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N1 · AdvancedLong passagePassage #392
2

れきがくでは、じつきゅうめいにはもちろんことあたられきぞうていするときりょう(注1)てきこんきょひつようですそしてこのりょうてきこんきょばんするゆえにれきがくしゃれきかんは、そうはんのうものですこれは、ぶつがくといったぜんがくかいしんろんてんかいするあいに、そのろんきょろんがくしゃにもけんしょうのうかたちていしなければならないことどうようです

しかししょうせつこうしたろんしょうもとのはというものですさいきんしょうせつれきけんきゅうしゃどうよう姿せいもとあるようですが、これすじちがしかおもやはりれきけんきゅうれきしょうせつは、そもそももくてきしゅだんちがものなもだとしかないです

またあるいはつぎようはなしさんこうでしょうか。

あるときがくてんもんがく(注2)せんせいに、「どうしてすいせいしょうわくせいなどしんてんたい発見はっけんするひとには、アマチュアてんもんおおですか」とことありましたしんぶんでもほうようてんたいげんしょう発見はっけんに、がいせんもんけんきゅうしゃすくことなっていたからです

するとてんもんがくせんせいは、「てんもんがくせんたんでは、すいせいなど発見はっけんよりは、おお電波望遠鏡でんぱぼうえんきょう使つかある一定いっていほうこうからきゅうとどちゅうからでんじょうほうけいぞくてきそのすうぶんせきによってちゅうおおすいそくしたりちゅうきゅうめいしたりしているです」とおしくれました。(ちゅうりゃく

れきがくしゃれきしょうせつちがも、これちかものありますれきしょうせつれきアマチュアするつもりありませんが、おなれきあつかながらも、そのちがものだとでしょう。

れきしょうせつでは、だれよくいるじんぶつけんとりあげてしょうせつすることおおようですが、れきけんきゅうではむしろだれようじんぶつけんくちとしてじつきゅうめいすることほとんどですまたせいそうだれいかにしてというようせいダイナミックにんげんうごよりは、せいてきせいへんせんついきゅうするほうけんきゅうしゅほうとしてしゅりゅうですそのためれきがくしゃ世間一般せけんいっぱんれきファンおどろようしんせつというようことは、まれことなるです

もちろんてんもんがくしゃあれけんきゅうかんぞくいようほしかんしんないのとどうようれきけんきゅうしゃメジャーれきトピックかんしんないわけではありませんしかし一見いっけんれいけんきゅうかさことによってそれまでつうせつしゅうせいするあたらてんいくことを、けんきゅうしゃいるですつまり一足飛いっそくと(注3)つうせつくつがえとしてとくていてんからりょうよう(注4)きんもつなのです

(やまもとひろぶみれきつかむほうによる)

