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N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #16
2

かぎまんえんしているひんこんげんしょうそれびょうどうはくだつとしてにんしきさせるゆえにこんざつきつしょすうひゃくまんひとびとせいかついとないるかんがせいちょう)をしたほういいのだと「田舎いなかろんしゃ」はしゅちょうするみな田舎いなかもど

しかしながらはいひとびとけっしてくるっていたりあやままったはんだんしているわけではないむしろかれこそのうそんながらよさをていきょうしてくれるせいてきかんたとえまずようなってとしても、そこではるかおおかいつまりぶんじんせいすこかいぜんできるというぼういだのである

リオデジャネイロがいいつもひとあふいるゆうは、そこへんない田舎いなかまずせいかつよりましからあるそこかくじつに、田舎いなかくらよりおお経済的けいざいてきえきこうきょうたのていきょうしてくれるニューヨークがいにはしゅうだんぎゃくさつひんこんためみんしゃもしくはこくじんべつほうそんざいしていたなんたえがたいのうぎょうからきたひとびとあふいた

わたしたちほんとうちゅうはらべきところは、ひんこんおおところではなくそれしょあるなにゆえそここうひとびとことできないのであるのか。

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1都市化の結果起こってないのは?
  2. 2不幸な人々を引きよせることができない理由は?
  3. 3この文章の構造としてあっているのは?

