All passages
N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #117
2

いまだんせいしゅちょうまだひょうげんとはおもやっとひょうげんとは」というスタートラインところではないか。

ひょうげんコミュニケーションもくてきするひょうげんもとようなったさいだいはいけいは、日本にっぽんというきょうどうたいぞくてきしゃかいというきょうどうたいほうかいしたことだろう。ねんこうじょれつしゅうしんようだいぜんていというきょうつうぶんあればつうかんたんで、そのはんしたがいればひつようなかった

だが_______うしないまあらゆる人間関係にんげんかんけいこうコミュニケーションたいりょくもとえんげきでも、ぶんことひとあつおうしゅうでも、つうもくてきするワークショップさかだ。きょうつうぶんないなかで、「いいことだまいてつた」とかんがのは、ざんねんおもしかない

メッセージよりこうてきつたしゅだんとしてせいだいぎょうしゃちょう発声はっせいりょくてきわらかたなどどうするえんしゅつつくことは、おうべいでもよくあるないようじゅうするのにひょうげんためほうほうろんじょうけいしてきた日本にっぽんとは、おおこと

しかしないようおなでもかたこえたかおおなどで、うまいひと下手へたひとあきらくいいれいだ。ほうも、ないようよりはなかたといったほうほうろん説得せっとくされることあるしゅほうじゅうようせいやっとはじということだろう。

