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N1 · AdvancedLong passagePassage #353
2

たがせんというめんでは、サルにんげんにはおおちがあるサルにとってあいじっとのはかるかくなりつよサル特権とっけんあるよわサルは、けっかえいけないちょうせんしたみなされてこうげきからだ。つよサルせんよこしたか、わらようひょうじょうすればいい

つよサルぶんゆうせいかくにんできればそれじょうかくすることないただぶんつよサルかんしんそうしょくもつかけていたらすぐさまその退しりぞほういいだろう。きょうごうするめんでは、よわサルつよサルゆずようだれたいしているからだ。それサルしゃかいルールある

にんげんではサルとはちがことときおり(注1)つけただろう」とすごまれる(注2)ことあるが、というこうふつうかくにはつながらないむしろあい積極的せっきょくてきかんしんきょようちゅうこくあいひょうげんあったりするせんかたにもほうありかっとひらほそまるしたりかくしたりよこながうわづかいやくだなどしゅようあるそのほうぶんによっても、せいべつねんれいぶんふくそうによってちがくるそれにんげんにとってかおかおとをせんことじゅうようコミュニケーションあるからだ。

実際じっさいこと発達はったつしたわたししゃかいでも、じゅうようことちょくせつことおおし、めんせつじんぶつたししゅだんとしてじゅうようされている

ちゅうりゃくところがげんだいじょうほうこのせんほうあまり使つかすむしゃかいつくってしまったひとびとまいにちインターネットメールのぞくためおおかん使つかいるぞくしたなかじっくりかおたいきょうどうぎょうたのかんうしなつつある

その結果けっかようせんほうわすにんせんこと億劫おっくうなっているのではないだろうか。だがことせんコミュニケーションだいたいできないことを、せんかんじょうつたむしろあいまいあるからこそせんあたたつめなりうるし、そこでいんしょうあとことできるのである

ことかくえいぞうぞうとしてそして文字もじそのことせきそうあるそれはこのうこうりつてきしゅだんからこそにんげんかいこと文字もじだがそのおかげで、わたしゆたこころはぐくきたせんによるたいめんかいわすしているそれにくサルようせんゆうれつしゃかいこうすることつながるのではないか、とわたしあんおもいる