ちゅう1)りょうれきけんきゅうするためぶんけんぶつ

ちゅう2)てんもんがくちゅうてんたいについてけんきゅうするがくもん

ちゅう3)一足飛いっそくとここでは、じゅんして一気いっき

ちゅう4)ここでは、こうどう

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1筆者によると、歴史学と自然科学の共通点は何か。
  2. 2天体現象の発見に専門研究者が少ないのは、なぜか。
  3. 3歴史小説家について、筆者はどのように述べているか。
  4. 4歴史学者について、筆者はどのように述べているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary18 words
  • ぞう
    • ·image; figure; statue; picture; portrait
    • ·figure; form; shape; appearance
    • ·image
    N1
  • 提示ていじ
    • ·presentation (of a passport, ID, etc.); showing; production (e.g. of documents)
    • ·presentation (of a plan, response, etc.); bringing up; citing (an example)
    N1
  • 根拠こんきょ
    • ·basis; grounds; foundation; reason; authority
    • ·base (of operations)
    • ·base (of a group of stones)
    N1
  • しん
    • ·new; neo-
    • ·newness; novelty
    • ·Gregorian calendar
    • ·Xin dynasty (of China; 9-23 CE); Hsin dynasty
    N1
  • 理論りろん
    • ·theory
    N1
  • 論理ろんり
    • ·logic
    N1
  • 向きむき
    • ·direction; orientation; aspect; exposure
    • ·suited to; suitable for; designed for
    • ·tendency; inclination
    • ·nature (of a request or desire)
    • ·person
    N1
  • 天体てんたい
    • ·heavenly body; celestial body; astronomical object
    N1
  • 報じるほうじるAs it appears here: 報じられる
    • ·to report; to inform
    • ·to repay; to return; to requite
    N1
  • 推測すいそく
    • ·guess; conjecture
    N1
  • いかに
    • ·how; in what way
    • ·how (much); to what extent
    • ·however (much); no matter how
    • ·hey; oi
    N1
  • 動きうごき
    • ·movement; move; motion
    • ·trend; development; change; fluctuation
    N1
  • 変遷へんせん
    • ·change; transition; vicissitudes
    N1
  • 手法しゅほう
    • ·technique; method
    N1
  • 視点してん
    • ·point of view; viewpoint; angle; perspective
    • ·visual point (position of the eye in calculations of optical instruments)
    N1
  • 覆すくつがえすAs it appears here: 覆そう
    • ·to overturn; to capsize; to upset
    • ·to overthrow (government etc.)
    • ·to reverse (decision etc.); to disprove (an established theory etc.); to overrule
    N1
  • 禁物きんもつ
    • ·thing that should be (carefully) avoided; no-no; thing to definitely not do; something forbidden; taboo
    N1
  • 手順てじゅん
    • ·process; procedure; sequence; protocol; instruction
    N1
Other levels109 words
  • 新しいあたらしい
    • ·new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date; modern
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しなければ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 違うちがう
    • ·to differ (from); to be different; to be distinct; to be unlike; to vary; to disagree (with)
    • ·to be wrong; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
    • ·to become abnormal; to go wrong
    • ·isn't it?; wasn't it?
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • つぎ
    • ·next; following; subsequent
    • ·stage; station
    N5
  • はなし
    • ·talk; speech; chat; conversation
    • ·topic; subject
    • ·discussions; negotiation; argument
    • ·rumor; talk; hearsay
    • ·tale; story; fable
    • ·circumstances; particulars
    N5
  • 先生せんせい
    • ·teacher; instructor; master
    • ·sensei; (expl.) title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.
    • ·(expl.) intimate or teasing form of address
    • ·one's elder
    N5
  • どうして
    • ·how; in what way; by what means
    • ·why; for what reason; for what purpose; what for
    • ·cannot possibly
    • ·no way
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • 聞くきくAs it appears here: 聞いた
    • ·to hear
    • ·to listen (e.g. to music)
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to query
    • ·to hear about; to hear of; to learn of
    • ·to follow (advice, order, etc.); to obey; to listen to; to comply with
    • ·to hear (e.g. a plea); to grant (a request); to accept (e.g. an argument); to give consideration to
    • ·to smell (esp. incense); to sample (a fragrance)
    • ·to taste (alcohol); to try
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: ありました
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 新聞しんぶん
    • ·newspaper
    N5
  • 少ないすくない
    • ·few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient; seldom; rare
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 大きなおおきな
    • ·big; large; great
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使って
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したり
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 教えるおしえるAs it appears here: 教えて
    • ·to teach; to instruct
    • ·to tell; to inform; to show
    • ·to preach
    N5
  • 近いちかい
    • ·near; close; short (distance)
    • ·close (in time); soon
    • ·close (relationship); friendly; intimate
    • ·closely related
    • ·similar; almost the same; close to; nearly
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あります
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: ありません
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • よく
    • ·nicely; properly; well; skillfully; skilfully
