もしくはN1
Formal conjunction linking two alternatives, 'or (else)'.
集団行動を経験したことがあるイヌ、もしくは、飼い主からイヌらしい教育を受けて順位制を感じることができるようになったイヌは、道でほかのイヌにすれ違い近づいたときには挨拶らしいことをします。
Dogs that have experienced group behavior, or that have received dog-like training from their owners and learned to recognize hierarchy, perform something resembling a greeting when they pass and approach another dog on the street.
だの～だのN1
Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").
挨拶犬にとって子イヌであるというシグナルがなんなのかわかりませんが、とにかく子イヌと成犬とを区別したうえで挨拶のあるなしを判断しているようです。
I do not know what signal tells a greeting dog that the other dog is a puppy, but in any case it seems to distinguish puppies from adult dogs before judging whether the absence of a greeting is acceptable.
ところがN32 times in this passage
Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".
ところが、集団行動の経験もなく、家でも甘やかされて育ってイヌは。
However, as for dogs that have never experienced group behavior and were raised spoiled at home...
ように見えるN3
States that something looks or appears a certain way to the observer — 'looks like…', 'appears to be…'.
現代のヒト社会のように挨拶をしないように見えます。
They seem not to greet others, much like people in modern human society.
に対してN3
Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.
挨拶をするイヌが、ほかの挨拶なしのイヌに対して威嚇することが観察されます。
Dogs that do greet have been observed threatening other dogs that fail to greet them.
にとってN3
Marks the person or thing from whose standpoint something is judged or matters; 'for', 'to'.
挨拶犬にとって子イヌであるというシグナルがなんなのかわかりませんが、とにかく子イヌと成犬とを区別したうえで挨拶のあるなしを判断しているようです。
I do not know what signal tells a greeting dog that the other dog is a puppy, but in any case it seems to distinguish puppies from adult dogs before judging whether the absence of a greeting is acceptable.
というN3
Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.
挨拶犬にとって子イヌであるというシグナルがなんなのかわかりませんが、とにかく子イヌと成犬とを区別したうえで挨拶のあるなしを判断しているようです。
I do not know what signal tells a greeting dog that the other dog is a puppy, but in any case it seems to distinguish puppies from adult dogs before judging whether the absence of a greeting is acceptable.
上でN3
Completes one action as the basis for the next, or does something in the course of an activity — 'after ~ing / in the process of'.
挨拶犬にとって子イヌであるというシグナルがなんなのかわかりませんが、とにかく子イヌと成犬とを区別したうえで挨拶のあるなしを判断しているようです。
I do not know what signal tells a greeting dog that the other dog is a puppy, but in any case it seems to distinguish puppies from adult dogs before judging whether the absence of a greeting is acceptable.
ことからN32 times in this passage
Introduces the fact or evidence from which a conclusion, name, or judgment follows — 'because of the fact that / which is why.'
順位制にしたがった行動ができるようになったイヌでは、イヌ社会での経験がなくてもある程度の挨拶行動ができることから、生得的であるといえます。
Because dogs that have learned to behave according to hierarchy can perform greeting behavior to some extent even without experience in canine society, it can be said that this behavior is innate.
的（てき）N33 times in this passage
A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).
順位制にしたがった行動ができるようになったイヌでは、イヌ社会での経験がなくてもある程度の挨拶行動ができることから、生得的であるといえます。
Because dogs that have learned to behave according to hierarchy can perform greeting behavior to some extent even without experience in canine society, it can be said that this behavior is innate.
ためにN3
marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').
また、より儀式的な挨拶行動が円滑に実行されるためには、ほかのイヌとの集団生活があったほうがよいことから、習得的な部分もあるといえるでしょう。
On the other hand, because experience living in a group with other dogs helps them carry out more ritualized greeting behavior smoothly, it can also be said that some aspects are acquired.
〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN42 times in this passage
Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.
イヌの散歩をしていると、最近ではイヌも挨拶の仕方を忘れてしまったのではないかと思ってしまいます。
When I take a dog for a walk these days, I sometimes find myself wondering whether dogs, too, have forgotten how to greet one another.
と思う（とおもう）N4
Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.
イヌの散歩をしていると、最近ではイヌも挨拶の仕方を忘れてしまったのではないかと思ってしまいます。
When I take a dog for a walk these days, I sometimes find myself wondering whether dogs, too, have forgotten how to greet one another.
らしいN42 times in this passage
Evidential auxiliary expressing an inference or hearsay from evidence — 'it seems / apparently ~'; also 'typical of, befitting ~'.
