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N1 · AdvancedLong passagePassage #372
2

なかぢかいえばがいじゅこうえんじゅもくそしてじゅうたくにわあたりでしょうか。いずれまいにちにはしているもののあらためてしきすることすくおも

でもたとこれすべてしまったしたらどうでしょう。なんともさびかんそうな、あるいはなにびょうれんそうさせるようイメージまちなってしまうのではないでしょうか。また昨今さっこんは、かんめんなどからがいじゅまちなどあるようですが、一見いっけんきんだいてきらいてきイメージしますが、うるおいややすらぎのないまちのようにもこのようまちじゅもくは、じつとてもおおやくわりいます

ではこのたちは、ただだけそんざいするだけいいでしょうか。そうではありませんそこなければならないですわかりやすくと、がいじゅじゅしゅなにするというようことですそのしょくせい(注1)そのうえれきせいらいせいかさせつうつなかで、ひとびとそのどのようながながらいくのか。そんなかさうえはじめてここにはこのということなる。①それそのそのしょそんざいするです

じゅうたくにわおなですたんぶんこのばかりなくそのじゅうたくがいうじどのようえんしゅつするのか、まわりとの調ちょうどうなのか。そんなことかんがいくのがまちづくりなかの「です昨今さっこんガーデニングブームで、たしいえにわ立派りっぱなりましたはなしゅるいずいぶんむかしまえにはよういろかたち

そしてガーデニングするひとたちじょうほうこうりゅうさかなりあらコミュニティいるようですしかしひとぶんからほかひろいないかんしますどうこうえんいきにとってきょうゆうにわありぶんきょうゆうぶんうつくなってこそはじめてぜんたいうつくなるですうつくたのにわつくいるひとびとには、②もっとよくうつくたのまちつくほしいおも

ということありますこれおもしょくぶつたい使つかまんかいさくらしょしんりょくなつかげあきこうよう・・・。わたしおりおり(注2)ながそこかさそだどもたちあからいねがしているのではないでしょうか。そしてそんなおもこめてみずするこれが「ということだとおもですそのこころあってはじめてよいまちなるです

