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N1 · AdvancedIntegrated comprehensionPassage #109
2

「A」:日本にっぽんではしゅうきょう調ちょうするようきょういくされねんちょうしゃたいじゅうじゅんじゅうじゅん)に、調ちょうじょうたいこわようするしかし実際じっさいにんげんどくかんかくこうのがとうぜんで、しゃかんがかたことのはぜんことなのであるこれすると、しんじょうたいせいじょうたもあいある、。かんがことにんじょうけんこうかんするということは、じゅうようことなのだ。このじゅつは、くんれんされずにはものあるそこでわたしは、日本にっぽん学校教育がっこうきょういくディベートことていあんしたいぶんけんきちんとあいつたはんろんせいし、ポイントさらに説得せっとくしていくていで、さんしゃけんこうかんじゅうようテクニックまなまたかんじょうてきなられいせいたいたもつづくんれんも、ディベートとおできるはずある

「B」:ディベートほんてきタイプとうろんあることかんがと、日本にっぽん学校教育がっこうきょういくさいようすることにはもんかんいるぶんけんあいけんするというこうどうじゅうようありそのしつやしなひつようあるが、そのほうほうとしてディベートにはあるなぜなら日本社会にほんしゃかいこんていに、ひとしゃかんがべきだ、あらそべきだ、というかんがありあらそタイプディベートそれじゅんしているからあるろんしょうするのではなくたがけんみとながらじゃくてんおぎなゆずながらきょうりょくしてあたらかんがかたつくっていくブレーン・ストーミングようとうろんほうてきとうあるおも