Study this passage

Vocabulary13 words
  • 貧困ひんこん
    • ·poverty; penury; need; destitution
    • ·shortage; lack; want
    N1
  • 認識にんしき
    • ·recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition; cognizance; cognisance
    N1
  • 不吉ふきつ
    • ·ominous; sinister; unlucky; inauspicious
    N1
  • 営むいとなむAs it appears here: 営んで
    • ·to run (a business); to operate; to conduct; to practice (law, medicine, etc.)
    • ·to carry out; to perform; to lead (a life)
    • ·to hold (a Buddhist or Shinto ceremony)
    N1
  • 阻止そし
    • ·obstruction; prevention; hindrance; check; blocking; stopping
    N1
  • 誤るあやまるAs it appears here:
    • ·to make a mistake (in); to commit an error; to do incorrectly; to err
    • ·to be wrong; to be incorrect; to be false; to be mistaken
    • ·to mislead; to misguide; to lead astray
    N1
  • 提供ていきょう
    • ·offer; tender; providing; supplying; making available; donating (blood, organs, etc.)
    • ·sponsoring (a TV program)
    N1
  • たとえ
    • ·even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing; supposing that; -ever
    N1
  • はるか
    • ·far away; far off; far; distant; in the distance
    • ·long ago; long before
    N1
  • まし
    • ·better; preferable; less objectionable; least-worst
    • ·more; increase; extra
    • ·increase; growth
    N1
  • 移民いみん
    • ·immigration; emigration
    • ·immigrant; emigrant
    N1
  • もしくは
    • ·or; otherwise
    N1
  • 抜け出すぬけだすAs it appears here: 抜け出して
    • ·to slip out; to sneak away; to break free; to get through (a difficult situation)
    • ·to break into the lead; to get ahead
    • ·to begin to fall out (e.g. hair)
    • ·to break out (of a loop)
    N1
Other levels69 words
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: させる
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • まん
    • ·10,000; ten thousand
    • ·myriad
    • ·everything; all
    • ·various
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 入るはいるAs it appears here: 入って
    • ·to enter; to come in; to go in; to get in; to arrive
    • ·to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to enroll (in); to go into (e.g. politics); to get into
    • ·to be contained (in); to be included (in); to be inside (e.g. a box); to come under (a heading); to belong (in a category)
    • ·to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.); to be (able to be) held; to be (able to be) accommodated
    • ·to be introduced; to be brought in; to be installed
    • ·to be received; to be obtained
    • ·to be scored (of points); to be won (of votes)
    • ·to turn on; to start functioning; to start working
    • ·to enter (a month, season, etc.); to reach (e.g. a climax); to get to (e.g. the main topic); to enter into (e.g. negotiations); to start (doing); to begin
    • ·to form (of a crack, fissure, etc.); to develop
    • ·to be put in (of effort, spirit, feeling, etc.); to be applied (e.g. of strength)
    • ·to be ready (of tea, coffee, etc.); to be made
    • ·to enter the body (of alcohol); to become drunk
    N5
  • まつAs it appears here: まった
    • ·to wait
    • ·to await; to look forward to; to anticipate
    • ·to depend on; to need
    N5
  • よいAs it appears here:
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • いつも
    • ·always; all the time; at all times
    • ·never
    • ·usual; regular; habitual; customary
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • そこ
    • ·there (place relatively near listener)
    • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
    • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
    • ·you
    N5
  • 楽しさたのしさ
    • ·enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful
    N5
  • 来るくるAs it appears here: 来た
    • ·to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive
    • ·to come back; to do ... and come back
    • ·to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue
    • ·to come from; to be caused by; to derive from
    • ·to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できない
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 場所ばしょ
    • ·place; location; spot; position; area
    • ·room; space
    • ·sumo tournament
    N4
  • 生活せいかつ
    • ·life; living
    • ·livelihood; (one's) living
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考え
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 田舎いなか
    • ·rural area; countryside; the sticks
    • ·hometown
    N4
  • みな
    • ·everyone; everybody; all
    • ·everything; all
    N4
  • 戻るもどるAs it appears here: 戻ろう
    • ·to turn back (e.g. half-way)
    • ·to return; to go back
    • ·to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned
    • ·to rebound; to spring back
    N4
  • けっして
    • ·(not) ever; (not) by any means; (not) in the least; (not) in any way; (not) at all
    N4
  • わけ
    • ·reason; cause; grounds
    • ·meaning; sense
    • ·(good) sense; reason
    • ·circumstances; case
    • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
    N4
  • 機会きかい
    • ·chance; opportunity; occasion
    N4
  • 理由りゆう
    • ·reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
    N4
  • 比べるくらべるAs it appears here: 比べ
    • ·to compare; to make a comparison (between)
    • ·to compete (on); to measure (one's strength, ability, etc. against another's)
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 都市とし
    • ·town; city; municipal; urban
    N3
  • 現象げんしょう
    • ·phenomenon
    N3
    • ·place; spot; space
    • ·field; discipline; sphere; realm
    • ·occasion; situation
    • ·scene (of a play, movie, etc.)
    • ·session
    • ·field; table; area in which cards are laid out
    • ·round (east, south, etc.)
    • ·field
    • ·field (in Gestalt psychology)
    N3
  • 混雑こんざつ
    • ·congestion; crush; crowding; jam
    • ·confusion; disorder
    N3
  • 成長せいちょう
    • ·growth; development; growing up; becoming an adult
    • ·growth (of a company, the economy, etc.)
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 主張しゅちょう
    • ·claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention; opinion; tenet
    N3
  • くるうAs it appears here: くるって
    • ·to go mad; to lose one's mind; to go crazy; to go insane
    • ·to get out of order; to go amiss; to malfunction; to become imprecise
    • ·to go wrong (of a plan or expectation, etc.); to fall through; to get mixed up
    • ·to go crazy (over someone or something); to get enthusiastic; to go wild
    N3
  • 判断はんだん
    • ·judgment; judgement; decision; conclusion; adjudication
    • ·divination
    • ·judgement
    N3
  • むしろ
    • ·rather; better; instead; if anything
    N3
  • 暮らすくらすAs it appears here: 暮らし
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • 得るえるAs it appears here: 得られなかった
    • ·to be able to ...; can ...
    • ·to get; to acquire; to obtain; to procure; to earn; to win; to gain; to secure; to attain
    N3
  • 貧しいまずしいAs it appears here: 貧しく
    • ·poor; needy
    • ·lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty; skimpy; slight; inadequate
    N3
  • 暮らすくらす
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • そこで
    • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
    N3
  • つまり
    • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
    • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
    • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
    • ·shrinkage
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·dead end; corner
    • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
    N3
  • 人生じんせい
    • ·(one's) life
    N3
  • 改善かいぜん
    • ·betterment; improvement
    • ·kaizen (Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement)
    N3
  • 希望きぼう
    • ·hope; wish; aspiration
    • ·(bright) prospects; expectation
    N3
  • 抱けるいだける
    • ·to hold in one's arms (e.g. a baby); to embrace; to hug
    • ·to have (a thought or feeling); to hold; to harbour (suspicion, doubt, etc.); to harbor; to bear (a grudge, ill will, etc.); to entertain (hope, illusions, etc.); to cherish (e.g. an ambition)
    N3
  • 変化へんか
    • ·change; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; transformation
    • ·variety; diversity
    • ·inflection; declension; conjugation
    • ·henka; (expl.) evasive sidestep at the beginning of a bout
    N3
  • 貧しいまずしい
    • ·poor; needy
    • ·lacking (quantity and quality-wise); poor; scanty; skimpy; slight; inadequate
    N3
  • 確実かくじつ
    • ·certain; sure; definite; reliable; sound; solid; safe; secure
    N3
  • 利益りえき
    • ·profit; gains
    • ·benefit; advantage; good; interests (e.g. of society)
    • ·grace (of God, Buddha, etc., esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing; miracle
    N3
  • 集団しゅうだん
    • ·group; mass
    N3
  • 避けるさける
    • ·to avoid (physical contact with)
    • ·to avoid (situation); to evade (question, subject); to shirk (one's responsibilities)
    • ·to ward off; to avert
    • ·to put aside; to move out of the way
    N3
  • 差別さべつ
    • ·distinction; differentiation; discrimination
    • ·discrimination (against people)
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·law; act; principle
    • ·method
    • ·mood
    • ·dharma; law
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • 不幸ふこう
    • ·unhappiness; sorrow; misfortune; disaster; accident
    • ·death (usu. of a relative); bereavement
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 突き当たるつきあたるAs it appears here: 突き当たり
    • ·to run into; to collide with; to crash into; to bump against
    • ·to come to the end of (a street)
    • ·to run into (difficulties, problems, etc.); to run up against
    N2
  • 農村のうそん
    • ·agricultural community; farm village
    • ·rural
    N2
  • 溢れるあふれるAs it appears here: 溢れて
    • ·to overflow; to brim over; to flood
    N2
  • 目立つめだつAs it appears here: 目立たない
    • ·to be conspicuous; to stand out
    N2
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ゆえにN1

