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N1 · AdvancedThematic comprehensionPassage #394
2

やまふうけいは、なかいくらでもある日本画にほんがしろようしろこんとう西ざいあまた(注1)たちが、そのだいざいに「やま」をえらいるモチーフとしてやまさまざまだろうが、じんてきにはそれらきょうことなかった

なぜか。

一般的いっぱんてきざんしゃやまながときかんがいは、おおむねいるそれは、ゆうだいさ、しゅんげん(注2)あるいはやさといったステレオタイプかんてんからやまさんし、そのふうけいぶんこころてんばこおさいいおも」にしてしまうそしてさんがくさんがくしゃしん作家さっかたちおおまたようイメージいんカンバスなどさいげんしてせまじょうなかさいせいさんしているれいすく

だがやまのぼものこころこくいん(注3)されるやまふうけいほんらいげんていてきものではなくかくていえないどうてきげんしょうとしておくされてよいのではないだろうか。ものこころうちていちゃくされるやまイメージは、そしてそのひょうげんは、もっとようあるべきだろう。

つねにてんぺんかえうみたいうござるものしょうちょうとして、「やま」がことあるはたしてほんとうやまうごのか。(ちゅうりゃく

いちざんしゃとしてこうおもやまうごいる、と。それは、かく(注4)へんどうざんふんなどだいものだけではないとおにはおなも、かぜじんさんぷくおおしょくぶつたちようこうしげるし、けいりゅうそのたにふかふかけず刻一刻こくいっこくへんつづいるそういったさいぶつてきへんぼうちいせいめいたちめつさいせいしゅんことないげんが、「やま」なのである

ふうけいきんだいこうようろんたいしょうなってきたが、ほんらいようせいいるはずやまというしょひょうげんするイメージが、なぜこれほどまでたんいつてきなのか。

それは、やまというつねにてんぺんするぜんからせいかつしゃせいかつかいしてしまったことに、げんいんもとことできるかもしれないやまへんほどやまかんそくしていないからそのへんにも

なんじゅうねんやまきたようさえも、そのひょうげんせんじゅつしたいきことまれだ。おもに、そういったものせいかつしゃとははんたいに、ひょうげんへのあこがさきやま実相じっそう(注5)ひょうげんえていないかもしれない