    • ·frequently; often
    • ·I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
    • ·(you have) quite the nerve to; I don't know how you can ...
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知って
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知らない
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 読むよむ
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • 歴史れきし
    • ·history
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 世界せかい
    • ·the world; society; the universe
    • ·sphere; circle; world
    • ·world-renowned; world-famous
    • ·realm governed by one Buddha; space
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • かたち
    • ·(physical) form; shape; figure
    • ·visage; (facial) features; appearance (of a person); figure; looks
    • ·form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); style; (outward) appearance
    • ·(resultant) state; situation; condition; form
    • ·behaviour (towards others); attitude; demeanor; manners
    • ·shape (positional qualities of a group of stones)
    N4
  • 小説しょうせつ
    • ·novel; story; (work of) fiction
    N4
  • 無理むり
    • ·unreasonable; unnatural; unjustifiable
    • ·impossible
    • ·forcible; forced; compulsory
    • ·excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
    • ·to work too hard; to try too hard
    • ·no way; not a chance; never; dream on
    • ·irrational
    N4
  • 最近さいきん
    • ·recently; lately; these days; nowadays; right now
    • ·nearest; closest
    N4
  • 研究けんきゅう
    • ·research; study; investigation
    N4
    • ·spirit; mind; heart
    • ·nature; disposition
    • ·intention; mind; will; motivation
    • ·mood; feelings
    • ·consciousness
    • ·care; attention; consideration; worry
    • ·interest
    • ·(the) air; atmosphere
    • ·ambience; atmosphere (of); air (of); mood
    • ·fragrance; aroma; flavour; taste
    • ·qi (in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine); chi; ki
    N4
  • つもり
    • ·intention; plan; purpose; expectation
    • ·belief; assumption; thought; conviction
    • ·estimate; estimation; calculation
    N4
  • ほとんど
    • ·almost; nearly; mostly; practically; virtually; basically; just about; all but
    • ·hardly; barely; scarcely; little
    • ·large majority; large proportion; greater part; most (of); almost all (of)
    N4
  • 勝つかつAs it appears here: 勝った
    • ·to win; to gain victory
    N4
  • 政治せいじ
    • ·politics; government
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 驚くおどろくAs it appears here: 驚かせる
    • ·to be surprised; to be taken aback; to be amazed; to be astonished; to be shocked
    • ·to be frightened; to be startled; to be alarmed
    N4
  • 立てるたてる
    • ·to stand up; to put up; to set up; to erect; to raise
    • ·to thrust into; to bury into; to dig into
    • ·to make (a noise); to start (a rumour); to raise (a cloud of dust, etc.); to cause
    • ·to make; to establish; to set up; to develop; to formulate
    • ·to put up (a political candidate); to make (one's leader)
    • ·to treat with respect; to give (someone) their due; to make (someone) look good; to avoid embarrassing (someone)
    • ·to sharpen; to make clear
    • ·to shut; to close
    • ·to make tea (matcha); to perform the tea ceremony
    • ·to divide by
    • ·to do ... vigorously
    N4
  • ほし
    • ·star (usu. excluding the Sun); planet (usu. excluding Earth); heavenly body
    • ·star (glyph, symbol, shape); asterisk
    • ·star (actor, player, etc.)
    • ·dot; spot; fleck
    • ·bullseye
    • ·perp; perpetrator; culprit; offender; suspect
    • ·one's star (that determines one's fate); one's fortune
    • ·point; score
    • ·star point (intersection marked with a dot); hoshi
    • ·(pyrotechnic) star
    N4
  • わけ
    • ·reason; cause; grounds
    • ·meaning; sense
    • ·(good) sense; reason
    • ·circumstances; case
    • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
    N4
  • もちろん
    • ·of course; certainly; naturally
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 学者がくしゃ
    • ·scholar; academic; scientist
    • ·learned person; person of learning
    N3
  • 批判ひはん
    • ·criticism; judgement; judgment; comment
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • 物理ぶつり
    • ·laws of nature; physical laws
    • ·physics
    N3
  • 化学かがく
    • ·chemistry
    N3
  • 同様どうよう
    • ·same; similar; (just) like; equal
    N3
  • 求めるもとめる
    • ·to want; to wish for
    • ·to request; to demand; to require; to ask for
    • ·to seek; to search for; to look for; to pursue (pleasure); to hunt (a job); to find (a solution)
    • ·to purchase; to buy
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • やはり
    • ·as expected; sure enough; just as one thought
    • ·after all (is said and done); in the end; as one would expect; in any case
    • ·too; also; as well; likewise; (not) either
    • ·still; as before
    • ·all the same; even so; still; nonetheless
    N3
  • 目的もくてき