とうよしひろしまちづくりススメによる

ちゅう1)そのしょくせいそのどのようしょくぶついる

ちゅう2)おりおりに:ここでは、かいあるごと

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1筆者によると、まちの樹木の大きな役割とは何か。
  2. 2それとはどういうことか。
  3. 3もっと欲張ってとあるが、筆者の気持ちと合うものはどれか。
  4. 4筆者の考えに合うのはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary13 words
  • 身近みぢか
    • ·near oneself; close to one; familiar
    N1
  • 樹木じゅもく
    • ·tree; trees and shrubs
    N1
  • うるおうAs it appears here: うるおい
    • ·to become moist; to be moistened; to become damp; to get wet
    • ·to profit (from); to benefit; to become prosperous; to flourish; to be made rich
    • ·to be refreshed (of one's mind); to be enriched (of one's heart)
    N1
  • やすいAs it appears here: やすく
    • ·easy
    • ·likely to ...; have a tendency to ...
    • ·easy to ...
    N1
  • 踏まえるふまえるAs it appears here: 踏まえ
    • ·to be based on; to take into account; to build upon; to have origin in
    • ·to have one's feet firmly planted on; to plant oneself on
    N1
  • 演出えんしゅつ
    • ·direction (of a play, film, etc.); production
    • ·organization (of an event); arrangement; staging (for effect); orchestration
    N1
  • 調和ちょうわ
    • ·harmony; accord; reconciliation; agreement
    N1
  • 個々ここ
    • ·individual; one by one; separate; each
    N1
  • 日々ひび
    • ·daily; everyday
    • ·days (e.g. of one's youth)
    • ·every day; day after day; day by day; from day to day
    N1
  • 明るいあかるい
    • ·light; bright; well-lit; well-lighted
    • ·bright (colour)
    • ·cheerful; bright; spirited; sunny (e.g. disposition)
    • ·bright (future, prospects, etc.); rosy; encouraging; promising
    • ·knowledgeable (about); familiar (with); well versed (in); well acquainted (with)
    • ·fair (e.g. politics); clean; impartial
    N1
  • こめるAs it appears here: こめて
    • ·to load (a gun, etc.); to charge
    • ·to put into (e.g. emotion, effort)
    • ·to include (e.g. tax in a sales price)
    • ·to hang over; to shroud; to enshroud; to envelop; to screen
    N1
  • ススメすすめ
    • ·recommendation; advice; suggestion; encouragement
    N1
  • ごと
    • ·each; every
    N1
Other levels126 words
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
    • ·tree; shrub; bush
    • ·wood; timber
    • ·wooden clappers (signalling the beginning or end of a performance)
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いえば
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 公園こうえん
    • ·(public) park
    N5
  • にわ
    • ·garden; yard; courtyard
    • ·field (of action); area
    N5
  • 毎日まいにち
    • ·every day; daily
    N5
    • ·eye; eyeball
    • ·eyesight; sight; vision
    • ·look; stare; gaze; glance
    • ·notice; attention; observation; eyes (of the world, public, etc.)
    • ·an experience
    • ·viewpoint
    • ·discrimination; discernment; judgement; eye (e.g. for quality)
    • ·(an) appearance
    • ·chance (of success); possibility (of a good result)
    • ·spacing (between crossed strands of a net, mesh, etc.); opening; stitch; texture; weave
    • ·grain (of wood, paper)
    • ·eye (of a storm, needle, etc.)
    • ·intersection (on a go board); square (on a chessboard)
    • ·dot (on a dice); pip; rolled number
    • ·graduation; division (of a scale)
    • ·tooth (of a saw, comb, etc.)
    • ·ordinal number suffix
    • ·somewhat; -ish
    • ·point (e.g. of change)
    • ·eye (empty space inside a group of stones)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 少ないすくない
    • ·few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient; seldom; rare
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したら
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • 病気びょうき
    • ·illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; sickness
    • ·bad habit; bad behaviour; weakness; failing
    • ·crazy; insane; disturbed; sick in the head
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: させる
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • まち
    • ·town; block; neighbourhood; neighborhood
    • ·downtown; main street
    • ·street; road
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: します
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • とても
    • ·very; awfully; exceedingly
    • ·(not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
    N5
  • 大きなおおきな
    • ·big; large; great
    N5
  • 持つもつAs it appears here: 持って
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: ありません
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • そこ
    • ·there (place relatively near listener)
    • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
    • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
    • ·you
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わかり
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • 言ういう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • うえ
    • ·above; over; up
    • ·top; summit; upper part; head (e.g. of a staircase)
    • ·surface; on (top of)
    • ·the above (in a piece of writing); earlier part
    • ·superior; better; higher (position, rank, etc.); upper (class)
    • ·elder; older; senior
    • ·with respect to ...; in terms of; as far as ... is concerned; when (e.g. drunk)
    • ·besides ...; in addition to ...; on top of ...; as well as ...
    • ·after ...; upon ...; on ...; with (e.g. full awareness); as a result of ...
