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N1 · AdvancedThematic comprehensionPassage #335
2

わたしせんもんがてつがくということあってこうふくについてろん゙てくれといったげん稿こうらいたまありますしかしわたしは「こうふくろんというものがきら゙すそもそもこうふくなりたいというもぢどうもなれない

しだって、「こうふくろん」といったたぐい(注1)ほんはほとんどことがありません。でも、あらたかんがみますと、日本人にっぽんじんおうべいじんとでは「こうふくについてかんがいるないようがすこちがうようおものです

おうべいじんにとっては、もともときょうがはいけいありますから、「こうふく」とは、「ふく」「じょうふくというで、かみさまが「よみみとじょうたい」のことわげすそういうじょうたいなりたいねがのが、かれおうべいじんの「こうふく」であり、「こうふくろん」だとおもこれ゙もありません

ところがきんだいこう日本人にっぽんじんは、もともとしゅうきょうてきはいけいがはく(注2)゙すからかみしたじょうたいなどというものはんだんじゅんにはなりえませんですから日本人にっぽんじんがこうふくなるというのは、「にんよりよいじょうたいなりたいということなってしまうですね。いうと「ぐみなろうというしきです。「ぐみ」になれれば、けんてきこうふぐろうとかんがのです

こうふくということは「happiness」のほんやぐしよう日本にっぽんでは、「しあわ)」ということありましたが、それは「めぐ(注3)とかてんうん(注4)といっだす。ですから、「あまりわる゙にすむようなよいめぐ」をねがというもちあったのでしよう

また、「どうぞごで」というあいさづあるように、「あまりわるこどないように」とねがもちあったおものですこれなら

しかし、「にんよりよいじょうたいなろう」といったことを、あからさま(注5)くちおもしないのが、①むかしから日本人にっぽんじんたしな(注6)゙ったはずです

ところが、いま日本人にっぽんじんみんな」ではなくこうふく」になりたいおもいるそれは「にんよりいいせいかつしたいいいおもしたいというこどすよねいま日本人にっぽんじんにとっての「こうふく」とは、そういうことだとおも。(ちゅうりゃく