    • ·purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
    N3
  • 手段しゅだん
    • ·means; way; measure
    N3
  • あるいは
    • ·or; either ... or
    • ·maybe; perhaps; possibly
    • ·some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
    N3
  • とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
  • 発見はっけん
    • ·discovery; detection; finding
    N3
  • 現象げんしょう
    • ·phenomenon
    N3
  • 方向ほうこう
    • ·direction; orientation; bearing; way
    • ·course (e.g. of action)
    N3
  • 地球ちきゅう
    • ·Earth; the globe
    N3
  • 届くとどく
    • ·to reach; to touch; to get to; to carry (of sound)
    • ·to be delivered; to arrive
    • ·to be attentive; to be scrupulous; to be thorough
    • ·to be realized (of a desire); to be fulfilled; to get through (to someone); to be appreciated; to make an impression
    N3
  • 宇宙うちゅう
    • ·universe; cosmos; space
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 受け取るうけとるAs it appears here: 受け取り
    • ·to receive; to get; to accept
    • ·to take (someone's words or behaviour); to interpret; to understand
    N3
  • 分析ぶんせき
    • ·analysis
    N3
  • 違いちがい
    • ·difference; distinction; discrepancy
    • ·mistake; error
    N3
  • 扱うあつかうAs it appears here: 扱い
    • ·to deal with (a person); to treat; to handle; to take care of; to entertain
    • ·to deal with (a problem); to handle; to manage
    • ·to operate (e.g. a machine); to handle; to work
    • ·to deal in; to sell
    • ·to cover (a topic); to treat; to discuss; to take up
    • ·to treat A as B
    • ·to mediate (an argument)
    • ·to be too much for one; to find unmanageable
    • ·to gossip
    N3
  • 人物じんぶつ
    • ·person; character; figure; personage; man; woman
    • ·one's character; one's personality
    • ·able person; talented person
    N3
  • 事件じけん
    • ·event; affair; incident; case; plot; trouble; scandal
    N3
  • とりあげるAs it appears here: とりあげて
    • ·to pick up
    • ·to adopt (a proposal); to take up (a topic); to accept; to listen to
    • ·to take issue with; to make a problem of; to bring up (as a point of criticism)
    • ·to report (news); to cover; to feature
    • ·to take away; to confiscate; to deprive (someone) of; to revoke; to disqualify; to cancel
    • ·to deliver (a baby)
    • ·to collect (taxes)
    N3
  • むしろ
    • ·rather; better; instead; if anything
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 関心かんしん
    • ·concern; interest
    N3
  • 修正しゅうせい
    • ·amendment; correction; revision; modification; alteration; retouching; update; fix
    N3
  • つまり
    • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
    • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
    • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
    • ·shrinkage
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·dead end; corner
    • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
    N3
  • 真似まね
    • ·imitating; copying; mimicry
    • ·behavior; behaviour; action; conduct
    N3
  • つかむ
    • ·to seize; to catch; to grasp; to grip; to grab; to clutch; to hold; to catch hold of; to lay one's hands on
    • ·to obtain; to acquire; to get; to win; to capture
    • ·to understand; to grasp; to comprehend
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 学問がくもん
    • ·study; scholarship; learning; education; knowledge
    • ·discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
    N3
  • 無視むし
    • ·disregarding; ignoring
    N3
  • 行動こうどう
    • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
    N3
  • 基盤きばん
    • ·base; basis; foundation; footing; infrastructure
    • ·bedrock
    • ·platform
    N2
  • 相互そうご
    • ·mutual; reciprocal
    N2
  • 自然科学しぜんかがく
    • ·natural science
    N2
  • 展開てんかい
    • ·development; evolution; progression; unfolding; (plot) twist
    • ·expansion; spreading out; extending; deployment; building up
    • ·expansion (of an algebraic expression)
    • ·development (of a three-dimensional shape)
    • ·extraction (of compressed data); decompression; unpacking
    • ·sharing (information)
    N2
  • 姿勢しせい
    • ·posture; pose; position; stance; carriage (of the body)
    • ·attitude; approach; stance
    N2
  • 先端せんたん
    • ·pointed end; tip; point; cusp (of a leaf, crescent moon, etc.); apex (of a curve)
    • ·forefront; vanguard; spearhead; leading edge
    N2
  • 一定いってい
    • ·to fix; to settle; to standardize; to regularize
    • ·constant; definite; uniform; defined; certain; prescribed
    N2
  • 電波でんぱ
    • ·radio wave; reception; signal
    • ·saying strange things
    N2
  • まれ
    • ·rare; seldom
    N2
  • 地味じみ
    • ·plain; simple; subdued; sober
    • ·reserved (behaviour, attitude, etc.); modest; quiet; unobtrusive
    • ·quite; a (little) bit
    N2
  • 特定とくてい
    • ·specific; particular; designated; special
    • ·specifying; designating; identifying; pinpointing
    N2
  • 文献ぶんけん
    • ·literature; books (reference); document
    N2
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ゆえにN1