ちゅう1)がんあいかおにらむ

ちゅう2)すごむおどようたい

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1筆者によると、サル社会のルールとは何か。
  2. 2サルとは違ったこととは何か。
  3. 3筆者は、視線の作法をどのようにとらえているか。
  4. 4筆者の考えに合うものはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary17 words
  • 特権とっけん
    • ·privilege; special right
    N1
  • 挑戦ちょうせん
    • ·challenge; defiance; dare; attempt; try
    N1
  • 時折ときおり
    • ·sometimes; at intervals; occasionally; on occasion; from time to time
    N1
  • 行為こうい
    • ·act; deed; conduct
    N1
  • 許容きょよう
    • ·permission; allowance; acceptance; tolerance; pardon
    N1
  • 忠告ちゅうこく
    • ·advice; warning
    N1
  • 交わすかわす
    • ·to exchange (messages, greetings, arguments, etc.)
    • ·to intersect; to cross; to interlace
    • ·... with one another; ... to each other
    N1
  • 対話たいわ
    • ·dialogue; conversation; talk; discussion; communication
    N1
  • 楽しむたのしむ
    • ·to enjoy; to take pleasure in; to have a good time; to have fun; to amuse oneself
    • ·to look forward to
    N1
  • 多様たよう
    • ·diverse; various
    N1
  • 視覚しかく
    • ·(sense of) sight; eyesight; vision
    N1
  • 映像えいぞう
    • ·image (on a screen); picture (e.g. on a TV)
    • ·video; film; footage
    • ·reflection
    • ·image (in one's mind); mental picture
    N1
  • 化石かせき
    • ·fossil
    • ·petrifaction; petrification; fossilization; fossilisation
    N1
  • 化するかする
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform (into); to become
    • ·to influence
    N1
  • 対面たいめん
    • ·meeting face-to-face; seeing in person
    • ·facing (each other); opposing (traffic, etc.); confronting
    N1
  • 移行いこう
    • ·transition; changeover; switchover; shift
    • ·transfer (of powers, weight, etc.); shift (e.g. of centre of gravity)
    N1
  • 脅すおどす
    • ·to threaten; to menace; to frighten (into doing)
    N1
Other levels134 words
  • 大きなおおきな
    • ·big; large; great
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 軽いかるい
    • ·light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily)
    • ·light (i.e. of foot); effortless; nimble; agile
    • ·non-serious; minor; unimportant; trivial
    • ·slight; small; gentle; soft; easy; lighthearted (e.g. joke)
    • ·easy; simple
    • ·indiscriminate
    • ·light (shape or stones); (expl.) stones that are not solid but can be used to sacrifice to gain something elsewhere
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なり
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 強いつよい
    • ·strong; potent; competent; domineering; tough
    • ·strong; brawny; powerful; healthy; rugged
    • ·good (at); skilled; knowledgeable
    • ·being able to handle; know how to deal (with); durable (against); resistant (to); resilient
    • ·firm; rigid; solid
    • ·intense; strong; fierce; high
    • ·dependable; trustworthy
    N5
  • 弱いよわい
    • ·weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • よこ
    • ·horizontal (as opposed to vertical)
    • ·side-to-side (as opposed to front-to-back); width; breadth
    • ·side (of a box, etc.)
    • ·beside; aside; next to
    • ·unconnected
    N5
  • した
    • ·below; down; under; younger (e.g. daughter)
    • ·bottom
    • ·beneath; underneath
    • ·just after; right after
    • ·inferiority; one's inferior (i.e. one's junior)
    • ·trade-in
    • ·preliminary; preparatory
    N5
    • ·tooth; teeth
    • ·tooth (of a comb, saw, etc.); cog
    • ·support (of a geta)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できれば
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 引くひくAs it appears here: 引き
    • ·to pull; to tug; to lead (e.g. a horse)
    • ·to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest)
    • ·to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to pull in
    • ·to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
    • ·to draw (a line, plan, etc.)
    • ·to catch (a cold)
    • ·to play (a stringed or keyboard instrument)
    • ·to look up (in a dictionary, phone book, etc.); to consult; to check
    • ·to haul; to pull (vehicles)
    • ·to subtract; to deduct
    • ·to recede; to ebb; to fade
    • ·to be descend from; to inherit (a characteristic)
    • ·to quote; to cite; to raise (as evidence)
    • ·to lay on (electricity, gas, etc.); to install (e.g. a telephone); to supply (e.g. water)
    • ·to hold (e.g. a note)
    • ·to apply (e.g. lipstick); to oil (e.g. a pan); to wax (e.g. a floor)
    • ·to move back; to draw back; to recede; to fall back; to retreat
    • ·to lessen; to subside; to ebb; to go down (e.g. of swelling)
    • ·to resign; to retire; to quit
    • ·to be put off (by someone's words or behaviour); to be turned off; to recoil (in disgust, etc.); to cringe
    • ·to draw back; to pull back; to retreat
    N5
    • ·hand; arm
    • ·forepaw; foreleg
    • ·handle
    • ·hand; worker; help
    • ·trouble; care; effort
    • ·means; way; trick; move; technique; workmanship
    • ·hand; handwriting
    • ·kind; type; sort
    • ·one's hands; one's possession