    Formal/literary connective drawing a logical conclusion from a stated reason — 'therefore, consequently, and so.'

    ゆえに、混雑で不吉な場所で数百万の人々が突き当たりの生活を営んでいると考え、成長(都市化)を阻止したほうがいいのだと「田舎論者」は主張する。

    Accordingly, the “back-to-the-country advocates” argue that millions of people are living dead-end lives in crowded, ominous places and that growth—urbanization—should therefore be stopped.

  • もしくはN1

    Formal conjunction linking two alternatives, 'or (else)'.

    ニューヨークのスラム街には集団虐殺や貧困を避けるために来た移民者、もしくは、黒人差別法が存在していた南部でたえがたい農作業から抜け出してきた人々で溢れていた。

    New York’s slums were once filled with immigrants who had come to escape massacres and poverty, as well as people who had fled unbearable farm labor in the South, where laws discriminating against Black people were in force.

Other levels26 patterns
  • 限りN2

    Marks the limit or scope within which a statement holds — 'as long as,' 'as far as,' 'to the extent that.'

    限りなく蔓延している都市の貧困現象。

    Urban poverty is spreading without end.

  • としてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    それは都市を不平等、剥奪の場として認識させる。

    It causes cities to be perceived as places of inequality and deprivation.

  • 決して~ないN3

    Adverb pairing with a following negative to stress absolute denial, 'never / by no means / not at all'.

    しかしながら、都市に入って来る人々はけっして、くるっていたり、誤まった判断をしているわけではない。

    Yet the people who move into cities are by no means crazy or making mistaken judgments.

  • わけではないN3

    Partially denies an assumed conclusion — 'it's not (necessarily) that ~', 'doesn't necessarily mean ~'.

    しかしながら、都市に入って来る人々はけっして、くるっていたり、誤まった判断をしているわけではない

    Yet the people who move into cities are by no means crazy or making mistaken judgments.

  • むしろN3

    Adverb overturning an expectation to present the following as the more fitting statement; "rather / if anything".

    むしろ、彼らは都市こそ、農村に暮らしながら得られなかったよさを提供してくれると理性的に感じ取る。

    Rather, they rationally perceive that cities can offer them benefits they could not obtain while living in the countryside.

  • こそN3

    Emphatic particle singling out the preceding word as precisely the right or decisive one — 'precisely, exactly, ...for sure.'

    むしろ、彼らは都市こそ、農村に暮らしながら得られなかったよさを提供してくれると理性的に感じ取る。

    Rather, they rationally perceive that cities can offer them benefits they could not obtain while living in the countryside.

  • 的(てき)N3

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    むしろ、彼らは都市こそ、農村に暮らしながら得られなかったよさを提供してくれると理性的に感じ取る。

    Rather, they rationally perceive that cities can offer them benefits they could not obtain while living in the countryside.

  • たとえ〜てもN3

    Concessive 'even if / even though' — sets up a hypothetical or fact that does not change the outcome.

    たとえ都市で貧しく暮らすようになってとしても、そこではるかに多くの機会、つまり、自分の人生をもう少し改善できるという希望を抱けるのである。

    Even if they end up living in poverty in the city, they have far more opportunities there—in other words, the hope that they can improve their lives, even if only a little.

  • つまりN3

    Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

    たとえ都市で貧しく暮らすようになってとしても、そこではるかに多くの機会、つまり、自分の人生をもう少し改善できるという希望を抱けるのである。

    Even if they end up living in poverty in the city, they have far more opportunities there—in other words, the hope that they can improve their lives, even if only a little.

  • というN3

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    たとえ都市で貧しく暮らすようになってとしても、そこではるかに多くの機会、つまり、自分の人生をもう少し改善できるという希望を抱けるのである。

    Even if they end up living in poverty in the city, they have far more opportunities there—in other words, the hope that they can improve their lives, even if only a little.

