いわゆるN2
A prenominal modifier introducing a commonly used label — 'so-called; what is called; what is known as'.
BSB（いわゆる牛病）の牛が出たとわかってから、飼料の原料をきちんと管理しておくべきだったという話になる。
Only after cattle with BSB (the so-called cattle disease) are found does the discussion turn to how the ingredients used in feed should have been properly controlled.
だけにN2
The stated reason makes the result all the more fitting or intense, "precisely because / all the more because".
バブル期にマネーゲームに手を出して損をした企業は、本業だけに上を出していた企業をうらやむ。
Companies that entered the money game during the bubble era and suffered losses envy those that devoted themselves solely to their core business.
としてN32 times in this passage
Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".
歴史の特色は、歴史が「起こったこと」の連続として書かれていることである。
One characteristic of history is that it is written as a succession of “things that happened.”
とすれば・としたら・とするとN3
'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.
しかし、人間の毎日の活動の集積が歴史だとすれば、歴史の大部分は「起こったこと」の裏にある「何も起こらなかったこと」で埋め尽くされていることに気づく。
However, if history is the accumulation of people's daily activities, we realize that most of history is filled with “things that did not happen” behind the “things that happened.”
というN32 times in this passage
Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.
そう考えると、歴史の教科書の書き方はきわめておかしいという気がしてくる。
Seen in this light, the way history textbooks are written begins to seem extremely strange.
ためにN32 times in this passage
marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').
しかし「おこったこと」だけをつないだ歴史は、何かが起こらないようにするために日常的に払われている努力を無視している。
Yet a history composed only of “things that happened” ignores the everyday efforts made to prevent things from happening.
的（てき）N33 times in this passage
A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).
しかし「おこったこと」だけをつないだ歴史は、何かが起こらないようにするために日常的に払われている努力を無視している。
Yet a history composed only of “things that happened” ignores the everyday efforts made to prevent things from happening.
ということだN3
Reports hearsay or states a conclusion drawn from what precedes — 'I hear that…' / 'that is to say / it amounts to…'.
それが地味な努力ということである。
That is what unglamorous, inconspicuous effort is.
に対してN3
Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.
やったことに対する報酬で成り立つ世界、つまり経済中心の世界のおかしさは、そこにある。
Therein lies the oddity of a world built on rewarding things that have been done—in other words, an economy-centered world.
つまりN3
Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.
やったことに対する報酬で成り立つ世界、つまり経済中心の世界のおかしさは、そこにある。
Therein lies the oddity of a world built on rewarding things that have been done—in other words, an economy-centered world.
〜ばよかったN3
Expresses regret over something not done, "should have ~ / I wish I had ~."
医者の忠告を無視して病気になれば、あの時いうことを聞いておけばよかったと思う。
If we ignore a doctor's advice and then become ill, we think that we should have listened at the time.
などN4
Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.
我々の日常生活を考えれば、事件などほとんど起こらない。
If we think about our everyday lives, hardly any incidents occur at all.
ときN42 times in this passage
Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."
車を運転するときには人にぶつけないように、料理するときには包丁で手を切らないように、それで当たり前であろう。
When driving, we try not to hit anyone; when cooking, we try not to cut our hands with a knife. That is only natural.
がするN4
With a perception noun (sound, smell, taste, feeling), expresses that such a sensation occurs — 'there is a smell/sound', 'I sense that'.
そう考えると、歴史の教科書の書き方はきわめておかしいという気がしてくる。
Seen in this light, the way history textbooks are written begins to seem extremely strange.
〜てくるN4
Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.
そう考えると、歴史の教科書の書き方はきわめておかしいという気がしてくる。
Seen in this light, the way history textbooks are written begins to seem extremely strange.
てもN4
Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.
もちろん、「なにもおこらなかったこと」をつなげても、歴史は書けないであろう。
Of course, one probably cannot write history simply by stringing together “things that did not happen.”
ないでN4
Negative te-form that links a clause — "without doing ~", or a soft "don't ~".
もちろん、「なにもおこらなかったこと」をつなげても、歴史は書けないであろう。
Of course, one probably cannot write history simply by stringing together “things that did not happen.”
ようにするN43 times in this passage
Expresses making an ongoing effort or arranging things so that something does or doesn't happen — "make sure to / try to (do regularly)".
しかし「おこったこと」だけをつないだ歴史は、何かが起こらないようにするために日常的に払われている努力を無視している。
Yet a history composed only of “things that happened” ignores the everyday efforts made to prevent things from happening.
させるN4
Causative construction — make or let someone do an action ('make/let ~ do').
その意味では、①現実を誤解させる恐れが強い。
In that sense, ① it carries a considerable risk of giving a misleading picture of reality.
〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4
Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.
何かが起こらないようにするための努力が大切だと気づくのは、なにかが起こってしまってからである。
It is only after something has happened that people realize how important the effort to prevent it was.
〜ておくN42 times in this passage
Verb te-form plus 置く, doing something in advance as preparation or leaving it done for later — 'do ... in advance'.
医者の忠告を無視して病気になれば、あの時いうことを聞いておけばよかったと思う。
If we ignore a doctor's advice and then become ill, we think that we should have listened at the time.
と思う（とおもう）N4
Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.
医者の忠告を無視して病気になれば、あの時いうことを聞いておけばよかったと思う。
If we ignore a doctor's advice and then become ill, we think that we should have listened at the time.
〜ていたN4
The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.
バブル期にマネーゲームに手を出して損をした企業は、本業だけに上を出していた企業をうらやむ。
Companies that entered the money game during the bubble era and suffered losses envy those that devoted themselves solely to their core business.
〜ているN57 times in this passage
Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.
歴史の教科書には、有史以来の「大事件」が山ほど取り上げられている。
History textbooks cover countless “major events” that have occurred since the beginning of recorded history.
しかしN52 times in this passage
Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.
しかし、人間の毎日の活動の集積が歴史だとすれば、歴史の大部分は「起こったこと」の裏にある「何も起こらなかったこと」で埋め尽くされていることに気づく。
However, if history is the accumulation of people's daily activities, we realize that most of history is filled with “things that did not happen” behind the “things that happened.”
だけN5
Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.
しかし「おこったこと」だけをつないだ歴史は、何かが起こらないようにするために日常的に払われている努力を無視している。
Yet a history composed only of “things that happened” ignores the everyday efforts made to prevent things from happening.
〜てからN52 times in this passage
Marks that one action finishes, and only afterward does the next one happen — “after doing”.
何かが起こらないようにするための努力が大切だと気づくのは、なにかが起こってしまってからである。
It is only after something has happened that people realize how important the effort to prevent it was.
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