    • ·ability to cope
    • ·hand (of cards)
    • ·direction
    • ·move (in go, shogi, etc.)
    N5
  • かけるAs it appears here: かけて
    • ·to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to suspend (from); to hoist (e.g. sail); to raise (e.g. flag)
    • ·to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to cover; to lay; to spread
    • ·to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.)
    • ·to make (a call)
    • ·to spend (time, money); to expend; to use
    • ·to pour (liquid) onto; to sprinkle (powder or spices) onto; to splash; to throw (e.g. water) onto
    • ·to turn on (an engine, radio, etc.); to set (a dial, alarm clock, etc.); to put on (a DVD, song, etc.); to use (a device, implement, etc.)
    • ·to cause (someone inconvenience, trouble, etc.); to burden (someone); to impose
    • ·to multiply (arithmetic operation)
    • ·to secure (e.g. lock)
    • ·to take a seat; to sit; to rest (something on something else); to support (something on something else)
    • ·to bind
    • ·to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
    • ·to put an effect (spell, anaesthetic, etc.) on
    • ·to hold (a play, festival, etc.)
    • ·to hold an emotion for (pity, hope, etc.)
    • ·to argue (in court); to deliberate (in a meeting); to present (e.g. idea to a conference, etc.)
    • ·to increase further
    • ·to catch (in a trap, etc.)
    • ·to set atop
    • ·to erect (a makeshift building)
    • ·to apply (insurance)
    • ·to pun (on a word); to use (a word) as a pivot word; to play on words
    • ·to be partway doing ...; to begin (but not complete) ...; to be about to ...
    • ·to address (someone); to direct (something, to someone); to do (something, to someone)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 違うちがうAs it appears here: 違った
    • ·to differ (from); to be different; to be distinct; to be unlike; to vary; to disagree (with)
    • ·to be wrong; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
    • ·to become abnormal; to go wrong
    • ·isn't it?; wasn't it?
    N5
  • つけるAs it appears here: つけた
    • ·to attach; to join; to connect; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); to put against
    • ·to furnish (a house with)
    • ·to wear; to put on
    • ·to keep a diary; to make an entry
    • ·to appraise; to set (a price)
    • ·to allot; to budget; to assign
    • ·to bring alongside
    • ·to place (under guard or doctor)
    • ·to follow (someone); to shadow; to tail; to stalk
    • ·to load; to give (courage to)
    • ·to keep (an eye on)
    • ·to establish (relations or understanding)
    • ·to turn on (a light)
    • ·to produce flowers (of a plant); to produce fruit
    • ·to attach; to play an attachment
    • ·to do intensely; to do fiercely; to do strongly
    • ·to be used to (doing); to be accustomed to
    N5
  • かた
    • ·direction; way
    • ·person; lady; gentleman
    • ·method of; manner of; way of
    • ·care of ...
    • ·person in charge of ...
    • ·side (e.g. "on my mother's side")
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あり
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
    • ·eye; eyeball
    • ·eyesight; sight; vision
    • ·look; stare; gaze; glance
    • ·notice; attention; observation; eyes (of the world, public, etc.)
    • ·an experience
    • ·viewpoint
    • ·discrimination; discernment; judgement; eye (e.g. for quality)
    • ·(an) appearance
    • ·chance (of success); possibility (of a good result)
    • ·spacing (between crossed strands of a net, mesh, etc.); opening; stitch; texture; weave
    • ·grain (of wood, paper)
    • ·eye (of a storm, needle, etc.)
    • ·intersection (on a go board); square (on a chessboard)
    • ·dot (on a dice); pip; rolled number
    • ·graduation; division (of a scale)
    • ·tooth (of a saw, comb, etc.)
    • ·ordinal number suffix
    • ·somewhat; -ish
    • ·point (e.g. of change)
    • ·eye (empty space inside a group of stones)
    N5
  • 丸いまるいAs it appears here: 丸く
    • ·round; circular; spherical
    • ·curved; smooth
    • ·harmonious; calm; peaceful; amiable; amicable
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したり
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 違うちがうAs it appears here: 違って
    • ·to differ (from); to be different; to be distinct; to be unlike; to vary; to disagree (with)
    • ·to be wrong; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
    • ·to become abnormal; to go wrong
    • ·isn't it?; wasn't it?
    N5
  • 言葉ことば
    • ·language; dialect
    • ·word; phrase; expression; term
    • ·speech; (manner of) speaking; (use of) language
    • ·words; remark; statement; comment
    • ·learning to speak; language acquisition
    N5
  • 会うあうAs it appears here: 会って
    • ·to meet; to encounter; to see
    • ·to have an accident; to have a bad experience
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • あまり
    • ·remainder; remnant; rest; balance; surplus; remains (of a meal); leftovers