    • ·since ...; now that ...; because ...
    • ·honorable; venerable; dear
    • ·emperor; sovereign; shogun; daimyo
    N5
  • どの
    • ·which; what (way)
    N5
  • はじめて
    • ·for the first time
    • ·only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; not until ... do you ...
    • ·first time; (one's) first
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 同じおなじ
    • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
    • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • いえ
    • ·house; residence; dwelling; home
    • ·family; household
    • ·lineage; family name
    N5
  • 立派りっぱ
    • ·splendid; fine; handsome; elegant; imposing; prominent; impressive
    • ·praiseworthy; creditable; worthy
    • ·legal; legitimate; lawful
    • ·undeniable (e.g. crime); indisputable; solid
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なりました
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • はな
    • ·flower; blossom; bloom; petal
    • ·cherry blossom
    • ·beauty
    • ·blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms)
    • ·ikebana
    • ·hanafuda
    • ·(the) best
    • ·glorious; lovely
    N5
  • いろ
    • ·colour; color; hue; tint; tinge; shade
    • ·complexion; skin colour; skin color
    • ·look (on one's face); expression
    • ·appearance; air; feeling
    • ·personality; character
    • ·tone (of one's voice, etc.); tune; sound; ring
    • ·love; lust; sensuality; love affair
    • ·lover; paramour
    • ·beauty; sexiness; physical appeal
    • ·kind; type; variety
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見られます
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なり
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 生まれるうまれるAs it appears here: 生まれて
    • ·to be born
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 楽しいたのしい
    • ·enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
    N5
  • 作るつくるAs it appears here: 作って
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • ほしい
    • ·wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for
    • ·I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
    N5
  • 言葉ことば
    • ·language; dialect
    • ·word; phrase; expression; term
    • ·speech; (manner of) speaking; (use of) language
    • ·words; remark; statement; comment
    • ·learning to speak; language acquisition
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あります
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使われます
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • あき
    • ·autumn; fall
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あって
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思います
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 例えばたとえば
    • ·for example; for instance; e.g.
    N4
  • 寂しいさびしいAs it appears here: 寂しく
    • ·lonely; lonesome; solitary; desolate
    N4
  • 植えるうえるAs it appears here: 植えない
    • ·to plant; to grow; to raise
    • ·to insert; to transplant; to implant; to set (type)
    • ·to inoculate (e.g. an infectious agent)
    • ·to instill (idea, value, etc.); to inculcate
    N4
  • 見えるみえるAs it appears here: 見えます
    • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
    • ·to look; to seem; to appear
    • ·to come
    N4
  • 植えるうえる
    • ·to plant; to grow; to raise
    • ·to insert; to transplant; to implant; to set (type)
    • ·to inoculate (e.g. an infectious agent)
    • ·to instill (idea, value, etc.); to inculcate
    N4
  • 歴史れきし
    • ·history
    N4
  • 季節きせつ
    • ·season; time of year
    N4
  • 植えるうえるAs it appears here: 植えよう
    • ·to plant; to grow; to raise
    • ·to insert; to transplant; to implant; to set (type)
    • ·to inoculate (e.g. an infectious agent)
    • ·to instill (idea, value, etc.); to inculcate
    N4
  • 場所ばしょ
    • ·place; location; spot; position; area
    • ·room; space
    • ·sumo tournament
    N4
  • まわり
    • ·circumference; girth
    • ·surroundings; neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity
    • ·people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 増えるふえるAs it appears here: 増えて
    • ·to increase; to multiply
    N4
  • かたち
    • ·(physical) form; shape; figure
    • ·visage; (facial) features; appearance (of a person); figure; looks
    • ·form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); style; (outward) appearance
    • ·(resultant) state; situation; condition; form
    • ·behaviour (towards others); attitude; demeanor; manners
    • ·shape (positional qualities of a group of stones)
    N4
  • 盛んさかん
    • ·prosperous; flourishing; thriving; successful
    • ·popular; widespread
    • ·active; lively; energetic; vigorous; brisk; strong
    • ·enthusiastic; eager; hearty; frequent; repeated
    N4
  • 美しいうつくしいAs it appears here: 美しく
    • ·beautiful; pretty; lovely; sweet; pure (heart, friendship, etc.)
    N4
  • 思うおもう
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • 機会きかい
    • ·chance; opportunity; occasion
    N4
  • 暮らしくらし
    • ·(way of) life; lifestyle; living; life circumstances; livelihood; day-to-day life
    N3
  • 住宅じゅうたく
    • ·residence; housing; residential building
    N3
  • あたり
    • ·(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity; nearby; surroundings
    • ·around; about; or thereabouts
    • ·for instance; say; such as