    Formal/literary connective drawing a logical conclusion from a stated reason — 'therefore, consequently, and so.'

    そして、この史料的根拠を基盤とするがゆえに、歴史学者の歴史観は、相互に批判可能なものです。

    And precisely because historians' views of history are grounded in such documentary evidence, they can be subjected to mutual criticism.

  • いかにN1

    Formal adverb emphasizing degree or manner — 'how ~', or with ~ても 'however much ~'.

    また、政争に誰がいかにして勝ったかというような政治のダイナミックな人間の動きよりは、制度的な政治システムの変遷を追究する方が研究手法としては主流です。

    Moreover, rather than focusing on dynamic human movements in politics, such as who won a political power struggle and how, the mainstream research approach is to trace changes in institutional political systems.

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    つまり、一足飛びに通説を覆そうとして、特定の視点から史料を読むような真似は禁物なのです。

    In other words, one must never try to overturn an accepted view in a single leap and then read historical materials from a predetermined perspective.

Other levels40 patterns
  • といったN2

    Introduces representative examples before a summarizing noun — "(things) such as ~", "~ and the like".

    これは、物理や化学といった自然科学の世界で新理論を展開する場合に、その論拠、論理を他の学者にも検証可能な形で提示しなければならないことと同様です。

    This is similar to the natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry, where anyone proposing a new theory must present its grounds and logic in a form that other scholars can verify.

  • というものだN2

    Emphatically asserts the true nature of something or states an emphatic conclusion — "that's just how it is, that's what … really is".

    しかし、小説にこうした論証を求めるのは無理というものです

    However, it is unreasonable to demand that a novel provide this kind of proof.

  • ようがないN2

    Attaches to a verb stem to say there is no possible way to do the action — 'there's no way to, cannot possibly'.

    やはり、歴史研究と歴史小説は、そもそも目的も手段も違うものなもだとしか言いようがないのです。

    After all, historical research and historical fiction are fundamentally different in both their aims and their methods.

  • あるいはN2

    Presents an alternative or a possibility — 'or; or perhaps; alternatively'.

    また、あるいは、次のような話が参考になるでしょうか。

    Perhaps the following story may also be helpful.

  • ものがあるN2

    Conveys the speaker's strong impression that something genuinely possesses a certain quality — 'there is something ... about it', 'it really does have...'.

    歴史学者と歴史小説家の違いも、これに近いものがあります。

    The difference between historians and historical novelists is rather similar to this.

  • 一気に(いっきに)N2

    An adverb meaning an action is done in one continuous effort — 'in one go; all at once; in one breath'.

    (注3)一足飛びに:ここでは、手順を無視して一気に

    (Note 3) In one leap: here, to ignore the necessary steps and proceed all at once.

  • はもちろんN3

    Names one obvious case and adds another — 'not only X (which goes without saying) but also Y'.

    歴史学では、史実の究明にはもちろんのこと、新しい歴史像を提示する時にも史料的根拠が必要です。

    In historical studies, documentary evidence is required not only to establish historical facts but also when presenting a new view of history.