    • ·(not) very; (not) much
    • ·too much; excessively; overly
    • ·extreme; great; severe; tremendous; terrible
    • ·not very good; so-so; mediocre
    • ·more than; over
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使わなくて
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • すむ
    • ·to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide
    N5
  • つくるAs it appears here: つくって
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • 毎日まいにち
    • ·every day; daily
    N5
  • 時間じかん
    • ·time
    • ·hour
    • ·period; class; lesson
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使って
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • 家族かぞく
    • ·family
    N5
  • 忘れるわすれるAs it appears here: 忘れ
    • ·to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できない
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • 暖かいあたたかいAs it appears here: 暖かく
    • ·warm; mild; (pleasantly) hot
    • ·considerate; kind; genial
    • ·warm (of a colour); mellow
    • ·having enough money
    N5
  • 冷たいつめたいAs it appears here: 冷たく
    • ·cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; freezing
    • ·(emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling; indifferent; unfriendly; distant
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 忘れるわすれるAs it appears here: 忘れよう
    • ·to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
    N5
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • 決してけっして
    • ·(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
    N4
  • 受けるうける
    • ·to receive; to get
    • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
    • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
    • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
    • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
    • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
    • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
    • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
    • ·to face (south, etc.)
    • ·to be modified by
    • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
    • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
    N4
  • 笑うわらうAs it appears here: 笑った
    • ·to laugh
    • ·to smile
    • ·to sneer; to ridicule
    • ·to be dumbfounded; to be flabbergasted
    N4
  • 以上いじょう
    • ·not less than ...; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
    • ·beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
    • ·the above; the above-mentioned; the aforementioned; the foregoing
    • ·since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
    • ·that's all; that is the end; the end
    N4
  • 社会しゃかい
    • ·society; public; community; the world
    • ·social studies
    N4
  • ふつう
    • ·normal; ordinary; regular; usual; common; average
    • ·normally; ordinarily; usually; generally; commonly
    • ·local train; train that stops at every station
    N4
  • 文化ぶんか
    • ·culture; civilization; civilisation
    • ·Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
    N4
  • 決めるきめる
    • ·to decide; to choose; to determine; to make up one's mind; to resolve; to set one's heart on; to settle; to arrange; to set; to appoint; to fix
    • ·to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match)
    • ·to persist in doing; to go through with
    • ·to always do; to have made a habit of
    • ·to take for granted; to assume
    • ·to dress up; to dress to kill; to dress to the nines
    • ·to carry out successfully (a move in sports, a pose in dance, etc.); to succeed in doing
    • ·to immobilize with a double-arm lock (in sumo, judo, etc.)
    • ·to eat or drink something; to take illegal drugs
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 伝えるつたえる
    • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
    N4
  • 受けるうけるAs it appears here: 受けた
    • ·to receive; to get
    • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
    • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
    • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
    • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
    • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
    • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
    • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
    • ·to face (south, etc.)
    • ·to be modified by
    • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
    • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
    N4
  • 変えるかえる
    • ·to change; to alter; to transform; to convert; to turn; to vary
    • ·to reform; to revise; to amend
    N4
  • 世界せかい
    • ·the world; society; the universe
    • ·sphere; circle; world
    • ·world-renowned; world-famous
    • ·realm governed by one Buddha; space
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 向けるむける
    • ·to turn (towards); to face; to point; to aim; to direct to
    • ·to head to; to go towards
    • ·to allot; to allocate
    • ·to send; to dispatch (e.g. a person)