    N3
  • いずれ
    • ·which; where; who
    • ·all; both
    • ·anyway; anyhow; at any rate; in any case
    • ·sooner or later; one of these days; someday; before long; in due course; eventually
    N3
  • 意識いしき
    • ·consciousness
    • ·becoming aware (of); awareness; sense
    • ·mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • すべて
    • ·everything; all; the whole
    • ·entirely; completely; wholly; all
    N3
  • あるいは
    • ·or; either ... or
    • ·maybe; perhaps; possibly
    • ·some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
    N3
  • 何かなにか
    • ·something; some; any
    • ·somehow; for some reason
    • ·(so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
    N3
  • 連想れんそう
    • ·association (of ideas); being reminded (of something); suggestion
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 維持いじ
    • ·maintenance; preservation; improvement
    N3
  • 管理かんり
    • ·control; management (e.g. of a business)
    N3
  • めん
    • ·face
    • ·mask; face guard
    • ·striking the head (in kendo)
    • ·surface (esp. a geometrical surface)
    • ·page
    • ·aspect; facet; side
    • ·chamfer
    • ·counter for broad, flat objects, levels or stages, e.g. in a video game
    N3
  • 未来みらい
    • ·(distant) future
    • ·future existence; world beyond the grave; the world to come
    • ·future (tense)
    N3
  • 都市とし
    • ·town; city; municipal; urban
    N3
  • やや
    • ·a little; partially; somewhat; slightly; semi-; -ish; on the ... side; a short time; a while
    N3
  • 実はじつは
    • ·as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
    N3
  • 役割やくわり
    • ·part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
    N3
  • ただ
    • ·ordinary; common; usual
    • ·free of charge
    • ·unaffected; as is; safe
    • ·only; merely; just; simply
    • ·but; however; nevertheless
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • なに
    • ·what
    • ·you-know-what; that thing
    • ·whatsit; whachamacallit; what's-his-name; what's-her-name
    • ·penis; (one's) thing; dick
    • ·(not) at all; (not) in the slightest
    • ·what?; huh?
    • ·hey!; come on!
    • ·oh, no (it's fine); why (it's nothing); oh (certainly not)
    N3
  • 土地とち
    • ·plot of land; lot; soil
    • ·locality; region; place
    N3
  • せい
    • ·nature (of a person)
    • ·sex; gender
    • ·sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.)
    • ·gender
    • ·-ty; -ity; -ness; -cy
    N3
  • 眺めるながめるAs it appears here: 眺め
    • ·to look at; to gaze at; to watch; to stare at
    • ·to look out over; to get a view of; to admire (e.g. the scenery)
    • ·to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch; to observe
    N3
  • 暮らすくらすAs it appears here: 暮らして
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • 単にたんに
    • ·simply; merely; only; solely
    N3
  • 好みこのみ
    • ·liking; taste; fancy; fondness
    • ·wish; desire; choice; preference
    N3
  • 種類しゅるい
    • ·variety; kind; type; category
    • ·counter for kinds, species, etc.
    N3
  • ずいぶん
    • ·very; extremely; surprisingly; fairly; quite; considerably; awfully; terribly
    • ·terrible; horrid; contemptible; reprehensible
    • ·remarkable; extraordinary
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 新たあらた
    • ·new; fresh; novel
    N3
  • 広がるひろがるAs it appears here: 広がって
    • ·to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
    N3
  • 感じかんじ
    • ·feeling; sense; impression
    N3
  • 道路どうろ
    • ·road; highway
    N3
  • 地域ちいき
    • ·area; region; district; locality
    N3
  • 部分ぶぶん
    • ·portion; section; part
    N3
  • 全体ぜんたい
    • ·whole; entirety
    • ·to begin with; in the first place
    • ·... the heck (e.g. "what the heck?"); ... in the world (e.g. "why in the world?"); ... on earth (e.g. "who on earth?")
    N3
  • 主におもに
    • ·mainly; primarily; mostly; largely; chiefly
    N3
  • 植物しょくぶつ
    • ·plant; vegetation
    N3
  • さくら
    • ·cherry tree; cherry blossom; sakura
    • ·light pink
    • ·fake buyer; paid audience; shill; seat filler
    • ·hired applauder
    • ·horse meat
    N3
  • 願うねがうAs it appears here: 願ったり
    • ·to desire; to wish; to hope
    • ·to beg; to request; to implore; to pray
    • ·to have something done for oneself
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • あらためて
    • ·another time; again; over again; once again; anew
    • ·formally; especially; intentionally; deliberately
    N2
  • 枯れるかれるAs it appears here: 枯れて
    • ·to wither (of a plant); to be blasted; to die
    • ·to mature (of one's personality, abilities, etc.)
    N2
  • なんとも
    • ·really; very; extremely; terribly; awfully
    • ·(not) anything; (not) at all; (not) a bit
    N2
  • 意義いぎ
    • ·meaning; significance
    N2
  • 交流こうりゅう
    • ·exchange (e.g. cultural); interchange; interaction; mingling; mixing; coming together
    • ·alternating current; AC
    N2
  • 紅葉こうよう
    • ·leaves turning red (in autumn); red leaves; autumn colours; fall colors
    N2
  • 手入れていれ
    • ·care; looking after; repair; maintenance; tending; trimming; grooming
    • ·(police) raid; crackdown
    N2
  • 生えるはえるAs it appears here: 生えて
    • ·to grow; to spring up; to sprout
    • ·to cut (teeth)
    N2
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • すら / ですらN1

