• 立つたつAs it appears here: 立って
  • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
  • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
  • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
  • ·to leave (to do something)
  • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
  • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
  • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
  • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
  • ·to stand (for election); to run
  • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
  • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
  • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
  • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
  • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
  • ·to start (of a season); to begin
  • ·to be held (of a market)
  • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
  • ·to be (the result of a division)
  N5
• そこ
  • ·there (place relatively near listener)
  • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
  • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
  • ·you
  N5
• 来るくるAs it appears here: 来れば
  • ·to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive
  • ·to come back; to do ... and come back
  • ·to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue
  • ·to come from; to be caused by; to derive from
  • ·to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
  N5
• 自分じぶん
  • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
  • ·I; me
  • ·you
  N5
• 高いたかい
  • ·high; tall
  • ·expensive; high-priced
  • ·high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
  • ·loud
  • ·high-pitched; shrill
  N5
• 一人ひとり
  • ·one person
  • ·being alone; being by oneself
  • ·being single; being unmarried
  • ·by oneself; alone
  • ·just; only; simply
  N5
• いるAs it appears here: いれば
  • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
  • ·to stay
  • ·to be ...-ing
  • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
  N5
• なるAs it appears here: なります
  • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
  • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
  • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
  • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
  • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
  • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
  • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
  • ·to play (the part of); to act as
  • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
  • ·to be promoted
  • ·to do ...
  N5
• 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多く
  • ·many; numerous; a lot
  • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
  • ·frequent; common
  N5
• いる
  • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
  • ·to stay
  • ·to be ...-ing
  • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
  N5
• 大きいおおきいAs it appears here: 大きければ
  • ·big; large; great
  • ·loud
  • ·extensive; spacious
  • ·important; decisive; valuable
  • ·older; grown-up
  N5
• 大きいおおきい
  • ·big; large; great
  • ·loud
  • ·extensive; spacious
  • ·important; decisive; valuable
  • ·older; grown-up
  N5
• するAs it appears here: しよう
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• あるAs it appears here: ありません
  • ·to be; to exist; to live
  • ·to have
  • ·to be located
  • ·to be equipped with
  • ·to happen; to come about
  • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
  N5
• あまり
  • ·remainder; remnant; rest; balance; surplus; remains (of a meal); leftovers
  • ·(not) very; (not) much
  • ·too much; excessively; overly
  • ·extreme; great; severe; tremendous; terrible
  • ·not very good; so-so; mediocre
  • ·more than; over
  N5
• するAs it appears here: して
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• それ
  • ·that; it
  • ·then; that point (in time); that time
  • ·there
  • ·you
  N5
• 食べるたべる
  • ·to eat
  • ·to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
  N5
• する
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• 時間じかん
  • ·time
  • ·hour
  • ·period; class; lesson
  N5
• 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使わなければ
  • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
  • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
  • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
  • ·to use (language); to speak
  N5
• ところ
  • ·place; spot; scene; site
  • ·address
  • ·district; area; locality
  • ·one's house
  • ·point; aspect; side; facet
  • ·passage (in text); part
  • ·space; room
  • ·thing; matter
  • ·whereupon; as a result
  • ·about to; on the verge of
  • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
  • ·approximately; around; about
  N5
• いうAs it appears here: いいました
  • ·to say; to utter; to declare
  • ·to name; to call
  • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
  N5
• これ
  • ·this; this one
  • ·this person
  • ·now; this point (in time)
  • ·here
  • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
  • ·I; me
  N5
• ひとつ
  • ·one
  • ·for one thing
  • ·only
  • ·(not) even
  • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
  • ·some kind of; one type of
  N5
• いるAs it appears here: いて
  • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
  • ·to stay
  • ·to be ...-ing
  • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
  N5
• 同じおなじ
  • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
  • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
  N5
• どう
  • ·how; in what way; how about
  N5
• 多いおおい
  • ·many; numerous; a lot
  • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
  • ·frequent; common
  N5
• 働くはたらく
  • ·to work; to labor; to labour
  • ·to function; to operate; to be effective; to work (i.e. ... works); to come into play
  • ·to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate; to do; to act; to practise; to practice
  • ·to be conjugated
  N5
• ある
  • ·to be; to exist; to live
  • ·to have
  • ·to be located
  • ·to be equipped with
  • ·to happen; to come about
  • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
  N5
• ヒトひと
  • ·person; someone; somebody
  • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
  • ·human (Homo sapiens)
  • ·(other) people; others
  • ·character; personality; nature
  • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
  • ·adult; grown-up
  • ·I; me; one
  N5
• 動物どうぶつ
  • ·animal
  N5
• 非常にひじょうに
  • ·very; extremely; exceedingly
