている。

    It has also been pointed out, however, that this effect does not occur in everyone; some people are actually influenced more strongly by later cues.

  • むしろN3

    Adverb overturning an expectation to present the following as the more fitting statement; "rather / if anything".

    なお、①この効果はすべての人に見られるわけではなく、むしろ、後の手がかりによけい影響を受ける人もあることも指摘されている。

    It has also been pointed out, however, that this effect does not occur in everyone; some people are actually influenced more strongly by later cues.

  • あまり〜ないN3

    The degree adverb あまり, typically with a following negative, expresses a limited degree, "not very / not much."

    あまり創造的でない人、認知の物差しが少ない(見方の次元が少ない)人の場合には、与えられた手がかりを順番に維持しがたく、初めに与えられた手がかりが後に与えられた手がかりによって上書きされてしまい、結果的に初めの手がかりによる印象は薄くなり、②後の手がかりによって印象がつくられやすい(新近効果)。

    People who are not very creative or who have few cognitive yardsticks—that is, few dimensions from which to view things—have difficulty retaining the cues in the order presented. The initial cues are therefore overwritten by later ones, weakening the first impression and making the final impression more likely to be shaped by the later cues (the recency effect).

  • ようにするN4

    Expresses making an ongoing effort or arranging things so that something does or doesn't happen — "make sure to / try to (do regularly)".

    よく知らない人についてどのようにして印象を受けるのであろうか。

    How do we form an impression of someone we do not know well?

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    初めに与えられる手がかりが否定的だと後の肯定的な手がかりも胡散臭くみなされてしまう

    If the first cue presented is negative, even positive cues that follow tend to be viewed with suspicion.

  • 場合は(ばあいは)N4

    States the situation or condition under which something applies — 'in the case of; in the event that; if'.

    あまり創造的でない人、認知の物差しが少ない(見方の次元が少ない)人の場合には、与えられた手がかりを順番に維持しがたく、初めに与えられた手がかりが後に与えられた手がかりによって上書きされてしまい、結果的に初めの手がかりによる印象は薄くなり、②後の手がかりによって印象がつくられやすい(新近効果)。

    People who are not very creative or who have few cognitive yardsticks—that is, few dimensions from which to view things—have difficulty retaining the cues in the order presented. The initial cues are therefore overwritten by later ones, weakening the first impression and making the final impression more likely to be shaped by the later cues (the recency effect).

  • やすいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean the action is easy to do ('easy to ~').

    あまり創造的でない人、認知の物差しが少ない(見方の次元が少ない)人の場合には、与えられた手がかりを順番に維持しがたく、初めに与えられた手がかりが後に与えられた手がかりによって上書きされてしまい、結果的に初めの手がかりによる印象は薄くなり、②後の手がかりによって印象がつくられやすい(新近効果)。

    People who are not very creative or who have few cognitive yardsticks—that is, few dimensions from which to view things—have difficulty retaining the cues in the order presented. The initial cues are therefore overwritten by later ones, weakening the first impression and making the final impression more likely to be shaped by the later cues (the recency effect).

  • かどうかN4

    Embeds a yes/no question inside a larger sentence — 'whether or not', 'if ... or not'.

    相手が複雑さに強い人かどうかで、伝える情報の順序を操作することによって印象を変えることも可能である。

    Depending on whether the other person is good at dealing with complexity, it is also possible to alter the impression they form by manipulating the order in which information is presented.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    よく知らない人についてどのようにして印象を受けるのであろうか。

    How do we form an impression of someone we do not know well?

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    アッシュの有名な実験を例にして紹介する。

    Let us take Asch’s famous experiment as an example.

  • 〜ているN52 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    誰彼についての印象というものは、与えられる手がかり(情報)の順序によって影響されることを示している

    It shows that our impression of a person is influenced by the order in which cues, or information, are presented.

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