みずてつへんやまわたしたいによる

ちゅう1)あまたの:かずおおこく

ちゅう2)しゅんげんさ:きび

ちゅう3)こくいんするここでは、きざ

ちゅう4)かくきゅうひょうそう

ちゅう5)実相じっそうほんとう姿すがた

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1個人的にはそれらに興味を惹かれることはなかったとあるが、なぜか。
  2. 2筆者は山をどのようにとらえているか。
  3. 3都市生活者と、何十年も山で暮らしてきたような画家について、筆者はどのように述べているか。
  4. 4山の風景画について、筆者はどのように考えているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary22 words
  • 感慨かんがい
    • ·deep emotion; strong feelings
    N1
  • 観点かんてん
    • ·point of view; viewpoint; standpoint; perspective; angle
    N1
  • 賛美さんび
    • ·praise; glorification; extolment
    N1
  • 展示てんじ
    • ·exhibition; display
    N1
  • 山岳さんがく
    • ·mountain chain; mountains
    N1
  • 再現さいげん
    • ·reappearance; reemergence; return; revival
    • ·reproduction; reenactment; recreation
    N1
  • 確定かくてい
    • ·decision; settlement; confirmation; establishment
    N1
  • 動的どうてき
    • ·dynamic; kinetic
    N1
  • 多様たよう
    • ·diverse; various
    N1
  • 象徴しょうちょう
    • ·symbol (of something abstract); emblem; (symbolic) representation
    N1
  • はたして
    • ·as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough
    • ·really; actually; ever
    N1
  • 変動へんどう
    • ·change; fluctuation
    N1
  • 舞うまうAs it appears here: 舞い
    • ·to dance (orig. a whirling dance)
    • ·to whirl (in the wind); to flutter (about); to swirl; to fly; to circle; to wheel
    N1
  • 山腹さんぷく
    • ·hillside; mountainside
    N1
  • 日々ひび
    • ·daily; everyday
    • ·days (e.g. of one's youth)
    • ·every day; day after day; day by day; from day to day
    N1
  • 再生さいせい
    • ·restoration to life; coming to life again; resuscitation; regeneration
    • ·reformation; rehabilitation
    • ·recycling; reclamation; recovery
    • ·playback; regeneration (of video or sound); views (of an online video)
    • ·regeneration (of lost or damaged tissue); regrowth
    • ·rebirth; reincarnation
    • ·recall (memory); retrieval
    N1
  • 富むとむAs it appears here: 富んで
    • ·to be rich (in); to abound (in); to be abundant (in); to be full (of)
    • ·to be rich; to be wealthy
    N1
  • 単一たんいつ
    • ·single; simple; sole; individual; unitary
    N1
  • 先にさきに
    • ·previously; before; earlier; formerly; recently
    • ·first; before (something or someone else); ahead (of); earlier
    • ·beforehand; in advance; ahead of time
    N1
  • へん
    • ·compilation (of a text); editing
    • ·volume (of a text)
    • ·completed literary work
    N1
  • 対話たいわ
    • ·dialogue; conversation; talk; discussion; communication
    N1
    • ·department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; bureau; faculty
    • ·club (at a school, university, etc.); team
    • ·part; portion; region; area
    • ·category; class; division; section; heading
    • ·counter for copies of a newspaper, magazine, book, etc.
    N1
Other levels100 words
  • やま
    • ·mountain; hill
    • ·mine
    • ·(mountain) forest
    • ·heap; pile; stack; mountain
    • ·protruding or high part of an object; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw); tread (of a tire)
    • ·climax; peak; critical point
    • ·guess; speculation; gamble
    • ·(criminal) case; crime
    • ·mountain climbing; mountaineering
    • ·festival float (esp. one mounted with a decorative halberd)
    • ·deck (from which players draw cards); draw pile; stock
    • ·wall; wall tile
    • ·wild
    N5
  • いくら
    • ·how much
    • ·something over; and something; -odd
    • ·however (much); no matter how
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しろ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • なぜ
    • ·why; how; for what reason
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • ばこ
    • ·box; case; chest; package; pack; crate
    • ·car (of a train, etc.)
    • ·shamisen case; shamisen
    • ·public building; community building
    • ·man who carries a geisha's shamisen
    • ·receptacle for human waste; feces (faeces)
    • ·counter for boxes (or boxed objects)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 写真しゃしん
    • ·photograph; photo; picture; photography
    • ·moving picture; movie
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • 狭いせまい
    • ·narrow; confined; small; cramped
    • ·limited; narrow-minded; confining
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • 登るのぼる
    • ·to ascend; to go up; to climb
    • ·to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise
    • ·to go to (the capital)
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to add up to
    • ·to advance (in price)
    • ·to swim up (a river); to sail up
    • ·to come up (on the agenda)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • 見るみる
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • うみ
    • ·sea; ocean; waters
    N5
  • 出すだすAs it appears here: 出される
    • ·to take out; to get out
    • ·to put out; to reveal; to show
    • ·to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in
    • ·to publish; to make public
    • ·to send (e.g. letter)
    • ·to produce (a sound); to start (fire)
    • ·to serve (food)
    • ·... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
    • ·to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...
    N5
  • ほんとう
    • ·truth; reality; actuality; fact
    • ·proper; right; correct; official
    • ·genuine; authentic; real; natural; veritable