  N4
• わけ
  • ·reason; cause; grounds
  • ·meaning; sense
  • ·(good) sense; reason
  • ·circumstances; case
  • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
  N4
• こんど
  • ·this time; now
  • ·next time; another time; shortly; soon
  • ·recently; lately; the other day
  N4
• 増えるふえるAs it appears here: 増えれば
  • ·to increase; to multiply
  N4
• 増えるふえる
  • ·to increase; to multiply
  N4
• 探すさがすAs it appears here: 探さなければ
  • ·to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to seek
  • ·to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer); to fish around
  N4
• ため
  • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
  • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
  • ·consequence; result; effect
  • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
  N4
• 場合ばあい
  • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
  N4
• 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
  • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
  • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
  • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
  • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
  • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
  • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
  • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
  N4
• 壊すこわす
  • ·to break; to destroy; to demolish
  • ·to wreck; to ruin; to spoil; to damage
  • ·to break (a bill, etc.)
  N4
• 食うくうAs it appears here: 食われて
  • ·to eat
  • ·to live; to make a living; to survive
  • ·to bite; to sting (as insects do)
  • ·to tease; to torment; to taunt; to make light of; to make fun of
  • ·to encroach on; to eat into; to consume
  • ·to defeat a superior; to threaten a position
  • ·to consume time; to consume resources
  • ·to receive something (usu. an unfavourable event)
  • ·to have sexual relations with a woman, esp. for the first time
  N3
• よう
  • ·appearing ...; looking ...
  • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
  • ·form; style; design
  • ·like; similar to
  • ·thing (thought or spoken)
  N3
• 集団しゅうだん
  • ·group; mass
  N3
• こと
  • ·thing; matter
  • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
  • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
  • ·work; business; affair
  • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
  • ·nominalizing suffix
  • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
  • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
  • ·necessity; need
  • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
  N3
• 生じるしょうじるAs it appears here: 生じて
  • ·to produce; to yield; to cause
  • ·to result from; to arise; to be generated
  N3
• あたり
  • ·(in the) neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity; nearby; surroundings
  • ·around; about; or thereabouts
  • ·for instance; say; such as
  N3
• 減るへる
  • ·to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
  N3
• 食物しょくもつ
  • ·food; foodstuff
  N3
• 集中しゅうちゅう
  • ·concentration (on a task); focusing one's attention
  • ·concentration (of population, buildings, power, etc.); centralization; convergence; focus (of a debate, questions, etc.)
  • ·within a collection of works
  N3
• 存在そんざい
  • ·existence; being; presence
  N3
• とき
  • ·time; hour; moment
  • ·occasion; case
  • ·chance; opportunity; season
  • ·the times; the age; the day
  • ·tense
  N3
• 減るへるAs it appears here: 減ります
  • ·to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate
  N3
• 新たあらた
  • ·new; fresh; novel
  N3
• 移動いどう
  • ·movement; transfer; migration; removal; travel
  • ·mobile; moving; traveling; travelling; roving
  N3
• つまり
  • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
  • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
  • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
  • ·shrinkage
  • ·end; conclusion
  • ·dead end; corner
  • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
  N3
• 利益りえき
  • ·profit; gains
  • ·benefit; advantage; good; interests (e.g. of society)
  • ·grace (of God, Buddha, etc., esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing; miracle
  N3
• とれるAs it appears here: とれた
  • ·to come off (of a button, handle, lid, etc.)
  • ·to go away (of a fever, pain, swelling, etc.); to disappear; to come out (of a stain); to come off (e.g. of dust); to be removed (e.g. of wrinkles)
  • ·to be harvested; to be picked; to be produced; to be caught (of fish); to be obtained; to be extracted
  • ·to be interpreted (as); to be taken (as); to be understood (as); to be read (as)
  • ·to be attained (of balance, harmony, etc.); to be achieved
  • ·to be able to get; to be able to obtain; to be able to secure; to be able to win; to be able to catch
  N3
• 面めん
  • ·face
  • ·mask; face guard
  • ·striking the head (in kendo)
  • ·surface (esp. a geometrical surface)
  • ·page
  • ·aspect; facet; side
  • ·chamfer
  • ·counter for broad, flat objects, levels or stages, e.g. in a video game
  N3
• 実はじつは
  • ·as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
  N3
• 単純たんじゅん
  • ·simple; plain; uncomplicated; straightforward; simple-minded; naive
  N3
• 数かず
  • ·number; amount
  N3
• 方ほう
  • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
  • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
  • ·type; category
  • ·field (of study, etc.)
  • ·indicates one side of a comparison
  • ·way; method; manner; means
  • ·length (of each side of a square)
  N3
• 有利ゆうり
  • ·advantageous; favourable; better; stronger
  • ·profitable; lucrative; gainful; paying
  N3
• 環境かんきょう
  • ·environment; surroundings; circumstances
  N3
• ちく
  • ·district; area; zone; quarter; section; region
  N3
• ま
  • ·time; pause
  • ·space
  • ·room
  N3
• 確率かくりつ
  • ·probability; likelihood; chances
  N2
• 増やすふやすAs it appears here: 増やそう
  • ·to increase; to add to; to augment
  N2
• 対策たいさく
  • ·measure; step; countermeasure; counterplan; countermove; strategy; preparation (e.g. for a test)
  N2
• 巡るめぐるAs it appears here: 巡って
  • ·to go around; to make a circle around
  • ·to surround; to circle; to enclose
  • ·to come around (of a season, anniversary, turn, etc.); to return; to repeat; to circulate (of blood, money, etc.)
  • ·to travel around; to make a tour of
  • ·to concern (a matter); to surround
  N2
• 争うあらそうAs it appears here: 争って
  • ·to compete; to contest; to contend
  • ·to quarrel; to argue; to dispute; to be at variance; to oppose
  • ·to deny (e.g. evidence)
  N2