まずいけれどもこうふくだ」などとのも、てい゙てわかびんぼゔけどぞくがなかいる゙けましという(注7)゙あってやはりにん゙てちょっといいじょうたい゙ということです

゙すからわたしには、日本人にっぽんじんが「こうふく」ととき、「にん゙てというがふくいるようしてならないのです

ちゅう1)たぐいどうじしゅるいもの

ちゅう2)はくとぼよわ

ちゅう3)めぐぜんめぐくるうんめいぐうぜんそうなること

ちゅう4)てんうんてんからあたうんめい

ちゅう5)あからさまに:そのままつつかぐに、あき

ちゅう6)たしなだんこころ゙けひかたい

ちゅう7)あることがらしんほここと

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1欧来人の「幸福論」と日本人の「幸福論」の説明として、本文の内容に合っているものはどれか。
  2. 2昔からの日本人の嗜みと異なるものはどれか。
  3. 3筆者の言う、②「貧しいけれども幸福だ」と感じられる状態は、次のうちどれか。
  4. 4筆者が「幸福論」 を好きになれない理由の一つに考えられるものはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary8 words
  • 背景はいけい
    • ·background; scenery; backdrop; setting
    • ·background (of an incident, situation, etc.); circumstances; context
    • ·backing; support (from behind the scenes)
    N1
  • あからさま
    • ·plain; frank; candid; open; direct; straightforward; unabashed; blatant; flagrant
    N1
  • 貧乏びんぼう
    • ·poverty-stricken; destitute; poor; penurious
    N1
  • どう
    • ·the same; the said
    • ·likewise
    N1
  • 乏しいとぼしい
    • ·meagre; meager; scarce; limited; destitute; hard up; lacking; scanty; poor
    N1
  • 運命うんめい
    • ·fate; destiny; lot
    N1
  • 事柄ことがら
    • ·matter; thing; affair; circumstance
    N1
  • 自信じしん
    • ·self-confidence; confidence (in oneself)
    N1
Other levels104 words
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あって
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あります
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なりたい
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 好きすき
    • ·liking; being fond of; to one's liking; to one's taste; preferred; favourite
    • ·liking (romantically); being in love with; beloved
    • ·faddism; eccentricity
    • ·as one likes; as it suits one
    • ·lecherous; lustful; salacious
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いっ
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • ほん
    • ·book; volume; script
    • ·this; present; current; ... in question; ... at issue
    • ·main; head; principal
    • ·real; genuine; regular; proper
    • ·counter for long, thin objects (sticks, tubes, strings, bottles, pillars, rivers, rail lines, etc.)
    • ·counter for films, TV shows, etc.
    • ·counter for telephone calls, letters, and emails
    • ·counter for goals, home runs, etc.
    • ·counter for rounds or points (in judo, kendo, etc.)
    N5
  • 読むよむAs it appears here: 読んた
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • 少しすこし
    • ·a little; a bit; a small amount; a few; some; slightly; somewhat
    • ·a little while; a short time; a moment; a minute
    • ·a little way; a short distance
    N5
  • ちがう
    • ·to differ (from); to be different; to be distinct; to be unlike; to vary; to disagree (with)
    • ·to be wrong; to be incorrect; to be mistaken
    • ·to become abnormal; to go wrong
    • ·isn't it?; wasn't it?
    N5
  • 言ういう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • 分かるわかるAs it appears here: 分からないて
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なり
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • いう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なろう
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 言葉ことば
    • ·language; dialect
    • ·word; phrase; expression; term
    • ·speech; (manner of) speaking; (use of) language
    • ·words; remark; statement; comment
    • ·learning to speak; language acquisition
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: ありました
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • あまり
    • ·remainder; remnant; rest; balance; surplus; remains (of a meal); leftovers
    • ·(not) very; (not) much
    • ·too much; excessively; overly
    • ·extreme; great; severe; tremendous; terrible
    • ·not very good; so-so; mediocre
    • ·more than; over
    N5
  • 悪いわるい
    • ·bad; poor; undesirable
    • ·poor (quality); inferior; insufficient
    • ·evil; sinful
    • ·ugly; not beautiful
    • ·at fault; to blame; in the wrong
    • ·bad (at doing something)
    • ·unprofitable; unbeneficial
    • ·sorry; (my) bad; unforgivable
    N5
    • ·eye; eyeball
    • ·eyesight; sight; vision
    • ·look; stare; gaze; glance
    • ·notice; attention; observation; eyes (of the world, public, etc.)
    • ·an experience
    • ·viewpoint
    • ·discrimination; discernment; judgement; eye (e.g. for quality)
    • ·(an) appearance
    • ·chance (of success); possibility (of a good result)
    • ·spacing (between crossed strands of a net, mesh, etc.); opening; stitch; texture; weave
    • ·grain (of wood, paper)
    • ·eye (of a storm, needle, etc.)
    • ·intersection (on a go board); square (on a chessboard)
    • ·dot (on a dice); pip; rolled number
    • ·graduation; division (of a scale)
    • ·tooth (of a saw, comb, etc.)
    • ·ordinal number suffix
    • ·somewhat; -ish
    • ·point (e.g. of change)
    • ·eye (empty space inside a group of stones)
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あった
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • 分かるわかるAs it appears here: 分かります