    N5
  • いち
    • ·one; 1
    • ·best
    • ·first; foremost
    • ·beginning; start
    • ·a (single); one (of many)
    • ·ace
    • ·bottom string (on a shamisen, etc.)
    N5
  • かぜ
    • ·wind; breeze; draught; draft
    • ·manner; behaviour; behavior
    • ·cold; influenza
    N5
  • 吹くふくAs it appears here: 吹かれて
    • ·to blow (of the wind)
    • ·to blow (one's breath); to breathe out; to blow on (hot tea, candles, etc.); to puff
    • ·to play (a wind instrument); to blow (a whistle, trumpet, etc.); to whistle (a tune)
    • ·to emit (smoke, fire, etc.); to spout; to spew; to puff out
    • ·to sprout; to put forth (buds)
    • ·to appear (on the surface); to form; to be coated with (powder, rust, etc.)
    • ·to burst out laughing; to burst into laughter
    • ·to brag; to talk big
    • ·to smelt; to mint
    N5
  • 浴びるあびるAs it appears here: 浴びて
    • ·to dash over oneself (e.g. water); to take (e.g. shower); to bask in (e.g. the sun); to bathe in; to be flooded with (e.g. light); to be covered in
    • ·to suffer (e.g. an attack); to draw (e.g. criticism, attention, praise); to have heaped upon; to be showered with
    N5
  • 小さいちいさい
    • ·small; little; tiny
    • ·slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); minor; small
    • ·low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
    • ·unimportant; petty; insignificant; trifling; trivial
    • ·young; juvenile
    N5
  • 止まるとまる
    • ·to stop (moving); to come to a stop
    • ·to stop (doing, working, being supplied); to come to a halt; to cease; to be stopped; to be suspended
    • ·to alight; to perch on
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 出るでる
    • ·to leave; to exit; to go out; to come out; to get out
    • ·to leave (on a journey); to depart; to start out; to set out
    • ·to move forward
    • ·to come to; to get to; to lead to; to reach
    • ·to appear; to come out; to emerge; to surface; to come forth; to turn up; to be found; to be detected; to be discovered; to be exposed; to show; to be exhibited; to be on display
    • ·to appear (in print); to be published; to be announced; to be issued; to be listed; to come out
    • ·to attend; to participate; to take part; to enter (an event); to play in; to perform
    • ·to be stated; to be expressed; to come up; to be brought up; to be raised
    • ·to sell
    • ·to exceed; to go over
    • ·to stick out; to protrude
    • ·to break out; to occur; to start; to originate
    • ·to be produced
    • ·to come from; to be derived from
    • ·to be given; to get; to receive; to be offered; to be provided; to be presented; to be submitted; to be handed in; to be turned in; to be paid
    • ·to answer (phone, door, etc.); to get
    • ·to assume (an attitude); to act; to behave
    • ·to pick up (speed, etc.); to gain
    • ·to flow (e.g. tears); to run; to bleed
    • ·to graduate
    • ·to ejaculate; to cum
    N5
  • 立つたつAs it appears here: 立ち
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • 本当ほんとう
    • ·truth; reality; actuality; fact
    • ·proper; right; correct; official
    • ·genuine; authentic; real; natural; veritable
    N5
  • 選ぶえらぶAs it appears here: 選んで
    • ·to choose; to select; to pick (out)
    N4
  • 興味きょうみ
    • ·interest (in something); curiosity (about something); zest (for)
    N4
  • 優しいやさしいAs it appears here: 優し
    • ·tender; kind; gentle; graceful; affectionate; amiable
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • 似るにるAs it appears here: 似た
    • ·to resemble; to look like; to be like; to be alike; to be similar; to take after
    N4
  • 動くうごくAs it appears here: 動か
    • ·to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing
    • ·to operate; to run; to go; to work
    • ·to make a move; to take action; to act; to go into action
    • ·to be touched; to be influenced
    • ·to change; to vary; to fluctuate; to waver
    • ·to be transferred
    N4
  • 動くうごくAs it appears here: 動かない
    • ·to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing
    • ·to operate; to run; to go; to work
    • ·to make a move; to take action; to act; to go into action
    • ·to be touched; to be influenced
    • ·to change; to vary; to fluctuate; to waver
    • ·to be transferred
    N4
  • こう
    • ·in this way; like this; so; thus
    • ·this (much); so
    • ·uh; er; mm; well
    N4
  • 思うおもう
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 動くうごくAs it appears here: 動いて
    • ·to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing
    • ·to operate; to run; to go; to work
    • ·to make a move; to take action; to act; to go into action
    • ·to be touched; to be influenced
    • ·to change; to vary; to fluctuate; to waver
    • ·to be transferred
    N4
  • 見えるみえるAs it appears here: 見えて
    • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
    • ·to look; to seem; to appear
    • ·to come
    N4
  • 深いふかいAs it appears here: 深く
    • ·deep
    • ·profound
    • ·dense; thick
    • ·close (relationship)
    • ·intense; strong
    • ·late
    N4
  • はず
    • ·should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be)
    • ·nock (of a bow)
    • ·nock (of an arrow)
    • ·nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger)
    • ·wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
    N4
  • 場所ばしょ