    Emphatic particle presenting an extreme example to imply all lesser cases hold — "even".

    また、昨今は、維持管理の面などから街路樹を植えないまちなどもあるようですが、一見近代的、未来都市的なイメージもしますが、うるおいややすらぎのないまちのようにも見えます。

    Recently, there also seem to be towns that do not plant street trees for reasons such as maintenance; at first glance they may look modern and futuristic, but they can also seem to lack warmth, freshness, and tranquility.

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    単に自分の好みばかりでなく、その木が住宅街の小路をどのように演出するのか、まわりとの調和はどうなのか。

    We should think not only about our personal preferences, but also about how a tree will shape the look of a lane in a residential neighborhood and how well it harmonizes with its surroundings.

Other levels43 patterns
  • もののN2

    Concessive connective — 'although / even though ~, ...'; concedes the first clause then states something that runs counter to it.

    いずれも毎日目にはしているものの

    We see all of them every day.

  • あるいはN2

    Presents an alternative or a possibility — 'or; or perhaps; alternatively'.

    なんとも寂しく、無味乾燥な、あるいは何か病気を連想させるようなイメージのまちになってしまうのではないでしょうか。

    Wouldn't the town become terribly bleak and lifeless, perhaps even giving an impression suggestive of illness?

  • その上N2

    Additive conjunction stacking one more point on top of the last — 'in addition, on top of that'.

    その土地の植生を踏まえ、その上に歴史性や未来性を重ね合わせる。

    We consider the vegetation native to the area, and then overlay historical and future-oriented considerations.

  • 確かにN2

    concedes a point as true before countering it, or asserts certainty, 'admittedly / certainly (~ but)'.

    昨今のガーデニングブームで、確かに個々の家の庭は立派になりました。

    Thanks to the recent gardening boom, individual household gardens have certainly become impressive.

  • 〜てこそN2

    Emphasizes that only by actually doing X does the result become true — 'it is only by/precisely by doing X that...'.

    道路や公園は地域にとっての共有の庭であり、個々の部分と共有の部分が美しくなってこそはじめて全体が美しくなるのです。

    Roads and parks are the community's shared gardens, and the whole area becomes beautiful only when both the individual and shared spaces are beautiful.

  • と言えば(といえば)N3

    Raises a topic prompted by what was just mentioned — "speaking of", "when it comes to".

    暮らしの中で身近な木といえば、街路樹と公園の樹木、そして住宅の庭の木あたりでしょうか。

    When we think of trees familiar to us in everyday life, perhaps street trees, park trees, and trees in residential gardens come to mind.

  • 例えば(たとえば)N3

    Introduces an illustrative instance, 'for example / for instance'.

    でも、例えばこれがすべて枯れてしまったとしたらどうでしょう。

    But what if, for example, all those trees were to wither away?

  • とすれば・としたら・とするとN3

    'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.

    でも、例えばこれがすべて枯れてしまったとしたらどうでしょう。

    But what if, for example, all those trees were to wither away?