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1本文の_______に入る最も適当なものはどれか。
  2. 2「残念ながら思い込みでしかない」とあるが、どういう意味か。
  3. 3筆者の考えに一番近いものはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary7 words
  • 背景はいけい
    • ·background; scenery; backdrop; setting
    • ·background (of an incident, situation, etc.); circumstances; context
    • ·backing; support (from behind the scenes)
    N1
  • 崩壊ほうかい
    • ·collapse; crumbling; breaking down; caving in
    • ·(radioactive) decay; disintegration
    N1
  • 規範きはん
    • ·model; standard; pattern; norm; criterion; example
    N1
  • 体力たいりょく
    • ·physical strength; power; stamina; endurance; vigor; resistance to disease
    • ·strength (of a business, economy, etc.)
    N1
  • 集まるあつまる
    • ·to gather; to collect; to assemble
    N1
  • 説得せっとく
    • ·persuasion
    N1
  • 手法しゅほう
    • ·technique; method
    N1
Other levels64 words
  • いま
    • ·now; the present time; just now; soon; immediately
    • ·another; more
    N5
  • まだ
    • ·still; as yet; only
    • ·(not) yet
    • ·more; (more) still
    • ·at least; comparatively; relatively
    • ·unfinished; incomplete; not yet done
    N5
  • 立つたつAs it appears here: 立った
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 家族かぞく
    • ·family
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あれば
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • かた
    • ·direction; way
    • ·person; lady; gentleman
    • ·method of; manner of; way of
    • ·care of ...
    • ·person in charge of ...
    • ·side (e.g. "on my mother's side")
    N5
  • よく
    • ·nicely; properly; well; skillfully; skilfully
    • ·frequently; often
    • ·I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
    • ·(you have) quite the nerve to; I don't know how you can ...
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 大きいおおきいAs it appears here: 大きく
    • ·big; large; great
    • ·loud
    • ·extensive; spacious
    • ·important; decisive; valuable
    • ·older; grown-up
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 同じおなじ
    • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
    • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
    N5
  • こえ
    • ·voice
    • ·singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); hoot
    • ·voice; opinion (as expressed in words); view; wish; attitude; will
    • ·sound
    • ·sense (of something's arrival); feeling
    • ·voice; voiced sound
    N5
  • 下手へた
    • ·unskillful; poor; awkward
    • ·imprudent; untactful
    N5
  • 聞くきく
    • ·to hear
    • ·to listen (e.g. to music)
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to query
    • ·to hear about; to hear of; to learn of
    • ·to follow (advice, order, etc.); to obey; to listen to; to comply with
    • ·to hear (e.g. a plea); to grant (a request); to accept (e.g. an argument); to give consideration to
    • ·to smell (esp. incense); to sample (a fragrance)
    • ·to taste (alcohol); to try
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
    • ·eye; eyeball
    • ·eyesight; sight; vision
    • ·look; stare; gaze; glance
    • ·notice; attention; observation; eyes (of the world, public, etc.)
    • ·an experience
    • ·viewpoint
    • ·discrimination; discernment; judgement; eye (e.g. for quality)
    • ·(an) appearance
    • ·chance (of success); possibility (of a good result)
    • ·spacing (between crossed strands of a net, mesh, etc.); opening; stitch; texture; weave
    • ·grain (of wood, paper)
    • ·eye (of a storm, needle, etc.)
    • ·intersection (on a go board); square (on a chessboard)
    • ·dot (on a dice); pip; rolled number
    • ·graduation; division (of a scale)
    • ·tooth (of a saw, comb, etc.)
    • ·ordinal number suffix
    • ·somewhat; -ish
    • ·point (e.g. of change)
    • ·eye (empty space inside a group of stones)
    N5
  • 男性だんせい
    • ·man; male
    • ·masculine gender
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思わない
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 社会しゃかい
    • ·society; public; community; the world
    • ·social studies
    N4
  • 文化ぶんか
    • ·culture; civilization; civilisation
    • ·Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
    N4
  • 簡単かんたん
    • ·simple; easy; uncomplicated
    • ·brief; quick; light
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 盛んさかん
    • ·prosperous; flourishing; thriving; successful
    • ·popular; widespread
    • ·active; lively; energetic; vigorous; brisk; strong
    • ·enthusiastic; eager; hearty; frequent; repeated
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 伝えるつたえる
    • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
    N4
  • 社長しゃちょう
    • ·company president; manager; director
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 非常にひじょうに
    • ·very; extremely; exceedingly
    N4
  • 主張しゅちょう
    • ·claim; insistence; assertion; advocacy; emphasis; contention; opinion; tenet
    N3
  • 表現ひょうげん
    • ·expression; representation; description
    • ·representation (of a group)
    N3
  • 目的もくてき
    • ·purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
    N3
  • 求めるもとめるAs it appears here: 求められる
    • ·to want; to wish for
    • ·to request; to demand; to require; to ask for
    • ·to seek; to search for; to look for; to pursue (pleasure); to hunt (a job); to find (a solution)
    • ·to purchase; to buy
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 共通きょうつう
    • ·common; shared; mutual
    • ·to be common (to); to be shared (by)
    • ·-wide
    N3
  • 従うしたがうAs it appears here: 従って
    • ·to obey (an order, law, etc.); to abide by (a rule, custom, etc.); to follow; to observe; to conform to; to yield to
    • ·to follow (a person); to accompany; to go with
    • ·to go alongside (e.g. a river); to follow (e.g. a sign)
    • ·to serve (as); to engage in (work)
    N3
  • 失ううしなうAs it appears here: 失われた
    • ·to lose
    • ·to miss (a chance, opportunity)
    • ·to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of
    • ·to concede (goals, points, etc.)
    N3
  • 異なることなる
    • ·to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
    N3
  • 黙るだまるAs it appears here: 黙って
    • ·to be silent; to say nothing
    N3
  • 手段しゅだん
    • ·means; way; measure
    N3
  • 笑いわらい
    • ·laugh; laughter
    • ·smile
    • ·sneer
    • ·sex aids (e.g. dildos, pornographic books, erotic woodblock prints, etc.)
    N3
  • 指導しどう
    • ·guidance; leadership; instruction; direction; coaching
    • ·shido (minor penalty in judo)
    N3
  • 内容ないよう
    • ·contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
    N3
  • 重視じゅうし
    • ·regarding as important; attaching importance to; taking a serious view of; putting emphasis on
    N3
    • ·time; pause
    • ·space
    • ·room
    N3
  • うまい
    • ·skillful; skilful; skilled; good; expert; clever (expression, trick, etc.); apt; appropriate
    • ·delicious; tasty; good; nice
    • ·good (deal, idea, etc.); profitable; promising; lucky; fortunate; successful; satisfactory; splendid
    N3
    • ·difference; variation
    • ·difference
    N3
  • 明らかあきらか
    • ·clear; obvious; evident; plain; definite
    • ·bright; light
    N3
  • れい
    • ·example; instance; illustration; case
    • ·precedent
    • ·custom; habit; practice; usage
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 向くむくAs it appears here: 向き
    • ·to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.)
    • ·to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to front (on)
    • ·to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.)
    • ·to be suited to; to be fit for
    • ·to go towards; to turn to (of one's interests, feelings, etc.); to be inclined (to do)
    N3
  • 目立つめだつ
    • ·to be conspicuous; to stand out
    N2
  • 高度こうど
    • ·altitude; height; elevation
    • ·high-degree; high-grade; advanced; sophisticated; strong
    N2
  • 演劇えんげき
    • ·drama; theatre; theater; play
    N2
  • 伝わるつたわる
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, news, etc.); to travel; to circulate; to go around; to be passed around; to become known
    • ·to be handed down (from generation to generation); to be passed down
    • ·to be introduced (to a country, region, etc.); to be brought; to come
    • ·to be conveyed (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to be felt; to come across
    • ·to travel (of sound, electricity, etc.); to propagate; to be conducted; to be transmitted
    • ·to go along; to move along
    N2
  • つく
    • ·to be lit (of a lamp, burner, etc.); to catch fire; to ignite; to start burning
    • ·to be turned on (of a light, appliance, etc.); to come on
    N2
Grammar0 patterns