    • ·place; location; spot; position; area
    • ·room; space
    • ·sumo tournament
    N4
  • 生活せいかつ
    • ·life; living
    • ·livelihood; (one's) living
    N4
  • 原因げんいん
    • ·cause; origin; source
    N4
  • 反対はんたい
    • ·opposition; resistance; antagonism; hostility; objection; dissent
    • ·reverse; opposite; inverse; contrary
    N4
  • 世の中よのなか
    • ·society; the world; the times
    N3
  • 画家がか
    • ·painter; artist
    N3
  • さまざま
    • ·various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 眺めるながめるAs it appears here: 眺めた
    • ·to look at; to gaze at; to watch; to stare at
    • ·to look out over; to get a view of; to admire (e.g. the scenery)
    • ·to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch; to observe
    N3
  • とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
  • あるいは
    • ·or; either ... or
    • ·maybe; perhaps; possibly
    • ·some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
    N3
  • 風景ふうけい
    • ·scenery; scene; landscape; view; sight
    • ·scene (e.g. of a crime)
    N3
  • 思い出おもいで
    • ·memories; recollections; reminiscence
    N3
  • 作家さっか
    • ·author; writer; novelist; artist
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • れい
    • ·example; instance; illustration; case
    • ·precedent
    • ·custom; habit; practice; usage
    N3
  • もの
    • ·person
    N3
  • 現象げんしょう
    • ·phenomenon
    N3
  • 記憶きおく
    • ·memory; recollection; remembrance
    • ·memory; storage
    N3
  • 表現ひょうげん
    • ·expression; representation; description
    • ·representation (of a group)
    N3
  • つねに
    • ·always; constantly; at all times; habitually
    N3
  • 繰り返すくりかえす
    • ·to repeat; to do over again
    N3
  • 覆うおおう
    • ·to cover; to hide; to conceal; to wrap; to disguise
    N3
  • 植物しょくぶつ
    • ·plant; vegetation
    N3
  • たに
    • ·valley; ravine; gorge; canyon
    N3
  • 変化へんか
    • ·change; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; transformation
    • ·variety; diversity
    • ·inflection; declension; conjugation
    • ·henka; (expl.) evasive sidestep at the beginning of a bout
    N3
  • 生命せいめい
    • ·life; existence
    • ·(one's) working life; career
    • ·life force; lifeblood; soul; essence
    N3
  • 現場げんば
    • ·actual spot; scene (of a crime, accident, etc.)
    • ·(on) site; (on) the ground; (in) the field; job site
    • ·filming location; (movie) set
    N3
  • 都市とし
    • ·town; city; municipal; urban
    N3
  • 近代きんだい
    • ·present day; modern times; recent times
    • ·early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
    N3
  • 対象たいしょう
    • ·target; object (of worship, study, etc.); subject (of taxation, etc.); coverage
    N3
  • 自然しぜん
    • ·nature
    • ·natural; spontaneous; automatic
    • ·naturally; spontaneously; automatically
    N3
  • 求めるもとめる
    • ·to want; to wish for
    • ·to request; to demand; to require; to ask for
    • ·to seek; to search for; to look for; to pursue (pleasure); to hunt (a job); to find (a solution)
    • ·to purchase; to buy
    N3
  • 暮らすくらすAs it appears here: 暮らして
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 地球ちきゅう
    • ·Earth; the globe
    N3
  • 姿すがた
    • ·figure; form; shape
    • ·appearance; dress; guise
    • ·state; condition; picture; image
    • ·form (of a waka)
    • ·dressed in ...; wearing ...
    N3
  • 納めるおさめるAs it appears here: 納めて
    • ·to put (into); to put away (in); to put back (in); to keep (in); to store (in); to restore (to its place)
    • ·to include (in an anthology, catalogue, etc.); to contain; to publish (in); to capture (on film)
    • ·to achieve (results, success, etc.); to obtain; to get; to gain; to win; to make (a profit)
    • ·to pay (fees, taxes, etc.); to deliver; to supply
    • ·to accept (a gift or money)
    • ·to keep (within a limit)
    • ·to offer (to a shrine, deity, etc.); to dedicate
    • ·to subdue; to suppress; to settle
    • ·to finish; to conclude; to wind up; to bring to a close
    N2
  • 本来ほんらい
    • ·originally; primarily
    • ·essentially; intrinsically; naturally; by nature; in (and of) itself
    • ·proper; rightful; legal; normal
    N2
  • 火山かざん
    • ·volcano
    N2
  • 噴火ふんか
    • ·eruption; volcanic eruption
    N2
  • 削るけずるAs it appears here: 削り
    • ·to shave (wood, leather, etc.); to sharpen (e.g. pencil); to plane; to whittle; to pare; to scrape off; to erode
    • ·to cut down (budget, expenses, staff, time, etc.); to curtail; to reduce
    • ·to delete; to erase; to remove; to cross out; to strike out
    N2
  • 以降いこう
    • ·on and after; from ... onward; since
    N2
  • 観測かんそく
    • ·observation; survey; measurement
    • ·opinion; prediction; thinking
    N2
  • まれ
    • ·rare; seldom
    N2
  • 憧れるあこがれるAs it appears here: 憧れ
    • ·to long for; to yearn for; to hanker after; to be attracted by; to be drawn to; to aspire to; to admire; to adore
    N2
  • 刻むきざむ
    • ·to mince; to cut fine; to chop up; to hash; to shred
    • ·to carve; to engrave; to chisel; to notch
    • ·to tick away (time); to beat out (e.g. rhythm); to record the passing moments
    • ·to etch (into one's mind); to remember distinctly
    • ·to have tattooed
    • ·to torment
    N2
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    そういった微細な物理的変貌、小さい生命たちの死滅と再生が瞬時も止まることのない現場が、「山」なのである。