  • 的(てき)N32 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    すると、天文学の先生は、「天文学の先端では、彗星などの発見よりは、大きな電波望遠鏡を使って、ある一定の方向から地球に届く宇宙からの電波情報を継続的に受け取り、その数値の分析によって宇宙の大きさを推測したり、宇宙の成り立ちを究明したりしているのです」と教えてくれました。

    The astronomy professor then explained, “At the cutting edge of astronomy, rather than discovering comets and the like, researchers use large radio telescopes to continuously receive radio-wave information from space reaching Earth from a particular direction, and analyze the numerical data to estimate the size of the universe or investigate how the universe was formed.”

  • によって/によるN33 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    すると、天文学の先生は、「天文学の先端では、彗星などの発見よりは、大きな電波望遠鏡を使って、ある一定の方向から地球に届く宇宙からの電波情報を継続的に受け取り、その数値の分析によって宇宙の大きさを推測したり、宇宙の成り立ちを究明したりしているのです」と教えてくれました。

    The astronomy professor then explained, “At the cutting edge of astronomy, rather than discovering comets and the like, researchers use large radio telescopes to continuously receive radio-wave information from space reaching Earth from a particular direction, and analyze the numerical data to estimate the size of the universe or investigate how the universe was formed.”

  • 〜ながらもN3

    Concessive connective stating that two conflicting facts hold at once; "although / even though".

    歴史小説家を歴史のアマチュアとするつもりはありませんが、同じく歴史を扱いながらも、その立ち位置は違うものだと言えるでしょう。

    I do not mean to regard historical novelists as amateurs of history, but although both deal with history, their positions can be said to differ.

  • むしろN3

    Adverb overturning an expectation to present the following as the more fitting statement; "rather / if anything".

    歴史小説では、誰もがよく知っている人物や事件をとりあげて小説にすることが多いようですが、歴史研究ではむしろ誰も知らないような人物や事件を入り口として史実を究明することがほとんどです。

    Historical novels often take well-known people or events as their subjects, whereas historical research usually begins with people or events that virtually no one knows about and uses them as an entry point for investigating historical facts.

  • としてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    歴史小説では、誰もがよく知っている人物や事件をとりあげて小説にすることが多いようですが、歴史研究ではむしろ誰も知らないような人物や事件を入り口として史実を究明することがほとんどです。

    Historical novels often take well-known people or events as their subjects, whereas historical research usually begins with people or events that virtually no one knows about and uses them as an entry point for investigating historical facts.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    また、政争に誰がいかにして勝ったかというような政治のダイナミックな人間の動きよりは、制度的な政治システムの変遷を追究する方が研究手法としては主流です。

    Moreover, rather than focusing on dynamic human movements in politics, such as who won a political power struggle and how, the mainstream research approach is to trace changes in institutional political systems.

  • ためにN32 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    そのため、歴史学者が世間一般の歴史ファンを驚かせるような新説を立てる、というようなことは、稀なこととなるのです。

    Consequently, it is rare for a historian to put forward a new theory that astonishes ordinary history enthusiasts.

  • わけではないN3

    Partially denies an assumed conclusion — 'it's not (necessarily) that ~', 'doesn't necessarily mean ~'.

    もちろん、天文学者であれば研究機関に属していようが星に無関心でないのと同様に、歴史研究者もメジャーな歴史トピックに関心がないわけではありません

    Of course, just as an astronomer does not become indifferent to the stars simply because they belong to a research institution, historical researchers are not uninterested in major historical topics.

  • つまりN3

    Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

    つまり、一足飛びに通説を覆そうとして、特定の視点から史料を読むような真似は禁物なのです。

    In other words, one must never try to overturn an accepted view in a single leap and then read historical materials from a predetermined perspective.

  • ようとするN3

    Describes attempting to do something or being on the verge of doing it — 'try to…', 'be about to…'.

    つまり、一足飛びに通説を覆そうとして、特定の視点から史料を読むような真似は禁物なのです。

    In other words, one must never try to overturn an accepted view in a single leap and then read historical materials from a predetermined perspective.

  • についてN3

    Marks the topic an action or statement is directed at; 'about', 'concerning', 'regarding'.

    (注2)天文学:宇宙と天体について研究する学問。

    (Note 2) Astronomy: the study of the universe and celestial bodies.

