ようがないN22 times in this passage
Attaches to a verb stem to say there is no possible way to do the action — 'there's no way to, cannot possibly'.
いま私たちの多くは、社会など動かしようがないと考えているのではないでしようか。
Today, don't many of us think that society is something we simply cannot change?
確かにN22 times in this passage
concedes a point as true before countering it, or asserts certainty, 'admittedly / certainly (~ but)'.
たしかにこの社会は動かし難い。
It is true that this society is difficult to change.
にも関わらずN2
the outcome runs counter to what the preceding fact would lead you to expect — 'despite; even though; in spite of'.
にもかかわらず、目の前の現実に依拠して、私たちの行為の正しさやよさが決められてしまう。
Nevertheless, the rightness or goodness of our actions ends up being determined on the basis of the reality before us.
ねばならないN2
Formal, somewhat literary way of stating an obligation, "must / have to (do)".
たしかに、②その現実が動かしがたく、そのなかで生きていかねばならないとすれば、そこにおいて最も適切な行為とは何かを探究することには意味がありますし、その探究によって最も適切とされる行為を選択すべきでしょう。
Certainly, if that reality is difficult to change and we must live within it, there is value in investigating what action is most appropriate under those conditions, and we should choose the action determined through that inquiry to be the most appropriate.
に基づいてN2
Marks the standard, rule, or evidence an action rests on; 'based on / on the basis of'.
（注2）〜に依拠する：〜に基づく
(Note 2) To rely on ~: to be based on ~
としてN32 times in this passage
Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".
そして、それを所与の条件として、どのように行動すればいいかの判断基準を決めているのです。
We then treat that as a given condition and use it to determine the standards by which we decide how to act.
〜ばいいN3
Offers a suggestion or solution via the conditional plus いい, "you should ~ / it'd be good to just ~."
そして、それを所与の条件として、どのように行動すればいいかの判断基準を決めているのです。
We then treat that as a given condition and use it to determine the standards by which we decide how to act.
しかないN3
There is no option but to do it — 'have no choice but to', 'can only'.
言い換えれば私たちは、「この社会は動かしようがないのだから、それを現実として受け入れるしかない」と思い込み、その範囲内で実行可能な行為しか考慮しなくなってしまうのです。
In other words, we convince ourselves that “this society cannot be changed, so we have no choice but to accept it as reality,” and we come to consider only actions that are feasible within those limits.
なぜならN3
A sentence-initial conjunction that introduces the reason for what was just said — "because / the reason is that".
なぜなら、そのような現実を前提にして、正しい行為とは何かのルール設定がなされているからです。
That is because the rules defining what constitutes right action have been established on the premise of that very reality.
がちN3
Suffix on a noun or verb stem meaning "tend to / be prone to / apt to" — something happens often, usually undesirably.
目の前の現実が正義にかなっていない場合、そこでの行為の正しさやよさを問うことはできないと私は考えていますが、ともすると私たちは、その現実の範囲内での「適切な」行為を「正しい」行為であると考えてしまいがちです。
I believe that when the reality before us is not consistent with justice, we cannot judge the rightness or goodness of actions within it; yet we tend all too easily to mistake what is merely “appropriate” within that reality for what is “right.”
とすれば・としたら・とするとN32 times in this passage
'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.
たしかに、②その現実が動かしがたく、そのなかで生きていかねばならないとすれば、そこにおいて最も適切な行為とは何かを探究することには意味がありますし、その探究によって最も適切とされる行為を選択すべきでしょう。
Certainly, if that reality is difficult to change and we must live within it, there is value in investigating what action is most appropriate under those conditions, and we should choose the action determined through that inquiry to be the most appropriate.
において/におけるN3
Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.
たしかに、②その現実が動かしがたく、そのなかで生きていかねばならないとすれば、そこにおいて最も適切な行為とは何かを探究することには意味がありますし、その探究によって最も適切とされる行為を選択すべきでしょう。
Certainly, if that reality is difficult to change and we must live within it, there is value in investigating what action is most appropriate under those conditions, and we should choose the action determined through that inquiry to be the most appropriate.
によって/によるN3
Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.