  • 的(てき)N3

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    また、昨今は、維持管理の面などから街路樹を植えないまちなどもあるようですが、一見近代的、未来都市的なイメージもしますが、うるおいややすらぎのないまちのようにも見えます。

    Recently, there also seem to be towns that do not plant street trees for reasons such as maintenance; at first glance they may look modern and futuristic, but they can also seem to lack warmth, freshness, and tranquility.

  • のでしょうかN3

    Softens a question to ask for the reason or explanation behind something — 'I wonder why...', 'could it be that...'.

    では、この木々たちは、ただ植えるだけ、存在するだけでいいのでしょうか

    So is it enough simply to plant these trees and have them exist?

  • というN33 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    わかりやすく言うと、街路樹の樹種を何にするかというようなことです。

    Put simply, this includes questions such as what species should be chosen for street trees.

  • ばかりでなくN3

    Adds a further, often greater point beyond the first — 'not only… but also…'.

    単に自分の好みばかりでなく、その木が住宅街の小路をどのように演出するのか、まわりとの調和はどうなのか。

    We should think not only about our personal preferences, but also about how a tree will shape the look of a lane in a residential neighborhood and how well it harmonizes with its surroundings.

  • にとってN3

    Marks the person or thing from whose standpoint something is judged or matters; 'for', 'to'.

    道路や公園は地域にとっての共有の庭であり、個々の部分と共有の部分が美しくなってこそはじめて全体が美しくなるのです。

    Roads and parks are the community's shared gardens, and the whole area becomes beautiful only when both the individual and shared spaces are beautiful.

  • に対してN3

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    これは主に植物に対して使われます。

    It is used mainly in relation to plants.

  • ということだN3

    Reports hearsay or states a conclusion drawn from what precedes — 'I hear that…' / 'that is to say / it amounts to…'.

    これが「愛でる」ということだと思うのです。

    I think that is what “mederu” means.

  • 〜てはじめてN3

    'only after ~ / not until ~' — something is realized or happens only once the prior action is completed.

    その愛でる心と愛でられる木々があってはじめてよいまちとなるのです。

    Only when there are both hearts that cherish and trees that are cherished can a good town truly come into being.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    (加藤美浩『まちづくりのススメ』による

    (From Kato Yoshihiro, “A Recommendation for Community Planning”)

  • ごとにN3

    Marks that something happens at each unit or repeated interval — 'every ~, at intervals of ~'.

    (注2)折々に:ここでは、機会があるごとに

    (Note 2) oriori ni: here, whenever an opportunity arises

  • 〜の中でN42 times in this passage

    Marks a set or group as the domain of a comparison — "among ~ / of all ~", typically paired with a superlative.

    暮らしの中で身近な木といえば、街路樹と公園の樹木、そして住宅の庭の木あたりでしょうか。

    When we think of trees familiar to us in everyday life, perhaps street trees, park trees, and trees in residential gardens come to mind.

  • と思う(とおもう)N43 times in this passage

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    あらためて意識することは少ないと思います

    Yet I think we rarely stop and consciously take notice of them.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    でも、例えばこれがすべて枯れてしまったとしたらどうでしょう。

    But what if, for example, all those trees were to wither away?

  • させるN4

    Causative construction — make or let someone do an action ('make/let ~ do').

    なんとも寂しく、無味乾燥な、あるいは何か病気を連想させるようなイメージのまちになってしまうのではないでしょうか。

    Wouldn't the town become terribly bleak and lifeless, perhaps even giving an impression suggestive of illness?

  • ようだN46 times in this passage

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    なんとも寂しく、無味乾燥な、あるいは何か病気を連想させるようなイメージのまちになってしまうのではないでしょうか。

    Wouldn't the town become terribly bleak and lifeless, perhaps even giving an impression suggestive of illness?

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    また、昨今は、維持管理の面などから街路樹を植えないまちなどもあるようですが、一見近代的、未来都市的なイメージもしますが、うるおいややすらぎのないまちのようにも見えます。

    Recently, there also seem to be towns that do not plant street trees for reasons such as maintenance; at first glance they may look modern and futuristic, but they can also seem to lack warmth, freshness, and tranquility.

  • だけでN4

    'Just by / with only' — a single small condition alone is enough to produce the result.