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いった
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • くち
    • ·mouth
    • ·opening; hole; gap; orifice
    • ·mouth (of a bottle); spout; nozzle; mouthpiece
    • ·gate; door; entrance; exit
    • ·speaking; speech; talk (i.e. gossip)
    • ·taste; palate
    • ·mouth (to feed)
    • ·opening (i.e. vacancy); available position
    • ·invitation; summons
    • ·kind; sort; type
    • ·opening (i.e. beginning)
    • ·counter for mouthfuls, shares (of money) and stove burners
    • ·counter for swords, blades, etc.
    N5
  • 出すだすAs it appears here: 出したり
    • ·to take out; to get out
    • ·to put out; to reveal; to show
    • ·to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in
    • ·to publish; to make public
    • ·to send (e.g. letter)
    • ·to produce (a sound); to start (fire)
    • ·to serve (food)
    • ·... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
    • ·to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しない
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • いま
    • ·now; the present time; just now; soon; immediately
    • ·another; more
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したい
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 家庭かてい
    • ·home; household; family; hearth
    N5
  • 家族かぞく
    • ·family
    N5
  • ちょっと
    • ·a little; a bit; slightly
    • ·just a minute; for a moment; briefly
    • ·somewhat; rather; fairly; pretty; quite
    • ·(not) easily; (not) readily
    • ·hey!; come on; excuse me
    • ·thanks, but no; not feasible; not possible
    • ·a little more than (a week, month, etc.); slightly more than
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 弱いよわい
    • ·weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
    N5
  • 持つもつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • なれるAs it appears here: なれない
    • ·to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become familiar with
    • ·to become skilled in; to become experienced at
    • ·to become tame; to become domesticated
    • ·to get used to doing
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 思うおもう
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • わけ
    • ·reason; cause; grounds
    • ·meaning; sense
    • ·(good) sense; reason
    • ·circumstances; case
    • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思います
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • なれるAs it appears here: なれれ
    • ·to get used to; to grow accustomed to; to become familiar with
    • ·to become skilled in; to become experienced at
    • ·to become tame; to become domesticated
    • ·to get used to doing
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思ったり
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • むかし
    • ·the old days; the past; former times; a long time ago
    • ·the past ten years; the past decade
    N4
  • みんな
    • ·everyone; everybody; all
    • ·everything; all
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 生活せいかつ
    • ·life; living
    • ·livelihood; (one's) living
    N4
    • ·spirit; mind; heart
    • ·nature; disposition
    • ·intention; mind; will; motivation
    • ·mood; feelings
    • ·consciousness
    • ·care; attention; consideration; worry
    • ·interest
    • ·(the) air; atmosphere
    • ·ambience; atmosphere (of); air (of); mood
    • ·fragrance; aroma; flavour; taste
    • ·qi (in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine); chi; ki
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • 哲学てつがく
    • ·philosophy
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 幸福こうふく
    • ·happiness; well-being; joy; welfare; blessedness
    N3
  • 依頼いらい
    • ·request; commission; entrusting (with a matter)
    • ·dependence; reliance
    N3
  • たま
    • ·ball; sphere; globe; orb
    • ·bead (of sweat, dew, etc.); drop; droplet
    • ·ball (in sports); pitch (e.g. in baseball)
    • ·pile (of noodles, etc.)
    • ·bullet
    • ·bulb (i.e. a light bulb)
    • ·lens (of glasses, etc.)
    • ·bead (of an abacus)
    • ·ball (i.e. a testicle)
    • ·gem; jewel (esp. spherical; sometimes used figuratively); pearl
    • ·female entertainer (e.g. a geisha)
    • ·person (when commenting on their nature); character
    • ·item, funds or person used as part of a plot
    • ·egg
    • ·okonomiyaki
    • ·coin
    • ·precious; beautiful; excellent
    N3
  • 嫌うきらうAs it appears here: 嫌いて
    • ·to hate; to dislike; to loathe; to abhor
    • ·to avoid
    • ·to disregard; to act without regard (for)
    • ·to be bad for (e.g. dust in machinery)
    N3
  • たたく
    • ·to strike; to hit; to beat; to knock; to pound; to bang; to slap; to spank; to tap; to pat; to clap (one's hands); to play (the drums)
    • ·to attack; to bash; to criticize; to censure; to flame (on the Internet)
    • ·to sound out (someone's views)
    • ·to pound (meat or fish); to chop into small pieces
    • ·to beat down the price
    • ·to talk (big, bad, idly, etc.)
    • ·to call; to invoke (e.g. a function)
