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N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #369
2

ひとじゅうじゅんいぬは、もともとオオカミなかものある。(ちゅうりゃく

ところが、「にんげんオオカミた」というはなしにはなぞおおいぬにんげんようなったのは、15000ねんほどまえ旧石器時代きゅうせっきじだいことあるすいそくされているとうじんるいにとってにくしょくじゅうおそれべきてきあった。そんなおそにくしょくじゅうという発想はっそうとうじんるいだろうか。しかもいぬということは、いぬエサやらなければならないわずかしょくりょういたじんるいに、いぬほどゆうあっただろうか。またとうじんるいいぬいなくても、することできたいぬひつようゆうなかったのである

さいきんけんきゅうでは、にんげんいぬひつようしたのではなくいぬほうからにんげんもときたかんがいるいぬせんなったされるよわオオカミたちは、なかでのじゅんひくものじゅうぶんではないそこでにんげんちかのこあさるようなったのではないかとかんがいるのである

よわオオカミだけでは、することできないが、にんげんだすすることできる

そしてやがてにんげんいぬとがともするようなったすいさつされているこうかんがと、とうぜんかいなかつよそんざいなりつつあったにんげんことは、いぬにとってとくことおおつまりにんげんいぬようしたのではなくいぬにんげんようしたかもしれないのである

いながきさかえようじゃくしゃせんりゃくによる

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1謎が多いとあるが、謎に合うのはどれか。
  2. 2筆者によると、どのようなオオカミが犬の祖先だと考えられるか。
  3. 3犬の祖先が人間と暮らすようになったきっかけについて、筆者はどのように考えているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary2 words
  • 推測すいそく
    • ·guess; conjecture
    N1
  • やるAs it appears here: やらなければ
    • ·to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study
    • ·to send; to dispatch; to despatch
    • ·to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.)
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer
    • ·to make (a vehicle) go faster
    • ·to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise
    • ·to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke
    • ·to hold (a performance); to perform; to show
    • ·to ease (one's mind)
    • ·to harm; to injure; to kill
    • ·to have sex; to fuck; to bang
    • ·to live; to get by; to get along
    • ·to do ... completely
    • ·to do ... broadly; to do ... to a great distance
    • ·to do ... for (someone of equal or lower status); to do ... to
    • ·to make active efforts to ...
    • ·to suffer from (an illness); to experience (a medical condition); to be afflicted with
    N1
Other levels63 words
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • はなし
    • ·talk; speech; chat; conversation
    • ·topic; subject
    • ·discussions; negotiation; argument
    • ·rumor; talk; hearsay
    • ·tale; story; fable
    • ·circumstances; particulars
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • いぬ
    • ·dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); canine
    • ·squealer; rat; snitch; informer; informant; spy
    • ·loser; asshole
    • ·counterfeit; inferior; useless; wasteful
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • まえ
    • ·in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
    • ·before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
    • ·(the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
    • ·forward; ahead
    • ·(in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
    • ·previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
    • ·portion; helping
    • ·front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
    • ·privates; private parts
    • ·criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 持つもつAs it appears here: 持ち
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あった
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • いるAs it appears here: いなくて
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できた
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 弱いよわい
    • ·weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • 低いひくいAs it appears here: 低く
    • ·low (rank, degree, value, content, quality, etc.)
    • ·low (position); close to the ground
    • ·short (height)
    • ·deep (voice); in a low key; low (volume)
    N5
  • 食べ物たべもの
    • ·food
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できない
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 強いつよい
    • ·strong; potent; competent; domineering; tough
    • ·strong; brawny; powerful; healthy; rugged
    • ·good (at); skilled; knowledgeable
    • ·being able to handle; know how to deal (with); durable (against); resistant (to); resilient
    • ·firm; rigid; solid
    • ·intense; strong; fierce; high
    • ·dependable; trustworthy
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なり
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多かった
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • 理由りゆう
    • ·reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
    N4
  • 最近さいきん
    • ·recently; lately; these days; nowadays; right now
    • ·nearest; closest
    N4
  • 研究けんきゅう
    • ·research; study; investigation
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えられて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 十分じゅうぶん
    • ·enough; sufficient; plenty; adequate; satisfactory
    • ·sufficiently; fully; thoroughly; well; perfectly
    • ·division into ten
    N4
  • こう
    • ·in this way; like this; so; thus
    • ·this (much); so
    • ·uh; er; mm; well
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 利用りよう
    • ·use; utilization; utilisation; application
    N4
  • 仲間なかま
    • ·companion; fellow; friend; mate; comrade; partner; colleague; coworker; associate
    • ·group; company; circle; set; gang
    • ·member of the same category (family, class)
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • なぞ
    • ·riddle; puzzle; enigma; mystery
    • ·enigmatic; mysterious
    N3
  • 暮らすくらす
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 当時とうじ
    • ·at that time; in those days
    N3
  • 人類じんるい
    • ·mankind; humanity
    N3
  • てき
    • ·opponent; rival; adversary
    • ·menace; danger; threat; enemy
    N3
  • 恐ろしいおそろしい
    • ·terrible; dreadful; terrifying; frightening
    • ·surprising; startling; tremendous; amazing
    N3
  • しかも
    • ·moreover; furthermore
    • ·nevertheless; and yet
    N3
  • 飼うかう
    • ·to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
    N3
  • エサえさ
    • ·(animal) feed; fodder; pet food
    • ·bait; lure; enticement
    N3
  • わずか
    • ·a little; a few; small; slight; trifling; meagre; meager; narrow (margin)
    • ·only; just; merely; no more than
    N3
  • 食糧しょくりょう
    • ·food (esp. staple food such as rice or wheat); provisions; rations; food supply
    N3
  • 暮らすくらすAs it appears here: 暮らして
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • 余裕よゆう
    • ·surplus; margin; leeway; room; space; time; allowance; flexibility; scope
    • ·composure; placidity; complacency; calm
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 求めるもとめるAs it appears here: 求めて
    • ·to want; to wish for
    • ·to request; to demand; to require; to ask for
    • ·to seek; to search for; to look for; to pursue (pleasure); to hunt (a job); to find (a solution)
    • ·to purchase; to buy
    N3
  • そこで
    • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
    N3
  • やがて
    • ·before long; soon; shortly
    • ·almost; nearly
    • ·finally; in the end; eventually
    N3
  • 共にともに
    • ·together; jointly
    • ·at the same time; with; as ...; including; along with
    • ·both
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • つまり
    • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
    • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
    • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
    • ·shrinkage
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·dead end; corner
    • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
    N3
  • もともと
    • ·originally; from the start; from the beginning; from the outset; by nature
    • ·none the worse (for); (coming out) even; in the same position (as before)
    N2
  • 発想はっそう
    • ·idea; conception
    • ·way of thinking; approach
    • ·expression
    N2
  • 祖先そせん
    • ·ancestor
    N2
  • 群れむれ
    • ·group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school; swarm; cluster (e.g. of stars); clump; pack (e.g. of dogs)
    N2
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • とされるN1