    • ·to aim for; to pursue
    N3
  • 場面ばめん
    • ·scene; setting; place (where something happens); scenario; case
    • ·scene (in a movie, play); shot
    • ·state of the market
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 違いちがい
    • ·difference; distinction; discrepancy
    • ·mistake; error
    N3
  • 相手あいて
    • ·companion; partner; company
    • ·other party; addressee; counterparty
    • ·opponent (sports, etc.)
    N3
  • じっと
    • ·motionlessly (e.g. stand, wait); (be) still
    • ·fixedly (e.g. gaze, stare); intently (e.g. listen, think)
    • ·patiently (endure); stoically
    • ·firmly (e.g. hold); restrained
    N3
  • 攻撃こうげき
    • ·attack; assault; raid; onslaught; offensive
    • ·criticism; censure; denunciation; condemnation
    • ·cyber attack (e.g. DDoS)
    N3
  • 避けるさけるAs it appears here: 避けて
    • ·to avoid (physical contact with)
    • ·to avoid (situation); to evade (question, subject); to shirk (one's responsibilities)
    • ·to ward off; to avert
    • ·to put aside; to move out of the way
    N3
  • 向くむく
    • ·to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.)
    • ·to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to front (on)
    • ·to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.)
    • ·to be suited to; to be fit for
    • ·to go towards; to turn to (of one's interests, feelings, etc.); to be inclined (to do)
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 表情ひょうじょう
    • ·facial expression; countenance
    • ·look; appearance; expression (vocal, etc.)
    N3
  • 確認かくにん
    • ·confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation; identification
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • ただ
    • ·ordinary; common; usual
    • ·free of charge
    • ·unaffected; as is; safe
    • ·only; merely; just; simply
    • ·but; however; nevertheless
    N3
  • 関心かんしん
    • ·concern; interest
    N3
  • 食物しょくもつ
    • ·food; foodstuff
    N3
    • ·place; spot; space
    • ·field; discipline; sphere; realm
    • ·occasion; situation
    • ·scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
    • ·session
    • ·field; table; area in which cards are laid out
    • ·round (east, south, etc.)
    • ·field
    • ·field (in Gestalt psychology)
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 譲るゆずる
    • ·to hand over; to transfer; to turn over; to assign; to convey; to bequeath
    • ·to give up (e.g. one's seat); to give way
    • ·to yield; to concede; to give ground; to surrender
    • ·to sell
    • ·to postpone; to put off; to defer
    N3
  • 期待きたい
    • ·expectation; anticipation; hope
    • ·promising; rising; up-and-coming
    N3
  • 起こるおこる
    • ·to occur; to happen
    N3
  • むしろ
    • ·rather; better; instead; if anything
    N3
  • 積極的せっきょくてき
    • ·positive; assertive; active; proactive; aggressive
    N3
  • 向けるむけるAs it appears here: 向けたり
    • ·to turn (towards); to face; to point; to aim; to direct to
    • ·to head to; to go towards
    • ·to allot; to allocate
    • ·to send; to dispatch (e.g. a person)
    • ·to aim for; to pursue
    N3
  • あい
    • ·love; affection; care
    • ·attachment; craving; desire
    • ·agape
    • ·Ireland
    N3
  • 表現ひょうげん
    • ·expression; representation; description
    • ·representation (of a group)
    N3
  • 向けるむけるAs it appears here: 向け
    • ·to turn (towards); to face; to point; to aim; to direct to
    • ·to head to; to go towards
    • ·to allot; to allocate
    • ·to send; to dispatch (e.g. a person)
    • ·to aim for; to pursue
    N3
  • 作法さほう
    • ·manners; etiquette; propriety
    • ·manner of production (esp. of prose, poetry, etc.); way of making
    N3
  • 年齢ねんれい
    • ·age; years
    N3
  • 服装ふくそう
    • ·attire; dress; clothes; clothing; costume; garb
    N3
  • 合わせるあわせるAs it appears here: 合わせ
    • ·to match (rhythm, speed, etc.)
    • ·to join together; to unite; to combine; to add up
    • ·to face; to be opposite (someone)
    • ·to compare; to check with
    • ·to cause to meet (e.g. an unpleasant fate)
    • ·to place together; to connect; to overlap
    • ·to mix; to combine
    • ·to put blade to blade; to fight
    N3
  • 重要じゅうよう
    • ·important; essential; significant; major; key; principal
    N3
  • 実際じっさい
    • ·reality; actuality; truth; fact; actual conditions
    • ·practice (as opposed to theory)
    • ·truly; really; indeed; actually
    • ·bhutakoti (limit of reality)
    N3
  • 発達はったつ
    • ·development; growth
    • ·progress; development; advancement
    • ·expansion (of a typhoon, low-pressure area, etc.)
    • ·developmental disability; person with a developmental disability
    N3
  • 直接ちょくせつ
    • ·direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
    N3
  • 人物じんぶつ
    • ·person; character; figure; personage; man; woman
    • ·one's character; one's personality
    • ·able person; talented person
    N3
  • 確かめるたしかめる
    • ·to make sure; to check; to ascertain; to confirm; to verify
    N3
  • 手段しゅだん