    N3
  • 内容ないよう
    • ·contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 認めるみとめる
    • ·to recognize; to recognise; to observe; to notice
    • ·to deem; to judge; to assess
    • ·to approve; to deem acceptable; to allow
    • ·to admit; to accept; to confess (to a charge)
    • ·to watch steadily; to observe carefully
    • ·to renown; to give renown to; to appreciate; to acknowledge
    N3
  • 状態じょうたい
    • ·state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
    N3
  • 願うねがう
    • ·to desire; to wish; to hope
    • ·to beg; to request; to implore; to pray
    • ·to have something done for oneself
    N3
  • 近代きんだい
    • ·present day; modern times; recent times
    • ·early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
    N3
  • かみ
    • ·god; deity; divinity; spirit; kami
    • ·god-tier; incredible; fantastic; amazing
    • ·Emperor (of Japan)
    • ·thunder
    N3
  • 判断はんだん
    • ·judgment; judgement; decision; conclusion; adjudication
    • ·divination
    • ·judgement
    N3
  • 他人たにん
    • ·another person; other people; others
    • ·unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood)
    • ·outsider; stranger
    N3
  • 意識いしき
    • ·consciousness
    • ·becoming aware (of); awareness; sense
    • ·mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
    N3
  • 幸せしあわせ
    • ·happiness; good fortune; luck; blessing
    N3
  • 無事ぶじ
    • ·safety; security; peace; quiet
    • ·safely; without incident; successfully
    • ·good health
    • ·inaction; ennui
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 暮らすくらすAs it appears here: 暮らして
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • やはり
    • ·as expected; sure enough; just as one thought
    • ·after all (is said and done); in the end; as one would expect; in any case
    • ·too; also; as well; likewise; (not) either
    • ·still; as before
    • ·all the same; even so; still; nonetheless
    N3
  • とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
  • 含むふくむAs it appears here: 含まれて
    • ·to contain; to comprise; to have; to hold; to include; to embrace
    • ·to hold in the mouth
    • ·to bear in mind; to understand; to harbor (grudge, etc.); to harbour
    • ·to express (emotion, etc.); to imply
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 種類しゅるい
    • ·variety; kind; type; category
    • ·counter for kinds, species, etc.
    N3
  • 自然しぜん
    • ·nature
    • ·natural; spontaneous; automatic
    • ·naturally; spontaneously; automatically
    N3
  • 偶然ぐうぜん
    • ·coincidence; chance; accident; fortuity
    • ·by chance; unexpectedly; accidentally
    • ·contingency
    N3
  • 与えるあたえるAs it appears here: 与えられた
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to grant; to confer; to present; to award
    • ·to provide; to afford; to offer; to supply
    • ·to assign
    • ·to cause
    • ·to pass (a variable to a function)
    N3
  • そのまま
    • ·without change; as is
    • ·just like; extremely similar
    • ·immediately; just after; without a pause
    N3
  • 明らかあきらか
    • ·clear; obvious; evident; plain; definite
    • ·bright; light
    N3
  • 普段ふだん
    • ·usual; normal; everyday; habitual; ordinary
    • ·usually; normally; generally; habitually; always
    N3
  • 態度たいど
    • ·attitude; manner; behaviour; demeanour; bearing
    • ·attitude (towards an issue, etc.); position; stance; stand
    N3
  • 誇りほこり
    • ·pride; boast; credit (to)
    N3
  • 原稿げんこう
    • ·manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
    N2
  • ほるAs it appears here:
    • ·to dig; to excavate; to hollow
    • ·to delve into
    • ·to dig up (vegetables, treasure, etc.); to mine (coal, ore, etc.)
    • ·to top; to take the active role in anal sex (with another man)
    N2
  • 改めてあらためて
    • ·another time; again; over again; once again; anew
    • ·formally; especially; intentionally; deliberately
    N2
  • もともと
    • ·originally; from the start; from the beginning; from the outset; by nature
    • ·none the worse (for); (coming out) even; in the same position (as before)
    N2
  • 神様かみさま
    • ·God; god; deity; divinity; spirit; kami
    • ·ace; king; superior person; god (amongst men)
    N2
  • 以降いこう
    • ·on and after; from ... onward; since
    N2
  • 基準きじゅん
    • ·standard; criterion; norm; benchmark; measure; gauge; basis
    N2
  • 遭うあうAs it appears here: 遭わす
    • ·to meet; to encounter; to see
    • ·to have an accident; to have a bad experience
    N2
  • たく
    • ·to cook (grains, e.g. rice)
    • ·to boil; to simmer; to stew; to seethe
    • ·to get angry; to snap
    N2
  • 巡るめぐるAs it appears here: 巡って
    • ·to go around; to make a circle around
    • ·to surround; to circle; to enclose
    • ·to come around (of a season, anniversary, turn, etc.); to return; to repeat; to circulate (of blood, money, etc.)
    • ·to travel around; to make a tour of
    • ·to concern (a matter); to surround
    N2
Grammar4 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • こともあってN1