    States that something is generally considered or held to be the case — 'is regarded as…', 'is said to be…'.

    犬の祖先となったとされる弱いオオカミたちは、群れの中での順位が低く、食べ物も十分ではない。

    The weaker wolves believed to have been the ancestors of dogs ranked low in their packs and did not get enough food.

Other levels26 patterns
  • しかもN2

    Additive conjunction adding a further, often stronger point — 'moreover, and what's more'.

    しかも犬を飼うということは、犬にエサをやらなければならない。

    Moreover, keeping dogs meant having to feed them.

  • ということはN2

    Draws a logical conclusion or restatement from a preceding fact — "which means…, in other words…, that is to say…".

    しかも犬を飼うということは、犬にエサをやらなければならない。

    Moreover, keeping dogs meant having to feed them.

  • ではないかN2

    Rhetorically seeks agreement or expresses a realization — 'isn't it? / right? / surely.'

    そこで、人間に近づき、食べ残しをあさるようになったのではないかと考えられているのである。

    It is therefore thought that they approached humans and began scavenging their leftovers.

  • やがてN2

    Adverb signalling that something will come to pass after some time — "before long," "eventually," "in time."

    そして、やがて人間と犬とが共に狩りをするようになったと推察されている。

    It is believed that humans and dogs eventually began hunting together.

  • つつあるN2

    Marks an action or change that is steadily in progress, 'to be in the process of ~ing / gradually becoming ~'.

    こう考えると、当時、自然界の中で強い存在となりつつあった人間に寄り添うことは、犬にとって得なことが多かった。

    Seen this way, staying close to humans, who were becoming an increasingly powerful presence in nature, offered dogs many advantages.