    A “mountain” is precisely a place where such minute physical transformations, and the death and regeneration of small living things, never cease for even an instant.

Other levels30 patterns
  • にしろ〜にしろN22 times in this passage

    Lists alternatives to assert the main point holds in every case — 'whether … or …', 'no matter (which)'.

    日本画にしろ洋画にしろ、古今東西あまたの画家たちが、その題材に「山」を選んでいる。

    In both Japanese and Western painting, countless artists across ages and regions have chosen “mountains” as their subject.

  • あるいはN2

    Presents an alternative or a possibility — 'or; or perhaps; alternatively'.

    それは、雄大さ、峻厳さ、あるいは優しさといったステレオタイプな観点から山を賛美し、その風景を自分の心の展示箱に納めて「いい思い出」にしてしまう。

    They praise mountains from stereotyped perspectives such as grandeur, severity, or gentleness, then place the scenery in a display case in their minds and turn it into a “good memory.”

  • といったN2

    Introduces representative examples before a summarizing noun — "(things) such as ~", "~ and the like".

    それは、雄大さ、峻厳さ、あるいは優しさといったステレオタイプな観点から山を賛美し、その風景を自分の心の展示箱に納めて「いい思い出」にしてしまう。

    They praise mountains from stereotyped perspectives such as grandeur, severity, or gentleness, then place the scenery in a display case in their minds and turn it into a “good memory.”

  • もののN2

    Concessive connective — 'although / even though ~, ...'; concedes the first clause then states something that runs counter to it.

    つねに転変を繰り返す「海」に対して、動かざるものの象徴として、「山」が引き合いに出されることもある。

    In contrast to the “sea,” which is constantly changing, the “mountain” is sometimes invoked as a symbol of immobility.

  • としてN34 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    モチーフとしての山の意味するものはさまざまだろうが、個人的にはそれらに興味を惹かれることはなかった。

    Mountains may carry many different meanings as a motif, but personally, I had never been drawn to such works.