    Offers one contributing reason among several, "partly because ~, also owing to the fact that ~".

    私の専門が哲学ということもあって、幸福について論じてくれといった原稿依頼もたまにあります。

    Partly because my field is philosophy, I am occasionally asked to write a piece discussing happiness.

  • というものN12 times in this passage

    Emphasizes the entire stretch of a stated time period, or foregrounds the essential nature of a thing — "for the whole (time)...", "the very idea of...".

    しかし、私は「幸福論」というものが嫌いです。

    I dislike, however, the whole genre of the "treatise on happiness."

  • とてN1

    even ~ is no exception; even if / even though ('even ...').

    でも、改めて考えてみますと、日本人と欧米人とでは「幸福」について考えている内容や意味が少しちがうように思うのです。

    Yet thinking it over again, it seems to me that the Japanese and Westerners mean somewhat different things by "happiness."

  • 思いをする(おもいをする)N1

    Following an adjective, expresses undergoing a particular feeling or experience — "to have/experience a ~ feeling" (e.g. 痛い思いをする).

    それは「他人よりもいい生活をしたい、いい思いをしたい」ということですよね。

    That means "I want a better life than others, I want better things than others," does it not?

Other levels26 patterns
  • といったN22 times in this passage

    Introduces representative examples before a summarizing noun — "(things) such as ~", "~ and the like".

    日本では、「仕合わせ(幸せ)」という言葉はありましたが、それは「巡り合わせ」とか「天運」といった意味です。

    In Japan there was already the word "shiawase," but it meant something like "the way things come around" or "heaven's lot."

  • 〜てならないN2

    Expresses an uncontrollable, overwhelming feeling or sensation — 'can't help feeling X / X unbearably'.

    ですから、私には、日本人が「幸福」と言うとき、「他人と比べて」という意味が含まれているような気がしてならないのです。

    And so I cannot shake the feeling that when Japanese people say "happiness," the sense of "compared with others" is bound up in it.

  • というN313 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    私の専門が哲学ということもあって、幸福について論じてくれといった原稿依頼もたまにあります。

    Partly because my field is philosophy, I am occasionally asked to write a piece discussing happiness.

  • についてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the topic an action or statement is directed at; 'about', 'concerning', 'regarding'.

    私の専門が哲学ということもあって、幸福について論じてくれといった原稿依頼もたまにあります。

    Partly because my field is philosophy, I am occasionally asked to write a piece discussing happiness.

  • にとってN32 times in this passage

    Marks the person or thing from whose standpoint something is judged or matters; 'for', 'to'.

    欧米人にとっては、もともとキリスト教が背景にありますから、「幸福」とは、「至福」「浄福」という意味で、神様が「嘉する(善しと認める)状態」のことを言うわけです。

    For Westerners, with Christianity in the background, "happiness" means "supreme bliss" or "blessedness" — the state that God "commends (recognizes as good)."

  • というのはN3

    Introduces an explanation or definition of the topic just named — 'the thing called…' / 'what … means is'.

    ですから、日本人が幸福になるというのは、「他人よりもよい状態になりたい」ということになってしまうのですね。

    And so, for a Japanese, becoming happy ends up meaning "wanting to be better off than other people."

  • よりもN33 times in this passage

    Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

    ですから、日本人が幸福になるというのは、「他人よりもよい状態になりたい」ということになってしまうのですね。

    And so, for a Japanese, becoming happy ends up meaning "wanting to be better off than other people."

  • 的(てき)N3

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    「勝ち組」になれれば、世間的に幸福だろうと考えるのです。

    They think that if they can join the "winners," they are happy in the eyes of society.

  • あまり〜ないN32 times in this passage

    The degree adverb あまり, typically with a following negative, expresses a limited degree, "not very / not much."

    ですから、「あまり悪い目に遭わずにすむような、よい巡り合わせ」を願うという気持はあったのでしよう。

    So there must have been a feeling of wishing for "a good turn of fortune, one that spares you anything too awful."

  • ままN3

    Expresses that a state is left unchanged while something else is done or happens; 'as it is / while still (in that state).'

    (注5)あからさまに:そのまま包み隠さずに、明らかに

    (Note 5) akarasama ni: openly, without concealment; plainly

  • 〜てみるN4

    Verb te-form plus 見る, doing something on a trial basis to see what happens — 'try ...ing'.