  • に比べてN3

    Sets up a standard against which something is measured or contrasted; "compared to, in comparison with."

    そこは確実に、田舎に比べ、より多くの経済的利益と公共サービスや楽しさを提供してくれる。

    Compared with the countryside, such places unquestionably offer greater economic benefits, more public services, and more enjoyment.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    ニューヨークのスラム街には集団虐殺や貧困を避けるために来た移民者、もしくは、黒人差別法が存在していた南部でたえがたい農作業から抜け出してきた人々で溢れていた。

    New York’s slums were once filled with immigrants who had come to escape massacres and poverty, as well as people who had fled unbearable farm labor in the South, where laws discriminating against Black people were in force.

  • させるN4

    Causative construction — make or let someone do an action ('make/let ~ do').

    それは都市を不平等、剥奪の場として認識させる

    It causes cities to be perceived as places of inequality and deprivation.

  • ながらN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

    むしろ、彼らは都市こそ、農村に暮らしながら得られなかったよさを提供してくれると理性的に感じ取る。

    Rather, they rationally perceive that cities can offer them benefits they could not obtain while living in the countryside.

  • 〜てくれるN42 times in this passage

    Someone does an action for the benefit of the speaker (or the speaker's in-group) — '(someone) does (something) for me'.

    むしろ、彼らは都市こそ、農村に暮らしながら得られなかったよさを提供してくれると理性的に感じ取る。

    Rather, they rationally perceive that cities can offer them benefits they could not obtain while living in the countryside.

  • ようになるN4

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    たとえ都市で貧しく暮らすようになってとしても、そこではるかに多くの機会、つまり、自分の人生をもう少し改善できるという希望を抱けるのである。

    Even if they end up living in poverty in the city, they have far more opportunities there—in other words, the hope that they can improve their lives, even if only a little.

  • よりN42 times in this passage

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    リオデジャネイロのスラム街にいつも人で溢れている理由は、そこが変化のない田舎の貧しい生活よりましだからである。

    The reason Rio de Janeiro’s slums are always overflowing with people is that life there is still better than an impoverished rural life where nothing ever changes.

  • 〜ていたN42 times in this passage

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    ニューヨークのスラム街には集団虐殺や貧困を避けるために来た移民者、もしくは、黒人差別法が存在していた南部でたえがたい農作業から抜け出してきた人々で溢れていた。

    New York’s slums were once filled with immigrants who had come to escape massacres and poverty, as well as people who had fled unbearable farm labor in the South, where laws discriminating against Black people were in force.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    ニューヨークのスラム街には集団虐殺や貧困を避けるために来た移民者、もしくは、黒人差別法が存在していた南部でたえがたい農作業から抜け出してきた人々で溢れていた。

    New York’s slums were once filled with immigrants who had come to escape massacres and poverty, as well as people who had fled unbearable farm labor in the South, where laws discriminating against Black people were in force.

  • 〜ているN54 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    限りなく蔓延している都市の貧困現象。

    Urban poverty is spreading without end.

  • ほうがいいN5

    Advises that one course of action is preferable — "had better / it's better to".

    ゆえに、混雑で不吉な場所で数百万の人々が突き当たりの生活を営んでいると考え、成長(都市化)を阻止したほうがいいのだと「田舎論者」は主張する。

    Accordingly, the “back-to-the-country advocates” argue that millions of people are living dead-end lives in crowded, ominous places and that growth—urbanization—should therefore be stopped.

  • 〜たり〜たりN5

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    しかしながら、都市に入って来る人々はけっして、くるっていたり、誤まった判断をしているわけではない。

    Yet the people who move into cities are by no means crazy or making mistaken judgments.

  • のでN52 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    たとえ都市で貧しく暮らすようになってとしても、そこではるかに多くの機会、つまり、自分の人生をもう少し改善できるという希望を抱けるのである。

    Even if they end up living in poverty in the city, they have far more opportunities there—in other words, the hope that they can improve their lives, even if only a little.

  • いつもN5

    Adverb expressing habitual, unchanging frequency, "always / usually".

    リオデジャネイロのスラム街にいつも人で溢れている理由は、そこが変化のない田舎の貧しい生活よりましだからである。

    The reason Rio de Janeiro’s slums are always overflowing with people is that life there is still better than an impoverished rural life where nothing ever changes.

  • じゃない・ではないN5

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    私達が本当に注意を払うべき所は、貧困が多いところではなく、それが目立たない場所である。

    What we really ought to pay attention to is not places where poverty is abundant, but places where it is barely visible.

  • 〜ことができるN5

    States that someone is able to do something — “can do” / “is able to do”.

    なにゆえ、そこは不幸な人々を引きよせることができないのであるのか。

    Why is it that such places are unable to attract people who are unfortunate?

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