No N1 grammar patterns in this passage.

Other levels26 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ではないかN2

    Rhetorically seeks agreement or expresses a realization — 'isn't it? / right? / surely.'

    やっと「表現とは」というスタートラインに立ったところではないか

    Haven’t we only just reached the starting line of asking, “What is expression?”

  • にしたがってN2

    Expresses that one thing changes in step with another, or that an action follows a rule or instruction, 'in accordance with / as ~ progresses'.

    年功序列や終身雇用が大前提という共通の文化があれば意思疎通は簡単で、その規範に従っていれば目立つ必要もなかった。

    When there was a shared culture based on seniority and lifetime employment, mutual understanding was easy, and as long as people followed those norms, there was no need to stand out.

  • でしかないN2

    Asserts something is nothing more than X, 'is merely / no more than ~'.

    共通の文化がないなかで、「いいことは黙っていても伝わる」と考えるのは、残念ながら思い込みでしかない

    When there is no shared culture, believing that “good things will get across even if left unsaid” is, unfortunately, nothing more than an assumption.

  • といったN2

    Introduces representative examples before a summarizing noun — "(things) such as ~", "~ and the like".

    聞くほうも、内容より話し方や振る舞いといった方法論に説得されることがある。

    Listeners, too, can sometimes be persuaded more by methods such as the way a person speaks or behaves than by the content itself.

  • というN34 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    やっと「表現とは」というスタートラインに立ったところではないか。

    Haven’t we only just reached the starting line of asking, “What is expression?”

  • 的(てき)N33 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    表現が求められるようになった最大の背景は、日本という共同体や家族的な社会という共同体が崩壊したことだろう。

    The greatest reason expression has come to be demanded is probably the collapse of the community called Japan and of the family-like social community.

  • としてN3

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    メッセージをより効果的に伝える手段として、政治家や大企業の社長に発声や魅力的な笑い方などを指導する演出家がつくことは、欧米でもよくある。

    In Europe and the United States, it is also common for politicians and presidents of major corporations to have directors or coaches teach them such things as voice production and attractive ways of laughing in order to convey their messages more effectively.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    内容は重視するのに表現のための方法論は非常に軽視してきた日本とは、大きく異なる。

    This differs greatly from Japan, which has placed importance on content while greatly neglecting methods of expression.

  • ことがあるN3

    After a plain verb, 'there are times when...'; after a past-tense verb (〜たことがある), 'have (ever) done, have the experience of'.

    聞くほうも、内容より話し方や振る舞いといった方法論に説得されることがある

    Listeners, too, can sometimes be persuaded more by methods such as the way a person speaks or behaves than by the content itself.

  • ということだN3

    Reports hearsay or states a conclusion drawn from what precedes — 'I hear that…' / 'that is to say / it amounts to…'.

    手法の重要性にやっと目が向き始めたということだろう。

    This probably means that people are finally beginning to recognize the importance of technique.

  • やっとN42 times in this passage

    Adverb marking that something long-awaited or hard-won has finally happened, "finally / at last".

    やっと「表現とは」というスタートラインに立ったところではないか。

    Haven’t we only just reached the starting line of asking, “What is expression?”