  • が必要(がひつよう)N4

    Marks something as necessary or required — 'need X / X is necessary'.

    歴史学では、史実の究明にはもちろんのこと、新しい歴史像を提示する時にも史料的根拠が必要です。

    In historical studies, documentary evidence is required not only to establish historical facts but also when presenting a new view of history.

  • 場合は(ばあいは)N4

    States the situation or condition under which something applies — 'in the case of; in the event that; if'.

    これは、物理や化学といった自然科学の世界で新理論を展開する場合に、その論拠、論理を他の学者にも検証可能な形で提示しなければならないことと同様です。

    This is similar to the natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry, where anyone proposing a new theory must present its grounds and logic in a form that other scholars can verify.

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    これは、物理や化学といった自然科学の世界で新理論を展開する場合に、その論拠、論理を他の学者にも検証可能な形で提示しなければならないことと同様です。

    This is similar to the natural sciences, such as physics and chemistry, where anyone proposing a new theory must present its grounds and logic in a form that other scholars can verify.

  • ようだN48 times in this passage

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    最近は小説家に歴史研究者同様の姿勢を求める向きもあるようですが、これは筋違いとしか思えません。

    Recently, some people seem to expect novelists to adopt the same attitude as historical researchers, but this strikes me as entirely misguided.

  • ように / ようなN4

    Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".

    また、あるいは、次のような話が参考になるでしょうか。

    Perhaps the following story may also be helpful.

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    ある時、理学部の天文学の先生に、「どうして彗星や小惑星などの新天体を発見する人には、アマチュアの天文家が多いのですか」と聞いたことがありました。

    Once I asked an astronomy professor in the faculty of science, “Why are so many of the people who discover new celestial bodies such as comets and asteroids amateur astronomers?”

  • 〜ていたN4

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    新聞でも報じられるような天体現象の発見に、意外と専門研究者が少ないことが気になっていたからです。

    I had been wondering why surprisingly few professional researchers were involved in discoveries of astronomical phenomena significant enough to be reported in newspapers.

  • よりN42 times in this passage

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    すると、天文学の先生は、「天文学の先端では、彗星などの発見よりは、大きな電波望遠鏡を使って、ある一定の方向から地球に届く宇宙からの電波情報を継続的に受け取り、その数値の分析によって宇宙の大きさを推測したり、宇宙の成り立ちを究明したりしているのです」と教えてくれました。

    The astronomy professor then explained, “At the cutting edge of astronomy, rather than discovering comets and the like, researchers use large radio telescopes to continuously receive radio-wave information from space reaching Earth from a particular direction, and analyze the numerical data to estimate the size of the universe or investigate how the universe was formed.”

  • 〜さN4

    Suffix that turns an adjective into a noun naming its degree or quality — '-ness' (e.g. 高さ 'height', 重さ 'weight').

    すると、天文学の先生は、「天文学の先端では、彗星などの発見よりは、大きな電波望遠鏡を使って、ある一定の方向から地球に届く宇宙からの電波情報を継続的に受け取り、その数値の分析によって宇宙の大きさを推測したり、宇宙の成り立ちを究明したりしているのです」と教えてくれました。

    The astronomy professor then explained, “At the cutting edge of astronomy, rather than discovering comets and the like, researchers use large radio telescopes to continuously receive radio-wave information from space reaching Earth from a particular direction, and analyze the numerical data to estimate the size of the universe or investigate how the universe was formed.”

  • 〜てくれるN4

    Someone does an action for the benefit of the speaker (or the speaker's in-group) — '(someone) does (something) for me'.

    すると、天文学の先生は、「天文学の先端では、彗星などの発見よりは、大きな電波望遠鏡を使って、ある一定の方向から地球に届く宇宙からの電波情報を継続的に受け取り、その数値の分析によって宇宙の大きさを推測したり、宇宙の成り立ちを究明したりしているのです」と教えてくれました。

    The astronomy professor then explained, “At the cutting edge of astronomy, rather than discovering comets and the like, researchers use large radio telescopes to continuously receive radio-wave information from space reaching Earth from a particular direction, and analyze the numerical data to estimate the size of the universe or investigate how the universe was formed.”