  • 的(てき)N33 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    モチーフとしての山の意味するものはさまざまだろうが、個人的にはそれらに興味を惹かれることはなかった。

    Mountains may carry many different meanings as a motif, but personally, I had never been drawn to such works.

  • ことはないN3

    Tells someone there is no need to do something — 'there's no need to / you don't have to.'

    モチーフとしての山の意味するものはさまざまだろうが、個人的にはそれらに興味を惹かれることはなかった。

    Mountains may carry many different meanings as a motif, but personally, I had never been drawn to such works.

  • たものだN3

    recalls a past habitual action with fondness or nostalgia, 'used to (do)'.

    だが、山に登る者の心に刻印される山の風景は本来限定的なものではなく、確定しえない動的な現象として記憶されてもよいのではないだろうか。

    Yet the mountain landscapes engraved in a climber's mind need not originally be something limited; could they not instead be remembered as dynamic phenomena that cannot be definitively fixed?

  • に対してN3

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    つねに転変を繰り返す「海」に対して、動かざるものの象徴として、「山」が引き合いに出されることもある。

    In contrast to the “sea,” which is constantly changing, the “mountain” is sometimes invoked as a symbol of immobility.

  • ように見えるN3

    States that something looks or appears a certain way to the observer — 'looks like…', 'appears to be…'.

    遠目には同じように見えても、風に吹かれて砂塵は舞い、山腹を覆う植物たちは陽光を浴びて茂し、渓流はその谷の深さを日々深く削り、刻一刻と変化し続けている。

    Although mountains may look unchanged from a distance, dust swirls in the wind, plants covering the slopes flourish in the sunlight, mountain streams carve their valleys deeper day by day, and everything continues to change from moment to moment.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    都市風景は近代以降多様な都市論の対象となってきたが、本来、多様性に富んでいるはずの山という場所を表現するイメージが、なぜこれほどまでに単一的なのか。

    Urban landscapes have been the subject of diverse theories of the city since the modern era, so why are the images used to represent mountains—places that should by nature be rich in diversity—so extraordinarily uniform?

  • さえN3

    Emphatic particle citing an extreme case to imply all lesser ones hold — 'even (X does)'.

    何十年も山で暮らしてきたような画家でさえも、その表現は先述した域を出ることは稀だ。

    Even painters who have lived in the mountains for decades rarely go beyond the range of expression described above.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    (志水哲也編『山と私の対話』による

    (From Mountains and My Dialogue, edited by Shimizu Tetsuya)

  • ときN4

    Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."

    一般的な登山者が山を眺めたときの感慨は、おおむね似かよっている。

    The feelings ordinary mountain climbers have when looking at mountains are generally quite similar.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    それは、雄大さ、峻厳さ、あるいは優しさといったステレオタイプな観点から山を賛美し、その風景を自分の心の展示箱に納めて「いい思い出」にしてしまう

    They praise mountains from stereotyped perspectives such as grandeur, severity, or gentleness, then place the scenery in a display case in their minds and turn it into a “good memory.”

  • ようだN42 times in this passage

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    そして、山岳画や山岳写真の作家たちの多くもまた、似たようなイメージを印画紙やカンバスなどに再現して、狭い市場の中で再生産している例が少なくない。

    Likewise, many artists and photographers who depict mountains reproduce similar images on photographic paper, canvas, and other media, repeatedly reproducing them within a narrow market.

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    そして、山岳画や山岳写真の作家たちの多くもまた、似たようなイメージを印画紙やカンバスなどに再現して、狭い市場の中で再生産している例が少なくない。

    Likewise, many artists and photographers who depict mountains reproduce similar images on photographic paper, canvas, and other media, repeatedly reproducing them within a narrow market.

  • 〜の中でN4

    Marks a set or group as the domain of a comparison — "among ~ / of all ~", typically paired with a superlative.

    そして、山岳画や山岳写真の作家たちの多くもまた、似たようなイメージを印画紙やカンバスなどに再現して、狭い市場の中で再生産している例が少なくない。

    Likewise, many artists and photographers who depict mountains reproduce similar images on photographic paper, canvas, and other media, repeatedly reproducing them within a narrow market.