Example sentences are translated by AI.

• ということはN2

  Draws a logical conclusion or restatement from a preceding fact — "which means…, in other words…, that is to say…".

  ということは、数が多い方が採食にとって有利に働くこともあるのです。

  This means that having greater numbers can sometimes work to one's advantage in obtaining food.

• わけだN3

  Presents a conclusion as the natural consequence of a stated reason — 'that's why', 'no wonder', 'so it means'.

  自分一人がサバンナにぽつんと立っていて、そこにライオンが来れば自分が食われてしまう可能性は非常に高いわけですが、もう一人いれば、確率は二分の一になります。

  If you are standing alone on the savanna and a lion appears, the probability that you will be eaten is very high, but if one more person is there, the probability falls to one-half.

• というN3

  Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

  三人いれば三分の一、というように、多くいればいるほど自分が犠牲になる確率は少なくなるのです。

  If there are three people, it becomes one-third; in this way, the more individuals there are, the lower the probability that you yourself will become the victim.

• あまり〜ないN3

  The degree adverb あまり, typically with a following negative, expresses a limited degree, "not very / not much."

  あまり大きくなると、こんどは①損失が生じてきます。

  If the group becomes too large, however, ① losses begin to arise.

• とすれば・としたら・とするとN3

  'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.

  取り分を増やそうとすると、新たな食物を探さなければなりませんが、それには移動のためにエネルギーや時間を使わなければなりません。

  To increase one's share, new food sources must be found, but doing so requires spending energy and time on travel.

• ためにN3

  marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

  取り分を増やそうとすると、新たな食物を探さなければなりませんが、それには移動のためにエネルギーや時間を使わなければなりません。

  To increase one's share, new food sources must be found, but doing so requires spending energy and time on travel.

• つまりN3

  Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

  つまり、捕食者対策の利益と採食競合の損失の釣り合いがとれたところで、集団の大きさは決まっているといえます。

  In other words, group size can be said to be determined at the point where the benefits of protection from predators and the losses from competition for food are balanced.

• ところでN3

  After a past-plain verb, concedes that even carrying out the action would be pointless — "even if ~; no matter how much ~, it's no use".