    • ·means; way; measure
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • 現代げんだい
    • ·present age; present day; today
    • ·modern era; modern times
    N3
  • のぞく
    • ·to remove; to get rid of; to take away; to eliminate
    • ·to exclude; to except; to leave out; to omit
    • ·to kill (a traitor, opponent, etc.)
    N3
  • 親しいしたしい
    • ·close (e.g. friend); familiar; friendly; intimate
    • ·familiar (e.g. story); well-known (to one)
    • ·close (relatives); closely related
    N3
  • 仲間なかま
    • ·companion; fellow; friend; mate; comrade; partner; colleague; coworker; associate
    • ·group; company; circle; set; gang
    • ·member of the same category (family, class)
    N3
  • 合わせるあわせるAs it appears here: 合わせて
    • ·to match (rhythm, speed, etc.)
    • ·to join together; to unite; to combine; to add up
    • ·to face; to be opposite (someone)
    • ·to compare; to check with
    • ·to cause to meet (e.g. an unpleasant fate)
    • ·to place together; to connect; to overlap
    • ·to mix; to combine
    • ·to put blade to blade; to fight
    N3
  • 作業さぎょう
    • ·work; operation; task
    N3
  • 失ううしなうAs it appears here: 失い
    • ·to lose
    • ·to miss (a chance, opportunity)
    • ·to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of
    • ·to concede (goals, points, etc.)
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • 他人たにん
    • ·another person; other people; others
    • ·unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood)
    • ·outsider; stranger
    N3
  • 合わせるあわせる
    • ·to match (rhythm, speed, etc.)
    • ·to join together; to unite; to combine; to add up
    • ·to face; to be opposite (someone)
    • ·to compare; to check with
    • ·to cause to meet (e.g. an unpleasant fate)
    • ·to place together; to connect; to overlap
    • ·to mix; to combine
    • ·to put blade to blade; to fight
    N3
  • 感情かんじょう
    • ·emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
    N3
  • そこで
    • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
    N3
  • 印象いんしょう
    • ·impression
    N3
  • 得るえるAs it appears here: 得た
    • ·to be able to ...; can ...
    • ·to get; to acquire; to obtain; to procure; to earn; to win; to gain; to secure; to attain
    N3
  • 文字もじ
    • ·letter (of an alphabet); character
    • ·writing
    N3
  • 装置そうち
    • ·equipment; device; installation; apparatus
    • ·stage setting
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • 豊かゆたか
    • ·abundant; plentiful; rich; ample
    • ·rich; wealthy; affluent; well-off
    • ·open (mind); relaxed; easy
    • ·plump (e.g. breasts); full; ample
    • ·(well) over; (easily) in excess of
    N3
  • 合わせるあわせるAs it appears here: 合わせない
    • ·to match (rhythm, speed, etc.)
    • ·to join together; to unite; to combine; to add up
    • ·to face; to be opposite (someone)
    • ·to compare; to check with
    • ·to cause to meet (e.g. an unpleasant fate)
    • ·to place together; to connect; to overlap
    • ·to mix; to combine
    • ·to put blade to blade; to fight
    N3
  • 不安ふあん
    • ·anxiety; uneasiness; worry; apprehension; fear; insecurity; suspense
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 退くしりぞくAs it appears here: 退いた
    • ·to step aside; to move (out of the way); to make way
    • ·to resign; to retire; to quit; to secede
    N2
  • つながるAs it appears here: つながらない
    • ·to be connected (to); to be joined together; to be linked; to be tied together; to lead (to)
    • ·to connect (of a telephone call, the internet, etc.); to get through
    • ·to lead (to an outcome); to bring about (a result)
    • ·to be lined up (e.g. of cars); to extend; to stretch out
    • ·to be related (e.g. to a matter); to be connected (to); to have something to do (with)
    • ·to be related (by blood)
    N2
  • 四角しかく
    • ·quadrilateral; square
    N2
  • 性別せいべつ
    • ·(distinction of) sex; gender
    N2
  • 身分みぶん
    • ·(social) standing; status; position; rank
    • ·identity; birth; origin
    • ·one's circumstances; one's means
    N2
  • 面接めんせつ
    • ·interview (e.g. for a job)
    N2
  • あいまい
    • ·vague; ambiguous; unclear
    • ·shady; disreputable
    • ·fuzzy
    N2
  • つながる
    • ·to be connected (to); to be joined together; to be linked; to be tied together; to lead (to)
    • ·to connect (of a telephone call, the internet, etc.); to get through
    • ·to lead (to an outcome); to bring about (a result)
    • ·to be lined up (e.g. of cars); to extend; to stretch out
    • ·to be related (e.g. to a matter); to be connected (to); to have something to do (with)
    • ·to be related (by blood)
    N2
  • にらむ
    • ·to glare at; to scowl at; to glower at
    • ·to stare intensely at; to examine carefully
    • ·to estimate; to guess; to suspect; to judge
    • ·to keep an eye on someone (e.g. a suspicious or untrustworthy person); to watch
    • ·to take account of; to take into consideration
    N2
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • 羽目になる(はめになる)N1