たしかに、②その現実が動かしがたく、そのなかで生きていかねばならないとすれば、そこにおいて最も適切な行為とは何かを探究することには意味がありますし、その探究によって最も適切とされる行為を選択すべきでしょう。
Certainly, if that reality is difficult to change and we must live within it, there is value in investigating what action is most appropriate under those conditions, and we should choose the action determined through that inquiry to be the most appropriate.
にしてもN3
Concedes a point regardless of the case at hand, 'even if / even though / even in the case of'.
しかしながら、その現実のほうに問題があるとすれば、そこで最も適切とされた行為は「適切」であるにしても、「正しい」行為ではないはずです。
However, if the reality itself is flawed, then an action judged most appropriate within it may indeed be “appropriate,” but it cannot be “right.”
ついN3
Marks an action done unintentionally or on impulse, in spite of oneself — "can't help but, without meaning to".
（注3）ともすると：ここでは、つい
(Note 3) Tomosuru to: here, “all too easily” or “tend to”
などN4
Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.
いま私たちの多くは、社会など動かしようがないと考えているのではないでしようか。
Today, don't many of us think that society is something we simply cannot change?
〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN43 times in this passage
Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.
言い換えれば私たちは、「この社会は動かしようがないのだから、それを現実として受け入れるしかない」と思い込み、その範囲内で実行可能な行為しか考慮しなくなってしまうのです。
In other words, we convince ourselves that “this society cannot be changed, so we have no choice but to accept it as reality,” and we come to consider only actions that are feasible within those limits.
てもN4
Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.
これでは、現実に不正義が行われていても、それを問うことはできません。
If so, then even when injustice is actually taking place, we cannot call it into question.
ようだN4
Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".
なぜなら、そのような現実を前提にして、正しい行為とは何かのルール設定がなされているからです。
That is because the rules defining what constitutes right action have been established on the premise of that very reality.
〜ていくN4
Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.
たしかに、②その現実が動かしがたく、そのなかで生きていかねばならないとすれば、そこにおいて最も適切な行為とは何かを探究することには意味がありますし、その探究によって最も適切とされる行為を選択すべきでしょう。
Certainly, if that reality is difficult to change and we must live within it, there is value in investigating what action is most appropriate under those conditions, and we should choose the action determined through that inquiry to be the most appropriate.
はずだN4
Expresses the speaker's reasoned confidence that something is or should be the case — 'should, ought to, is supposed to'.
しかしながら、その現実のほうに問題があるとすれば、そこで最も適切とされた行為は「適切」であるにしても、「正しい」行為ではないはずです。
However, if the reality itself is flawed, then an action judged most appropriate within it may indeed be “appropriate,” but it cannot be “right.”
〜ているN56 times in this passage
Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.
いま私たちの多くは、社会など動かしようがないと考えているのではないでしようか。
Today, don't many of us think that society is something we simply cannot change?
じゃない・ではないN52 times in this passage
Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".
いま私たちの多くは、社会など動かしようがないと考えているのではないでしようか。
Today, don't many of us think that society is something we simply cannot change?
だ / ですN57 times in this passage
The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.
いま私たちの多くは、社会など動かしようがないと考えているのではないでしようか。
Today, don't many of us think that society is something we simply cannot change?
そしてN5
Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.
そして、それを所与の条件として、どのように行動すればいいかの判断基準を決めているのです。
We then treat that as a given condition and use it to determine the standards by which we decide how to act.
がありますN53 times in this passage
States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".
ここに①大きな誤りがあります。
Here lies a major mistake.
しかしN5
Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.
しかし、そのことと、この社会がいかにあるべきかは、まったく別のことです。
But that and the question of what this society ought to be like are entirely different matters.
だろうN5
Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.
たしかに、②その現実が動かしがたく、そのなかで生きていかねばならないとすれば、そこにおいて最も適切な行為とは何かを探究することには意味がありますし、その探究によって最も適切とされる行為を選択すべきでしょう。
Certainly, if that reality is difficult to change and we must live within it, there is value in investigating what action is most appropriate under those conditions, and we should choose the action determined through that inquiry to be the most appropriate.
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