    でも、改めて考えてみますと、日本人と欧米人とでは「幸福」について考えている内容や意味が少しちがうように思うのです。

    Yet thinking it over again, it seems to me that the Japanese and Westerners mean somewhat different things by "happiness."

  • と思う(とおもう)N44 times in this passage

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    そういう状態になりたいと願うのが、彼ら欧米人の「幸福」であり、「幸福論」だと思います

    Wishing to be in that state is, I think, what "happiness" and the "treatise on happiness" mean for those Westerners.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    ところが近代以降の日本人は、もともと宗教的背景が希薄ですから、神の善しとした状態などというものが判断の基準にはなりえません。

    Modern Japanese, however, have a thin religious background to begin with, so a state that God deems good cannot serve as a criterion of judgment.

  • ことになるN4

    Expresses that something has been decided or comes about, often through external circumstances rather than the speaker's own will; 'it has been decided that / it turns out that.'

    ですから、日本人が幸福になるというのは、「他人よりもよい状態になりたい」ということになってしまうのですね。

    And so, for a Japanese, becoming happy ends up meaning "wanting to be better off than other people."

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    ですから、日本人が幸福になるというのは、「他人よりもよい状態になりたい」ということになってしまうのですね。

    And so, for a Japanese, becoming happy ends up meaning "wanting to be better off than other people."

  • とか~とかN4

    Lists a few representative, non-exhaustive examples — 'things like X and Y', 'X, Y, and so on'.

    日本では、「仕合わせ(幸せ)」という言葉はありましたが、それは「巡り合わせ」とか「天運」といった意味です。

    In Japan there was already the word "shiawase," but it meant something like "the way things come around" or "heaven's lot."

  • ということN4

    Nominalizes a whole statement into a noun — 'the fact that', 'it means that'.

    それは「他人よりもいい生活をしたい、いい思いをしたい」ということですよね。

    That means "I want a better life than others, I want better things than others," does it not?

  • ときN4

    Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."

    ですから、私には、日本人が「幸福」と言うとき、「他人と比べて」という意味が含まれているような気がしてならないのです。

    And so I cannot shake the feeling that when Japanese people say "happiness," the sense of "compared with others" is bound up in it.

  • ようだN4

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    ですから、私には、日本人が「幸福」と言うとき、「他人と比べて」という意味が含まれているような気がしてならないのです。

    And so I cannot shake the feeling that when Japanese people say "happiness," the sense of "compared with others" is bound up in it.

  • がするN4

    With a perception noun (sound, smell, taste, feeling), expresses that such a sensation occurs — 'there is a smell/sound', 'I sense that'.

    ですから、私には、日本人が「幸福」と言うとき、「他人と比べて」という意味が含まれているような気がしてならないのです。

    And so I cannot shake the feeling that when Japanese people say "happiness," the sense of "compared with others" is bound up in it.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    (注3)巡り合わせ:自然に巡ってくる運命、偶然にそうなること

    (Note 3) meguriawase: a fate that comes around of itself; something turning out that way by chance

  • しかしN52 times in this passage

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、私は「幸福論」というものが嫌いです。

    I dislike, however, the whole genre of the "treatise on happiness."

  • 〜たいN56 times in this passage

    Expresses the speaker's own desire to do something — “want to do”.

    そもそも「幸福になりたい」という気持がどうも好きになれない。

    To begin with, I simply cannot warm to the feeling of "wanting to become happy."

  • 〜ているN54 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    でも、改めて考えてみますと、日本人と欧米人とでは「幸福」について考えている内容や意味が少しちがうように思うのです。

    Yet thinking it over again, it seems to me that the Japanese and Westerners mean somewhat different things by "happiness."

  • だ / ですN53 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    ですから、日本人が幸福になるというのは、「他人よりもよい状態になりたい」ということになってしまうのですね。

    And so, for a Japanese, becoming happy ends up meaning "wanting to be better off than other people."

  • 〜たり〜たりN52 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    しかし、「他人よりもよい状態になろう」といったことを、あからさまに口に出したり思ったりはしないのが、①昔からの日本人の嗜みだったはずです。

    Yet not saying — or even thinking — outright "let me be better off than others" was surely ①the Japanese sense of restraint handed down from of old.

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