    では、この木々たちは、ただ植えるだけ、存在するだけでいいのでしょうか。

    So is it enough simply to plant these trees and have them exist?

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    そこに意味や意義がなければならないのです。

    Their presence there must have meaning and significance.

  • やすいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean the action is easy to do ('easy to ~').

    わかりやすく言うと、街路樹の樹種を何にするかというようなことです。

    Put simply, this includes questions such as what species should be chosen for street trees.

  • ながらN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

    季節の移ろいの中で、人々がその木をどのように眺めながら暮らしていくのか。

    As the seasons change, how will people live while looking at that tree?

  • 〜ていくN42 times in this passage

    Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

    季節の移ろいの中で、人々がその木をどのように眺めながら暮らしていくのか。

    As the seasons change, how will people live while looking at that tree?

  • ことになるN4

    Expresses that something has been decided or comes about, often through external circumstances rather than the speaker's own will; 'it has been decided that / it turns out that.'

    そんな積み重ねの上にはじめて「ここにはこの木を植えよう」ということになる

    Only after such considerations have accumulated do we arrive at the decision, “Let's plant this tree here.”

  • 〜てほしいN4

    Expresses that the speaker wants someone else to perform the action — 'to want (someone) to (do)'.

    美しく楽しい庭を作っている人々には、②もっと欲張って美しく楽しいまちを作ってほしいと思います。

    I hope that people who create beautiful, enjoyable gardens will be ②a little more ambitious and help create beautiful, enjoyable towns as well.

  • そしてN53 times in this passage

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    暮らしの中で身近な木といえば、街路樹と公園の樹木、そして住宅の庭の木あたりでしょうか。

    When we think of trees familiar to us in everyday life, perhaps street trees, park trees, and trees in residential gardens come to mind.

  • だろうN54 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    暮らしの中で身近な木といえば、街路樹と公園の樹木、そして住宅の庭の木あたりでしょうか。

    When we think of trees familiar to us in everyday life, perhaps street trees, park trees, and trees in residential gardens come to mind.

  • 〜ているN57 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    いずれも毎日目にはしているものの。

    We see all of them every day.

  • じゃない・ではないN53 times in this passage

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    なんとも寂しく、無味乾燥な、あるいは何か病気を連想させるようなイメージのまちになってしまうのではないでしょうか。

    Wouldn't the town become terribly bleak and lifeless, perhaps even giving an impression suggestive of illness?

  • とてもN5

    Degree adverb intensifying an adjective or adverb — "very / extremely."

    このようにまちの樹木は、実はとても大きな役割を持っています。

    In this way, the trees in a town actually play an extremely important role.

  • だけN5

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    では、この木々たちは、ただ植えるだけ、存在するだけでいいのでしょうか。

    So is it enough simply to plant these trees and have them exist?

  • だ / ですN58 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    そこに意味や意義がなければならないのです

    Their presence there must have meaning and significance.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    わかりやすく言うと、街路樹の樹種を何にするかというようなことです。

    Put simply, this includes questions such as what species should be chosen for street trees.

  • 前に(まえに)N5

    Marks that something happens before an action or in front of a place — "before (doing) / in front of."

    花や木の種類もずいぶん増えて、ひと昔前には無かったような色や形も見られます。

    The varieties of flowers and trees have also increased greatly, and we now see colors and shapes that were not around a generation ago.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、いま一つ自分の土地から外に広がっていない感じがします。

    However, I have the sense that this has not quite expanded beyond people's own property.

  • がありますN53 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    「愛でる」という言葉があります

    There is a Japanese word, “mederu,” meaning to cherish and admire.

  • 〜たり〜たりN52 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    満開の桜や初夏の新緑、真夏の木陰や秋の紅葉・・・。私たちは折々に木々を眺め、そこに日々の暮らしを重ね合わせたり、育ちゆく木々に子供達の明るい未来を願ったりしているのではないでしょうか。

    Cherry blossoms in full bloom, fresh greenery in early summer, shade in midsummer, autumn leaves… At such moments, perhaps we look at the trees and connect them with our everyday lives, or place our hopes for children's bright futures in the trees as they grow.

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