    Ends up stuck in an unwanted situation as an unavoidable consequence — 'end up having to', 'get landed with ...ing'.

    挑戦したとみなされて攻撃を受ける羽目になるからだ。

    Otherwise, it will be regarded as issuing a challenge and may end up being attacked.

Other levels37 patterns
  • つつあるN2

    Marks an action or change that is steadily in progress, 'to be in the process of ~ing / gradually becoming ~'.

    家族や親しい仲間とじっくり顔を合わせて、対話や協同作業を楽しむ時間を失いつつある

    We are gradually losing the time to sit face to face with family and close companions, enjoying conversation and shared activities.

  • からこそN2

    Emphasizes a reason as the very cause — 'precisely because,' 'it is exactly because.'

    むしろ意味があいまいであるからこそ、視線は暖かくも冷たくもなりうるし、そこで受けた印象を後で変えることもできるのである。

    Precisely because its meaning is ambiguous, a gaze can be warm or cold, and the impression it creates can later be changed.

  • ではないかN2

    Rhetorically seeks agreement or expresses a realization — 'isn't it? / right? / surely.'

    それは皮肉にもサルのような視線を合わせない、優劣社会に移行することにつながるのではないか、と私は不安に思っている。

    I worry that, ironically, this may lead us toward a hierarchical society in which people, like monkeys, avoid meeting one another's gaze.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    互いに視線を向けるという場面では、サルと人間には大きな違いがある。

    When it comes to directing one's gaze at another, there is a major difference between monkeys and humans.

  • にとってN32 times in this passage

    Marks the person or thing from whose standpoint something is judged or matters; 'for', 'to'.

    サルにとって相手をじっと見つめるのは軽い威嚇になり、強いサルの特権である。

    For monkeys, staring directly at another is a mild threat and a privilege of stronger monkeys.

  • 決して~ないN3

    Adverb pairing with a following negative to stress absolute denial, 'never / by no means / not at all'.

    弱いサルは、見つめられたら決して見返してはいけない。

    A weaker monkey must never stare back when it is being stared at.

  • 〜ばいいN3

    Offers a suggestion or solution via the conditional plus いい, "you should ~ / it'd be good to just ~."

    強いサルの視線を避けて横や下を向くか、歯をむき出して笑ったような表情をすればいい

    It should avert the stronger monkey's gaze by looking to the side or downward, or bare its teeth in an expression resembling a smile.

  • ことはないN3

    Tells someone there is no need to do something — 'there's no need to / you don't have to.'

    強いサルは自分の優位性を確認できれば、それ以上威嚇することはない

    Once the stronger monkey has confirmed its superiority, it will not threaten the other any further.

  • ことがあるN3

    After a plain verb, 'there are times when...'; after a past-tense verb (〜たことがある), 'have (ever) done, have the experience of'.

    時折「眼をつけただろう」とすごまれることがあるが、見つめるという行為はふつう威嚇にはつながらない。

    Occasionally someone may threaten, “Were you glaring at me?” but ordinarily the act of looking at someone does not amount to a threat.

  • むしろN32 times in this passage

    Adverb overturning an expectation to present the following as the more fitting statement; "rather / if anything".

    むしろ、相手に積極的な関心を向けたり、許容や忠告、愛の表現であったりする。

    Rather, it may express active interest in another person, acceptance, advice, or love.

  • 的(てき)N32 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    むしろ、相手に積極的な関心を向けたり、許容や忠告、愛の表現であったりする。

    Rather, it may express active interest in another person, acceptance, advice, or love.

  • によって/によるN33 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    その作法は文化によっても、性別や年齢、身分や服装によっても違ってくる。

    These conventions also differ according to culture, gender, age, social status, and clothing.

  • としてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    実際、言葉が発達した私たちの社会でも、重要なことは直接会って決めることが多いし、面接は人物を確かめる手段として重用されている。

    Indeed, even in our society, where language is highly developed, important matters are often decided face to face, and interviews are valued as a means of assessing a person.

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    (中略)ところが、現代の情報機器はこの視線の作法をあまり使わなくてもすむ社会をつくってしまった。

    (Omitted) Modern information technology, however, has created a society in which we can get by without making much use of these conventions of eye contact.

  • あまり〜ないN3

    The degree adverb あまり, typically with a following negative, expresses a limited degree, "not very / not much."

    (中略)ところが、現代の情報機器はこの視線の作法をあまり使わなくてもすむ社会をつくってしまった。

    (Omitted) Modern information technology, however, has created a society in which we can get by without making much use of these conventions of eye contact.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    人々は毎日インターネットやメールをのぞくために多くの時間を使っている。

    People spend a great deal of time every day checking the Internet and email.

  • こそN3

    Emphatic particle singling out the preceding word as precisely the right or decisive one — 'precisely, exactly, ...for sure.'

    それが持ち運び可能な効率的な手段だからこそ、人間は世界を言葉や文字で塗り替えた。

    Precisely because it is an efficient and portable means, humans have repainted the world with words and writing.

  • おかげでN3

    Attributes a (usually favorable) result to a cause — 'thanks to', 'because of'.

    だがそのおかげで、私たちは豊かな心を育んできた視線による対面の世界を忘れようとしている。

    Yet because of this, we are beginning to forget the face-to-face world of the gaze that has nurtured our rich emotional lives.

  • ようとするN3

    Describes attempting to do something or being on the verge of doing it — 'try to…', 'be about to…'.

    だがそのおかげで、私たちは豊かな心を育んできた視線による対面の世界を忘れようとしている。

    Yet because of this, we are beginning to forget the face-to-face world of the gaze that has nurtured our rich emotional lives.