  • ところN4

    Marks the temporal stage of an action — 'about to,' 'in the middle of,' or 'just did' — depending on the preceding verb form.

    やっと「表現とは」というスタートラインに立ったところではないか。

    Haven’t we only just reached the starting line of asking, “What is expression?”

  • ようになるN4

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    表現が求められるようになった最大の背景は、日本という共同体や家族的な社会という共同体が崩壊したことだろう。

    The greatest reason expression has come to be demanded is probably the collapse of the community called Japan and of the family-like social community.

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    共通の文化がないなかで、「いいことは黙っていても伝わる」と考えるのは、残念ながら思い込みでしかない。

    When there is no shared culture, believing that “good things will get across even if left unsaid” is, unfortunately, nothing more than an assumption.

  • ながらN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

    共通の文化がないなかで、「いいことは黙っていても伝わる」と考えるのは、残念ながら思い込みでしかない。

    When there is no shared culture, believing that “good things will get across even if left unsaid” is, unfortunately, nothing more than an assumption.

  • よりN42 times in this passage

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    メッセージをより効果的に伝える手段として、政治家や大企業の社長に発声や魅力的な笑い方などを指導する演出家がつくことは、欧米でもよくある。

    In Europe and the United States, it is also common for politicians and presidents of major corporations to have directors or coaches teach them such things as voice production and attractive ways of laughing in order to convey their messages more effectively.

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    メッセージをより効果的に伝える手段として、政治家や大企業の社長に発声や魅力的な笑い方などを指導する演出家がつくことは、欧米でもよくある。

    In Europe and the United States, it is also common for politicians and presidents of major corporations to have directors or coaches teach them such things as voice production and attractive ways of laughing in order to convey their messages more effectively.

  • 〜のにN4

    Links two clauses so the result contradicts what the first clause leads you to expect — "even though ~ / although ~".

    内容は重視するのに表現のための方法論は非常に軽視してきた日本とは、大きく異なる。

    This differs greatly from Japan, which has placed importance on content while greatly neglecting methods of expression.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    内容は重視するのに表現のための方法論は非常に軽視してきた日本とは、大きく異なる。

    This differs greatly from Japan, which has placed importance on content while greatly neglecting methods of expression.

  • 〜さN42 times in this passage

    Suffix that turns an adjective into a noun naming its degree or quality — '-ness' (e.g. 高さ 'height', 重さ 'weight').

    しかし、内容は同じでも間の取り方や声の高さ、大きさなどで、うまい人と下手な人の差は明らか。

    Yet even when the content is the same, the difference between a skilled and an unskilled speaker is obvious depending on pauses, pitch, volume, and other factors.

  • 方(かた)N4

    Attaches to a verb's masu-stem to name the manner or method of doing it, "way of / how to".

    聞くほうも、内容より話し方や振る舞いといった方法論に説得されることがある。

    Listeners, too, can sometimes be persuaded more by methods such as the way a person speaks or behaves than by the content itself.

  • まだN5

    Adverb showing an action or state still continues, or (with a negative) has not happened yet — "still / (not) yet."

    いまの男性の主張はまだ自己表現とは思わない。

    I still do not think what the man just argued can be called self-expression.

  • だろうN5

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    表現が求められるようになった最大の背景は、日本という共同体や家族的な社会という共同体が崩壊したことだろう

    The greatest reason expression has come to be demanded is probably the collapse of the community called Japan and of the family-like social community.

  • がありますN5

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    年功序列や終身雇用が大前提という共通の文化があれば意思疎通は簡単で、その規範に従っていれば目立つ必要もなかった。

    When there was a shared culture based on seniority and lifetime employment, mutual understanding was easy, and as long as people followed those norms, there was no need to stand out.

  • 〜ているN5

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    共通の文化がないなかで、「いいことは黙っていても伝わる」と考えるのは、残念ながら思い込みでしかない。

    When there is no shared culture, believing that “good things will get across even if left unsaid” is, unfortunately, nothing more than an assumption.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、内容は同じでも間の取り方や声の高さ、大きさなどで、うまい人と下手な人の差は明らか。

    Yet even when the content is the same, the difference between a skilled and an unskilled speaker is obvious depending on pauses, pitch, volume, and other factors.

Share:

Comments