VIEN
All passages
N1 · AdvancedShort passagePassage #4
2

「握あく手しゅ」は17世せい紀きの半なかばにイギリスで結成けっせいされたクウェーカー教きょう徒との習しゅう慣かんに由ゆ来らいする。彼かれらは身み分ぶん関かん係けいをはっきりあらわす「礼れい」に替かわるものとして握あく手しゅを用もちいたが、厳げん密みつに階かい層そう化かされ、人ひとが人ひとの上うえに立たっていたヨーロッパ会かい社しゃでは、握あく手しゅが定てい着ちゃくするまでおよそ200年ねんもかかった。それに対たいして「おじぎ」は、身み分ぶんの上じょう下げ関かん係けいをはっきりさせるための挨あい拶さつであった。「おじぎ」などの尊そん敬けいや服ふく従じゅうを表あらわす挨あい拶さつは、20世せい紀きのうちにほとんど姿すがたを消けしてしまった。

Questions

0/1 answered
  1. 1なぜ握手の定着に時間がかかったか？

Study this passage

Vocabulary2 words
  • 結成けっせい
    • ·formation; combination
    N1
  • 厳密げんみつ
    • ·strict; close; precise; scrupulous
    N1
Other levels28 words
  • するAs it appears here: された
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: され
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 人ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 上うえ
    • ·above; over; up
    • ·top; summit; upper part; head (e.g. of a staircase)
    • ·surface; on (top of)
    • ·the above (in a piece of writing); earlier part
    • ·superior; better; higher (position, rank, etc.); upper (class)
    • ·elder; older; senior
    • ·with respect to ...; in terms of; as far as ... is concerned; when (e.g. drunk)
    • ·besides ...; in addition to ...; on top of ...; as well as ...
    • ·after ...; upon ...; on ...; with (e.g. full awareness); as a result of ...
    • ·since ...; now that ...; because ...
    • ·honorable; venerable; dear
    • ·emperor; sovereign; shogun; daimyo
    N5
  • 立つたつAs it appears here: 立って
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • 会社かいしゃ
    • ·company; corporation; firm
    • ·one's workplace
    N5
  • かかるAs it appears here: かかった
    • ·to take (a resource, e.g. time or money)
    • ·to hang
    • ·to come into view; to arrive
    • ·to come under (a contract, a tax)
    • ·to start (engines, motors)
    • ·to attend; to deal with; to handle
    • ·to have started to; to be on the verge of
    • ·to overlap (e.g. information in a manual); to cover
    • ·to (come) at
    • ·to be fastened
    • ·to be covered (e.g. with dust, a table-cloth, etc.)
    • ·to be caught in
    • ·to get a call
    • ·to depend on
    • ·to begin (a task); to set about (doing); to get down to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: させる
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 消すけすAs it appears here: 消して
    • ·to erase; to rub out; to rub off; to cross out; to delete
    • ·to turn off (a light, TV, heater, etc.); to switch off
    • ·to extinguish (a fire, candle, etc.); to put out
    • ·to remove (a smell, pain, etc.); to eliminate; to get rid of; to relieve (pain, anxiety, etc.); to neutralize (poison)
    • ·to drown out (a sound); to deaden; to absorb; to muffle
    • ·to kill; to murder; to bump off; to rub out
    N5
  • 習慣しゅうかん
    • ·habit
    • ·(social) custom; practice; convention; tradition
    N4
  • 関係かんけい
    • ·relation; relationship; connection
    • ·participation; involvement; concern
    • ·influence; effect
    • ·sexual relations; sexual relationship
    • ·related to; connected to
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • うち
    • ·inside; within
    • ·while (e.g. one is young); during; within (e.g. a day); in the course of
    • ·among; amongst; (out) of; between
    • ·in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.); amidst; with (e.g. success)
    • ·within oneself; one's feelings; inner thoughts
    • ·we; our company; our organization
    • ·one's home; one's family
    • ·my spouse; my husband; my wife
    • ·signed on behalf of (husband's name) by his wife
    • ·I; me
    • ·imperial palace grounds
    • ·emperor
    N4
  • ほとんど
    • ·almost; nearly; mostly; practically; virtually; basically; just about; all but
    • ·hardly; barely; scarcely; little
    • ·large majority; large proportion; greater part; most (of); almost all (of)
    N4
  • 握手あくしゅ
    • ·handshake
    • ·reconciliation; joining hands; cooperation
    N3
  • 世紀せいき
    • ·century
    • ·era
    • ·of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
    N3
  • 半ばなかば
    • ·middle; halfway; midway
    • ·half (of); one half
    • ·half (e.g. done, jokingly); partly; in part; partially
    • ·mostly; almost; nearly
    N3
  • あらわす
    • ·to represent; to signify; to stand for
    • ·to reveal; to show; to display
    • ·to express
    • ·to make widely known
    N3
  • 礼れい
    • ·thanks; gratitude
    • ·manners; etiquette
    • ·bow (i.e. bending of the body); bowing
    • ·reward; gift
    • ·ceremony; ritual
    • ·key money
    N3
  • 用いるもちいるAs it appears here: 用いた
    • ·to use; to make use of; to utilize; to utilise
    N3
  • およそ
    • ·about; roughly; approximately
    • ·generally; on the whole; as a rule
    • ·completely; quite; entirely; altogether; totally; not at all (with neg. verb)
    • ·outline; gist
    N3
  • 尊敬そんけい
    • ·respect; esteem; reverence; honour; honor
    N3
  • 表すあらわす
    • ·to represent; to signify; to stand for
    • ·to reveal; to show; to display
    • ·to express
    • ·to make widely known
    N3
  • 姿すがた
    • ·figure; form; shape
    • ·appearance; dress; guise
    • ·state; condition; picture; image
    • ·form (of a waka)
    • ·dressed in ...; wearing ...
    N3
  • 身分みぶん
    • ·(social) standing; status; position; rank
    • ·identity; birth; origin
    • ·one's circumstances; one's means
    N2
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ものとしてN1