  • たらN42 times in this passage

    Conditional/temporal ending on the plain-past stem meaning that once or if the first action happens, the second follows ('if / once / when ... then').

    弱いサルは、見つめられたら決して見返してはいけない。

    A weaker monkey must never stare back when it is being stared at.

  • ようだN42 times in this passage

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    強いサルの視線を避けて横や下を向くか、歯をむき出して笑ったような表情をすればいい。

    It should avert the stronger monkey's gaze by looking to the side or downward, or bare its teeth in an expression resembling a smile.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    視線の向け方にも作法があり、目をかっと見開いたり、細めたり、丸くしたり、四角にしたり、横目や流し目、上目づかいや見下すなど、多種多様である。

    There are also conventions governing the gaze, with a great variety of forms: opening the eyes wide, narrowing them, making them round or square, glancing sideways, casting a lingering glance, looking upward from below, or looking down on someone.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    その作法は文化によっても、性別や年齢、身分や服装によっても違ってくる

    These conventions also differ according to culture, gender, age, social status, and clothing.

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    (中略)ところが、現代の情報機器はこの視線の作法をあまり使わなくてもすむ社会をつくってしまった。

    (Omitted) Modern information technology, however, has created a society in which we can get by without making much use of these conventions of eye contact.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    (中略)ところが、現代の情報機器はこの視線の作法をあまり使わなくてもすむ社会をつくってしまった

    (Omitted) Modern information technology, however, has created a society in which we can get by without making much use of these conventions of eye contact.

  • 後で(あとで)N4

    Indicates doing something afterward, or after another action or event — 'later; afterward; after'.

    むしろ意味があいまいであるからこそ、視線は暖かくも冷たくもなりうるし、そこで受けた印象を後で変えることもできるのである。

    Precisely because its meaning is ambiguous, a gaze can be warm or cold, and the impression it creates can later be changed.

  • ように / ようなN4

    Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".

    それは皮肉にもサルのような視線を合わせない、優劣社会に移行することにつながるのではないか、と私は不安に思っている。

    I worry that, ironically, this may lead us toward a hierarchical society in which people, like monkeys, avoid meeting one another's gaze.

  • がありますN52 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    互いに視線を向けるという場面では、サルと人間には大きな違いがある

    When it comes to directing one's gaze at another, there is a major difference between monkeys and humans.

  • 〜てはいけないN5

    States that an action is prohibited — “must not do”.

    弱いサルは、見つめられたら決して見返してはいけない

    A weaker monkey must never stare back when it is being stared at.

  • 〜ているN56 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    ただ、自分が強いサルの関心を引きそうな食物に手をかけていたら、すぐさまその場を退いたほうがいいだろう。

    However, if the weaker monkey has its hands on food likely to attract the stronger monkey's interest, it would be better to leave immediately.

  • ほうがいいN5

    Advises that one course of action is preferable — "had better / it's better to".

    ただ、自分が強いサルの関心を引きそうな食物に手をかけていたら、すぐさまその場を退いたほうがいいだろう。

    However, if the weaker monkey has its hands on food likely to attract the stronger monkey's interest, it would be better to leave immediately.

  • だろうN53 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    ただ、自分が強いサルの関心を引きそうな食物に手をかけていたら、すぐさまその場を退いたほうがいいだろう

    However, if the weaker monkey has its hands on food likely to attract the stronger monkey's interest, it would be better to leave immediately.

  • 〜たり〜たりN56 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    むしろ、相手に積極的な関心を向けたり、許容や忠告、愛の表現であったりする。

    Rather, it may express active interest in another person, acceptance, advice, or love.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    視線の向け方にも作法があり、目をかっと見開いたり、細めたり、丸くしたり、四角にしたり、横目や流し目、上目づかいや見下すなど、多種多様である。

    There are also conventions governing the gaze, with a great variety of forms: opening the eyes wide, narrowing them, making them round or square, glancing sideways, casting a lingering glance, looking upward from below, or looking down on someone.

  • じゃない・ではないN5

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    その結果、多様な視線の作法を忘れ、他人と視線を合わせることが億劫となっているのではないだろうか。

    As a result, perhaps we are forgetting the many conventions of gaze and finding it increasingly troublesome to make eye contact with others.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    むしろ意味があいまいであるからこそ、視線は暖かくも冷たくもなりうるし、そこで受けた印象を後で変えることもできるのである。

    Precisely because its meaning is ambiguous, a gaze can be warm or cold, and the impression it creates can later be changed.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    そして文字はその言葉を化石化する装置である。

    Writing, in turn, is a device that fossilizes those words.

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