  • たものだN3

    recalls a past habitual action with fondness or nostalgia, 'used to (do)'.

    人に従順な飼い犬は、もともとオオカミの仲間を飼い馴らしたものである。

    Docile pet dogs that obey humans originally came from domesticated members of the wolf family.

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ところが、「人間がオオカミを飼い馴らした」という話には謎が多い。

    However, there are many mysteries surrounding the idea that “humans domesticated wolves.”

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    ところが、「人間がオオカミを飼い馴らした」という話には謎が多い。

    However, there are many mysteries surrounding the idea that “humans domesticated wolves.”

  • にとってN32 times in this passage

    Marks the person or thing from whose standpoint something is judged or matters; 'for', 'to'.

    当時の人類にとって、肉食獣は恐るべき敵であった。

    To humans at the time, carnivorous animals were fearsome enemies.

  • つまりN3

    Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

    つまり、人間が犬を利用したのではなく、犬が人間を利用したかもしれないのである。

    In other words, perhaps it was not humans who made use of dogs, but dogs that made use of humans.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    (稲垣栄洋『弱者の戦略』による

    (From Inagaki Hidehiro, “The Strategy of the Weak”)

  • ようになるN43 times in this passage

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    犬が人間と暮らすようになったのは、15000年ほど前の旧石器時代のことであると推測されている。

    It is believed that dogs began living with humans about 15,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic period.

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    しかも犬を飼うということは、犬にエサをやらなければならない

    Moreover, keeping dogs meant having to feed them.

  • 〜ていたN4

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    わずかな食糧で暮らしていた人類に、犬を飼うほどの余裕があったのだろうか。

    Could humans, who lived on scarce food supplies, really have afforded to keep dogs?

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    また当時の人類は犬がいなくても、狩りをすることができた。

    People at the time could also hunt without dogs.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    最近の研究では、人間が犬を必要としたのではなく、犬の方から人間を求めて寄り添ってきたと考えられている。

    Recent research suggests that it was not humans who needed dogs; rather, dogs sought out humans and drew close to them.

  • 〜の中でN42 times in this passage

    Marks a set or group as the domain of a comparison — "among ~ / of all ~", typically paired with a superlative.

    犬の祖先となったとされる弱いオオカミたちは、群れの中での順位が低く、食べ物も十分ではない。

    The weaker wolves believed to have been the ancestors of dogs ranked low in their packs and did not get enough food.

  • だけでN4

    'Just by / with only' — a single small condition alone is enough to produce the result.

    弱いオオカミだけでは、狩りをすることができないが、人間の手助けをすることはできる。

    Weak wolves could not hunt successfully on their own, but they could help humans.

  • かもしれないN4

    Expresses possibility or conjecture — 'might', 'maybe', 'perhaps'.

    つまり、人間が犬を利用したのではなく、犬が人間を利用したかもしれないのである。

    In other words, perhaps it was not humans who made use of dogs, but dogs that made use of humans.

  • 〜ているN54 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    犬が人間と暮らすようになったのは、15000年ほど前の旧石器時代のことであると推測されている

    It is believed that dogs began living with humans about 15,000 years ago, during the Paleolithic period.

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    そんな恐ろしい肉食獣を飼い馴らすという発想を当時の人類が持ち得たのだろうか。

    Could people at that time really have conceived of domesticating such terrifying carnivores?

  • がありますN5

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    わずかな食糧で暮らしていた人類に、犬を飼うほどの余裕があったのだろうか。

    Could humans, who lived on scarce food supplies, really have afforded to keep dogs?

  • 〜ことができるN52 times in this passage

    States that someone is able to do something — “can do” / “is able to do”.

    また当時の人類は犬がいなくても、狩りをすることができた。

    People at the time could also hunt without dogs.

  • のでN55 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    犬を必要とする理由はなかったのである。

    In other words, there was no reason for them to need dogs.

  • じゃない・ではないN5

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    犬の祖先となったとされる弱いオオカミたちは、群れの中での順位が低く、食べ物も十分ではない

    The weaker wolves believed to have been the ancestors of dogs ranked low in their packs and did not get enough food.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    そして、やがて人間と犬とが共に狩りをするようになったと推察されている。

    It is believed that humans and dogs eventually began hunting together.

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