  • てもN42 times in this passage

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    だが、山に登る者の心に刻印される山の風景は本来限定的なものではなく、確定しえない動的な現象として記憶されてもよいのではないだろうか。

    Yet the mountain landscapes engraved in a climber's mind need not originally be something limited; could they not instead be remembered as dynamic phenomena that cannot be definitively fixed?

  • 続ける(つづける)N4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean keep doing / continue doing the action ('keep ~ing').

    遠目には同じように見えても、風に吹かれて砂塵は舞い、山腹を覆う植物たちは陽光を浴びて茂し、渓流はその谷の深さを日々深く削り、刻一刻と変化し続けている。

    Although mountains may look unchanged from a distance, dust swirls in the wind, plants covering the slopes flourish in the sunlight, mountain streams carve their valleys deeper day by day, and everything continues to change from moment to moment.

  • 〜てくるN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    都市風景は近代以降多様な都市論の対象となってきたが、本来、多様性に富んでいるはずの山という場所を表現するイメージが、なぜこれほどまでに単一的なのか。

    Urban landscapes have been the subject of diverse theories of the city since the modern era, so why are the images used to represent mountains—places that should by nature be rich in diversity—so extraordinarily uniform?

  • までにN4

    Marks a deadline by which an action must be completed; 'by (a certain time).'

    都市風景は近代以降多様な都市論の対象となってきたが、本来、多様性に富んでいるはずの山という場所を表現するイメージが、なぜこれほどまでに単一的なのか。

    Urban landscapes have been the subject of diverse theories of the city since the modern era, so why are the images used to represent mountains—places that should by nature be rich in diversity—so extraordinarily uniform?

  • かもしれないN42 times in this passage

    Expresses possibility or conjecture — 'might', 'maybe', 'perhaps'.

    それは、山というつねに転変する自然から、都市部の生活者の生活が乖離してしまったことに、原因を求めることができるかもしれない

    Perhaps the cause lies in the fact that the lives of urban residents have become detached from the ever-changing natural world of the mountains.

  • だろうN53 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    モチーフとしての山の意味するものはさまざまだろうが、個人的にはそれらに興味を惹かれることはなかった。

    Mountains may carry many different meanings as a motif, but personally, I had never been drawn to such works.

  • 〜ているN55 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    一般的な登山者が山を眺めたときの感慨は、おおむね似かよっている

    The feelings ordinary mountain climbers have when looking at mountains are generally quite similar.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    それは、雄大さ、峻厳さ、あるいは優しさといったステレオタイプな観点から山を賛美し、その風景を自分の心の展示箱に納めて「いい思い出」にしてしまう。

    They praise mountains from stereotyped perspectives such as grandeur, severity, or gentleness, then place the scenery in a display case in their minds and turn it into a “good memory.”

  • そしてN52 times in this passage

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    そして、山岳画や山岳写真の作家たちの多くもまた、似たようなイメージを印画紙やカンバスなどに再現して、狭い市場の中で再生産している例が少なくない。

    Likewise, many artists and photographers who depict mountains reproduce similar images on photographic paper, canvas, and other media, repeatedly reproducing them within a narrow market.

  • じゃない・ではないN52 times in this passage

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    だが、山に登る者の心に刻印される山の風景は本来限定的なものではなく、確定しえない動的な現象として記憶されてもよいのではないだろうか。

    Yet the mountain landscapes engraved in a climber's mind need not originally be something limited; could they not instead be remembered as dynamic phenomena that cannot be definitively fixed?

  • だけN5

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    それは、地殻変動や火山の噴火など大規模なものだけではない。

    This does not refer only to large-scale phenomena such as movements of the Earth's crust or volcanic eruptions.

  • 〜ことができるN5

    States that someone is able to do something — “can do” / “is able to do”.

    それは、山というつねに転変する自然から、都市部の生活者の生活が乖離してしまったことに、原因を求めることができるかもしれない。

    Perhaps the cause lies in the fact that the lives of urban residents have become detached from the ever-changing natural world of the mountains.

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