  • 〜ていくN4

    Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

    しかし、一見地味な事例研究を積み重ねることによって、それまでの通説を修正する新しい視点が見いだされていくことを、研究者は知っているのです。

    Researchers know, however, that by accumulating case studies that may appear unremarkable at first glance, new perspectives emerge that can revise previously accepted views.

  • だ / ですN512 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    歴史学では、史実の究明にはもちろんのこと、新しい歴史像を提示する時にも史料的根拠が必要です

    In historical studies, documentary evidence is required not only to establish historical facts but also when presenting a new view of history.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    そして、この史料的根拠を基盤とするがゆえに、歴史学者の歴史観は、相互に批判可能なものです。

    And precisely because historians' views of history are grounded in such documentary evidence, they can be subjected to mutual criticism.

  • しかしN52 times in this passage

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、小説にこうした論証を求めるのは無理というものです。

    However, it is unreasonable to demand that a novel provide this kind of proof.

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    また、あるいは、次のような話が参考になるでしょうか。

    Perhaps the following story may also be helpful.

  • どうしてN5

    Asks the reason for something, "why / how come".

    ある時、理学部の天文学の先生に、「どうして彗星や小惑星などの新天体を発見する人には、アマチュアの天文家が多いのですか」と聞いたことがありました。

    Once I asked an astronomy professor in the faculty of science, “Why are so many of the people who discover new celestial bodies such as comets and asteroids amateur astronomers?”

  • 〜たことがあるN5

    States that the speaker has had the experience of doing something at some point — “have done (before)”.

    ある時、理学部の天文学の先生に、「どうして彗星や小惑星などの新天体を発見する人には、アマチュアの天文家が多いのですか」と聞いたことがありました。

    Once I asked an astronomy professor in the faculty of science, “Why are so many of the people who discover new celestial bodies such as comets and asteroids amateur astronomers?”

  • 〜たり〜たりN52 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    すると、天文学の先生は、「天文学の先端では、彗星などの発見よりは、大きな電波望遠鏡を使って、ある一定の方向から地球に届く宇宙からの電波情報を継続的に受け取り、その数値の分析によって宇宙の大きさを推測したり、宇宙の成り立ちを究明したりしているのです」と教えてくれました。

    The astronomy professor then explained, “At the cutting edge of astronomy, rather than discovering comets and the like, researchers use large radio telescopes to continuously receive radio-wave information from space reaching Earth from a particular direction, and analyze the numerical data to estimate the size of the universe or investigate how the universe was formed.”

  • 〜ているN54 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    すると、天文学の先生は、「天文学の先端では、彗星などの発見よりは、大きな電波望遠鏡を使って、ある一定の方向から地球に届く宇宙からの電波情報を継続的に受け取り、その数値の分析によって宇宙の大きさを推測したり、宇宙の成り立ちを究明したりしているのです」と教えてくれました。

    The astronomy professor then explained, “At the cutting edge of astronomy, rather than discovering comets and the like, researchers use large radio telescopes to continuously receive radio-wave information from space reaching Earth from a particular direction, and analyze the numerical data to estimate the size of the universe or investigate how the universe was formed.”

  • つもりN5

    Expresses the speaker's intention or plan — "intend to / plan to."

    歴史小説家を歴史のアマチュアとするつもりはありませんが、同じく歴史を扱いながらも、その立ち位置は違うものだと言えるでしょう。

    I do not mean to regard historical novelists as amateurs of history, but although both deal with history, their positions can be said to differ.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    歴史小説では、誰もがよく知っている人物や事件をとりあげて小説にすることが多いようですが、歴史研究ではむしろ誰も知らないような人物や事件を入り口として史実を究明することがほとんどです。

    Historical novels often take well-known people or events as their subjects, whereas historical research usually begins with people or events that virtually no one knows about and uses them as an entry point for investigating historical facts.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    しかし、一見地味な事例研究を積み重ねることによって、それまでの通説を修正する新しい視点が見いだされていくことを、研究者は知っているのです。

    Researchers know, however, that by accumulating case studies that may appear unremarkable at first glance, new perspectives emerge that can revise previously accepted views.

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