    'On the assumption that…; treating it as (if)…', proceeding as though something were already the case.

    彼らは身分関係をはっきりあらわす「礼」に替わるものとして握手を用いたが、厳密に階層化され、人が人の上に立っていたヨーロッパ会社では、握手が定着するまでおよそ200年もかかった。

    They used it in place of the bow, which made rank plain, but in European society — strictly stratified, with one person standing above another — it took some two hundred years for the handshake to take hold.

  • およそN1

    Adverb meaning 'roughly, generally speaking' — and, before a negative, an emphatic 'utterly not, not in the slightest'.

    彼らは身分関係をはっきりあらわす「礼」に替わるものとして握手を用いたが、厳密に階層化され、人が人の上に立っていたヨーロッパ会社では、握手が定着するまでおよそ200年もかかった。

    They used it in place of the bow, which made rank plain, but in European society — strictly stratified, with one person standing above another — it took some two hundred years for the handshake to take hold.

Other levels7 patterns
  • に対してN3

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    それに対して「おじぎ」は、身分の上下関係をはっきりさせるための挨拶であった。

    The bow, by contrast, was a greeting meant to make the hierarchy of rank explicit.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    それに対して「おじぎ」は、身分の上下関係をはっきりさせるための挨拶であった。

    The bow, by contrast, was a greeting meant to make the hierarchy of rank explicit.

  • 〜ていたN4

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    彼らは身分関係をはっきりあらわす「礼」に替わるものとして握手を用いたが、厳密に階層化され、人が人の上に立っていたヨーロッパ会社では、握手が定着するまでおよそ200年もかかった。

    They used it in place of the bow, which made rank plain, but in European society — strictly stratified, with one person standing above another — it took some two hundred years for the handshake to take hold.

  • させるN4

    Causative construction — make or let someone do an action ('make/let ~ do').

    それに対して「おじぎ」は、身分の上下関係をはっきりさせるための挨拶であった。

    The bow, by contrast, was a greeting meant to make the hierarchy of rank explicit.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    「おじぎ」などの尊敬や服従を表す挨拶は、20世紀のうちにほとんど姿を消してしまった。

    Greetings expressing respect or submission, such as the bow, had all but disappeared over the course of the twentieth century.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    「おじぎ」などの尊敬や服従を表す挨拶は、20世紀のうちにほとんど姿を消してしまった。

    Greetings expressing respect or submission, such as the bow, had all but disappeared over the course of the twentieth century.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    彼らは身分関係をはっきりあらわす「礼」に替わるものとして握手を用いたが、厳密に階層化され、人が人の上に立っていたヨーロッパ会社では、握手が定着するまでおよそ200年もかかった。

    They used it in place of the bow, which made rank plain, but in European society — strictly stratified, with one person standing above another — it took some two hundred years for the handshake to take hold.

Share:

Comments

Another passageAll passages