集団行動を経験したことがあるイヌ、もしくは、飼い主からイヌらしい教育を受けて順位制を感じることができるようになったイヌは、道でほかのイヌにすれ違い近づいたときには挨拶らしいことをします。
Dogs that have experienced group behavior, or that have received dog-like training from their owners and learned to recognize hierarchy, perform something resembling a greeting when they pass and approach another dog on the street.
ようになるN42 times in this passage
Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".
集団行動を経験したことがあるイヌ、もしくは、飼い主からイヌらしい教育を受けて順位制を感じることができるようになったイヌは、道でほかのイヌにすれ違い近づいたときには挨拶らしいことをします。
Dogs that have experienced group behavior, or that have received dog-like training from their owners and learned to recognize hierarchy, perform something resembling a greeting when they pass and approach another dog on the street.
ときN42 times in this passage
Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."
集団行動を経験したことがあるイヌ、もしくは、飼い主からイヌらしい教育を受けて順位制を感じることができるようになったイヌは、道でほかのイヌにすれ違い近づいたときには挨拶らしいことをします。
Dogs that have experienced group behavior, or that have received dog-like training from their owners and learned to recognize hierarchy, perform something resembling a greeting when they pass and approach another dog on the street.
ように / ようなN4
Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".
現代のヒト社会のように挨拶をしないように見えます。
They seem not to greet others, much like people in modern human society.
てもN42 times in this passage
Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.
ところが、この挨拶犬が子イヌと遭遇したときには、子イヌが挨拶をできなくても威嚇をしないことが多いのです。
However, when such a greeting dog encounters a puppy, it often does not threaten the puppy even if the puppy cannot greet properly.
ようだN4
Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".
挨拶犬にとって子イヌであるというシグナルがなんなのかわかりませんが、とにかく子イヌと成犬とを区別したうえで挨拶のあるなしを判断しているようです。
I do not know what signal tells a greeting dog that the other dog is a puppy, but in any case it seems to distinguish puppies from adult dogs before judging whether the absence of a greeting is acceptable.
よりN4
Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".
また、より儀式的な挨拶行動が円滑に実行されるためには、ほかのイヌとの集団生活があったほうがよいことから、習得的な部分もあるといえるでしょう。
On the other hand, because experience living in a group with other dogs helps them carry out more ritualized greeting behavior smoothly, it can also be said that some aspects are acquired.
〜ているN52 times in this passage
Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.
イヌの散歩をしていると、最近ではイヌも挨拶の仕方を忘れてしまったのではないかと思ってしまいます。
When I take a dog for a walk these days, I sometimes find myself wondering whether dogs, too, have forgotten how to greet one another.
〜たことがあるN5
States that the speaker has had the experience of doing something at some point — “have done (before)”.
集団行動を経験したことがあるイヌ、もしくは、飼い主からイヌらしい教育を受けて順位制を感じることができるようになったイヌは、道でほかのイヌにすれ違い近づいたときには挨拶らしいことをします。
Dogs that have experienced group behavior, or that have received dog-like training from their owners and learned to recognize hierarchy, perform something resembling a greeting when they pass and approach another dog on the street.
〜ことができるN5
States that someone is able to do something — “can do” / “is able to do”.
集団行動を経験したことがあるイヌ、もしくは、飼い主からイヌらしい教育を受けて順位制を感じることができるようになったイヌは、道でほかのイヌにすれ違い近づいたときには挨拶らしいことをします。
Dogs that have experienced group behavior, or that have received dog-like training from their owners and learned to recognize hierarchy, perform something resembling a greeting when they pass and approach another dog on the street.
だ / ですN5
The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.
ところが、この挨拶犬が子イヌと遭遇したときには、子イヌが挨拶をできなくても威嚇をしないことが多いのです。
However, when such a greeting dog encounters a puppy, it often does not threaten the puppy even if the puppy cannot greet properly.
だろうN52 times in this passage
Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.
イヌの挨拶行動は、生得的あるいは習得的(学習的)のどちらでしょうか？
Is dogs’ greeting behavior innate, or is it acquired (learned)?
がありますN5
States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".
また、より儀式的な挨拶行動が円滑に実行されるためには、ほかのイヌとの集団生活があったほうがよいことから、習得的な部分もあるといえるでしょう。
On the other hand, because experience living in a group with other dogs helps them carry out more ritualized greeting behavior smoothly, it can also be said that some aspects are acquired.
Comments