  つまり、捕食者対策の利益と採食競合の損失の釣り合いがとれたところで、集団の大きさは決まっているといえます。

  In other words, group size can be said to be determined at the point where the benefits of protection from predators and the losses from competition for food are balanced.

• といい／たらいいN3

  Expresses a hope or gentle suggestion — "it'd be good if", "you should", "I hope ~".

  集団が大きくなると採食の面で損失が増えるといいましたが、実はこれは集団がひとつしかない場合のことです。

  I said that losses in feeding increase as a group grows larger, but this is actually the case only when there is a single group.

• しかないN3

  There is no option but to do it — 'have no choice but to', 'can only'.

  集団が大きくなると採食の面で損失が増えるといいましたが、実はこれは集団がひとつしかない場合のことです。

  I said that losses in feeding increase as a group grows larger, but this is actually the case only when there is a single group.

• にとってN3

  Marks the person or thing from whose standpoint something is judged or matters; 'for', 'to'.

  ということは、数が多い方が採食にとって有利に働くこともあるのです。

  This means that having greater numbers can sometimes work to one's advantage in obtaining food.

• によって/によるN3

  Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

  （小田亮『ヒトは環境を壊す動物である』ちくま新書による）

  (From Oda Makoto, Humans Are Animals That Destroy the Environment, Chikuma Shinsho)

• 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

  Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

  自分一人がサバンナにぽつんと立っていて、そこにライオンが来れば自分が食われてしまう可能性は非常に高いわけですが、もう一人いれば、確率は二分の一になります。

  If you are standing alone on the savanna and a lion appears, the probability that you will be eaten is very high, but if one more person is there, the probability falls to one-half.

• 〜てくるN4

  Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

  あまり大きくなると、こんどは①損失が生じてきます。

  If the group becomes too large, however, ① losses begin to arise.

• ときN4

  Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."

  有限の食物が集中して存在しているときには、それを食べる人数が増えれば増えるほど一人あたりの取り分は減ります。

  When a finite amount of food is concentrated in one place, the more individuals there are eating it, the smaller each individual's share becomes.

• なければならないN42 times in this passage

  Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

  取り分を増やそうとすると、新たな食物を探さなければなりませんが、それには移動のためにエネルギーや時間を使わなければなりません。

  To increase one's share, new food sources must be found, but doing so requires spending energy and time on travel.

• 〜さN4

  Suffix that turns an adjective into a noun naming its degree or quality — '-ness' (e.g. 高さ 'height', 重さ 'weight').

  つまり、捕食者対策の利益と採食競合の損失の釣り合いがとれたところで、集団の大きさは決まっているといえます。

  In other words, group size can be said to be determined at the point where the benefits of protection from predators and the losses from competition for food are balanced.

• 場合は（ばあいは）N4

  States the situation or condition under which something applies — 'in the case of; in the event that; if'.

  隣接する集団がいて、同じ食物を巡って争っている場合はどうでしょうか。

  What happens if there is a neighboring group and the two groups are competing over the same food?

• 〜ているN54 times in this passage

  Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

  自分一人がサバンナにぽつんと立っていて、そこにライオンが来れば自分が食われてしまう可能性は非常に高いわけですが、もう一人いれば、確率は二分の一になります。

  If you are standing alone on the savanna and a lion appears, the probability that you will be eaten is very high, but if one more person is there, the probability falls to one-half.

• もうN5

  The adverb "already" (with an affirmative), or "(not) anymore / any longer" (with a negative).

  自分一人がサバンナにぽつんと立っていて、そこにライオンが来れば自分が食われてしまう可能性は非常に高いわけですが、もう一人いれば、確率は二分の一になります。

  If you are standing alone on the savanna and a lion appears, the probability that you will be eaten is very high, but if one more person is there, the probability falls to one-half.

• だ / ですN54 times in this passage

  The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

  三人いれば三分の一、というように、多くいればいるほど自分が犠牲になる確率は少なくなるのです。

  If there are three people, it becomes one-third; in this way, the more individuals there are, the lower the probability that you yourself will become the victim.

• のでN5

  Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

  では、集団は大きければ大きいほどいいのでしようか。

  Then, is a group better the larger it is?

• だろうN5

  Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

  隣接する集団がいて、同じ食物を巡って争っている場合はどうでしょうか。

  What happens if there is a neighboring group and the two groups are competing over the same food?