Questions

0/2 answered
  1. 1A、Bが共通して言っていることは何か。
  2. 2二つの意見を正しく説明しているのはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary12 words
  • 協調きょうちょう
    • ·cooperation; conciliation; harmony; coordination
    N1
  • 調和ちょうわ
    • ·harmony; accord; reconciliation; agreement
    N1
  • 独自どくじ
    • ·original; unique; distinctive; characteristic; peculiar
    • ·independent; one's own; personal
    N1
  • 思考しこう
    • ·thought; consideration; thinking
    N1
  • 正常せいじょう
    • ·normal; regular
    N1
  • 保てるたもてるAs it appears here: 保てない
    • ·to keep; to preserve; to hold; to retain; to maintain; to sustain
    • ·to last; to endure; to keep well (food); to wear well; to be durable
    N1
  • 説得せっとく
    • ·persuasion
    N1
  • 討論とうろん
    • ·debate; discussion
    N1
  • 採用さいよう
    • ·use; adoption; acceptance
    • ·appointment; employment; engagement; recruitment
    N1
  • 養うやしなう
    • ·to support; to maintain; to provide for
    • ·to bring up; to raise; to rear; to feed
    • ·to adopt (a child)
    • ·to cultivate (a habit, a quality, etc.); to develop; to build up; to foster
    • ·to recuperate (from injury, illness, etc.)
    N1
  • 根底こんてい
    • ·root; basis; foundation
    N1
  • 争いあらそい
    • ·fight; dispute; feud; conflict; struggle; strife; discord; argument; quarrel; controversy
    • ·competition; contest; rivalry
    N1
Other levels81 words
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: され
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • じゅう
    • ·ten; 10
    • ·ten years of age
    • ·book containing a collection of poems
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 持つもつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 上手じょうず
    • ·skillful; skilled; proficient; good (at); adept; clever
    • ·flattery
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したい
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • 聞くきくAs it appears here: 聞き
    • ·to hear
    • ·to listen (e.g. to music)
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to query
    • ·to hear about; to hear of; to learn of
    • ·to follow (advice, order, etc.); to obey; to listen to; to comply with
    • ·to hear (e.g. a plea); to grant (a request); to accept (e.g. an argument); to give consideration to
    • ·to smell (esp. incense); to sample (a fragrance)
    • ·to taste (alcohol); to try
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なら
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 聞くきくAs it appears here: 聞いたり
    • ·to hear
    • ·to listen (e.g. to music)
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to query
    • ·to hear about; to hear of; to learn of
    • ·to follow (advice, order, etc.); to obey; to listen to; to comply with
    • ·to hear (e.g. a plea); to grant (a request); to accept (e.g. an argument); to give consideration to
    • ·to smell (esp. incense); to sample (a fragrance)
    • ·to taste (alcohol); to try
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あり
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 新しいあたらしい
    • ·new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date; modern
    N5
  • つくるAs it appears here: つくって
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • 教育きょういく
    • ·education; schooling; training; instruction; teaching; upbringing
    • ·culture; cultivation; education
    N4
  • 壊すこわすAs it appears here: 壊さない
    • ·to break; to destroy; to demolish
    • ·to wreck; to ruin; to spoil; to damage
    • ·to break (a bill, etc.)
    N4
  • 無理むり
    • ·unreasonable; unnatural; unjustifiable
    • ·impossible
    • ·forcible; forced; compulsory
    • ·excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
    • ·to work too hard; to try too hard
    • ·no way; not a chance; never; dream on
    • ·irrational
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 技術ぎじゅつ
    • ·technology; engineering
    • ·technique; skill
    • ·art; craft
    N4
  • 意見いけん
    • ·opinion; view; comment
    • ·scolding; reprimand; rebuke; admonition; cautioning; warning
    N4
  • 伝えるつたえるAs it appears here: 伝え
    • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
    N4
  • 見つけるみつけるAs it appears here: 見つけ
    • ·to find; to discover; to come across; to spot; to catch (someone doing)
    • ·to be used to seeing; to be familiar with
    N4
  • はず
    • ·should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be)
    • ·nock (of a bow)
    • ·nock (of an arrow)
    • ·nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger)
    • ·wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
    N4
  • 決めるきめる
    • ·to decide; to choose; to determine; to make up one's mind; to resolve; to set one's heart on; to settle; to arrange; to set; to appoint; to fix
    • ·to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match)
    • ·to persist in doing; to go through with
    • ·to always do; to have made a habit of
    • ·to take for granted; to assume
    • ·to dress up; to dress to kill; to dress to the nines
    • ·to carry out successfully (a move in sports, a pose in dance, etc.); to succeed in doing
    • ·to immobilize with a double-arm lock (in sumo, judo, etc.)
    • ·to eat or drink something; to take illegal drugs
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 気持ちきもち
    • ·feeling; sensation; mood; state of mind
    • ·preparedness; readiness; attitude
    • ·thought; sentiment; consideration; solicitude; gratitude
    • ·slightly; a bit; a little
    N4
  • 適当てきとう
    • ·suitable; proper; appropriate; adequate; fit; fair
    • ·perfunctory; half-minded; sloppy; lazy; careless; noncommittal; unreliable; irresponsible; haphazard
    N4
  • 思うおもう
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 周囲しゅうい
    • ·surroundings; environs
    • ·circumference
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 状態じょうたい
    • ·state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 感覚かんかく
    • ·sense; sensation; feeling; intuition
    N3
  • 異なることなる
    • ·to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
    N3
  • 自然しぜん
    • ·nature
    • ·natural; spontaneous; automatic
    • ·naturally; spontaneously; automatically
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 考えかんがえ
    • ·thinking; thought; view; opinion; concept
    • ·idea; notion; imagination
    • ·intention; plan; design
    • ·consideration; judgement; deliberation; reflection
    • ·wish; hope; expectation
    N3
  • 他人たにん
    • ·another person; other people; others
    • ·unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood)
    • ·outsider; stranger
    N3
  • 重要じゅうよう
    • ·important; essential; significant; major; key; principal
    N3
  • 訓練くんれん
    • ·training; drill; practice; discipline
    N3
  • 得るえるAs it appears here: 得られない
    • ·to be able to ...; can ...
    • ·to get; to acquire; to obtain; to procure; to earn; to win; to gain; to secure; to attain
    N3
  • そこで
    • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
    N3
  • 提案ていあん
    • ·proposal; proposition; suggestion
    N3
  • 相手あいて
    • ·companion; partner; company
    • ·other party; addressee; counterparty
    • ·opponent (sports, etc.)
    N3
  • 整理せいり
    • ·sorting; arrangement; organization; putting in order; adjustment; regulation
    • ·liquidation; settlement; consolidation; clearance (e.g. debt); paying off
    • ·retrenchment; curtailment; cutting down; disposal
    N3
  • さらに
    • ·furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
    N3
  • 学ぶまなぶ
    • ·to learn; to study; to take lessons in
    N3
  • 冷静れいせい
    • ·calmness; composure; coolness; serenity; presence of mind
    N3
  • 態度たいど
    • ·attitude; manner; behaviour; demeanour; bearing
    • ·attitude (towards an issue, etc.); position; stance; stand
    N3
  • 疑問ぎもん
    • ·doubt; question; suspicion; dubiousness
    N3
  • 感じるかんじるAs it appears here: 感じて
    • ·to feel; to sense; to experience
    • ·to be moved (by); to be touched (by); to be impressed (by); to respond (to)
    • ·to become infected with (an illness); to catch
    N3
  • 述べるのべるAs it appears here: 述べたり
    • ·to state; to express; to say; to tell; to mention
    N3
  • 行動こうどう
    • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
    N3
  • 方法ほうほう
    • ·method; way; manner; process; procedure; means; measure
    N3
  • なぜなら
    • ·because; the reason is; if you want to know why
    N3
  • 避けるさける
    • ·to avoid (physical contact with)
    • ·to avoid (situation); to evade (question, subject); to shirk (one's responsibilities)
    • ·to ward off; to avert
    • ·to put aside; to move out of the way
    N3
  • 議論ぎろん
    • ·argument; discussion; dispute; controversy
    N3
  • 互いたがい
    • ·each other; one another
    N3
  • 認めるみとめるAs it appears here: 認め
    • ·to recognize; to recognise; to observe; to notice
    • ·to deem; to judge; to assess
    • ·to approve; to deem acceptable; to allow
    • ·to admit; to accept; to confess (to a charge)
    • ·to watch steadily; to observe carefully
    • ·to renown; to give renown to; to appreciate; to acknowledge
    N3
  • 協力きょうりょく
    • ·cooperation; collaboration; help; support
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 取り入れるとりいれる
    • ·to take in; to gather in
    • ·to adopt (e.g. an idea); to accept (e.g. advice); to introduce (e.g. technology); to borrow (e.g. a word)
    • ·to harvest; to reap; to gather in
    N2
  • 過程かてい
    • ·process; course; mechanism
    N2
  • 争うあらそうAs it appears here: 争って
    • ·to compete; to contest; to contend
    • ·to quarrel; to argue; to dispute; to be at variance; to oppose
    • ·to deny (e.g. evidence)
    N2
  • 矛盾むじゅん
    • ·contradiction; inconsistency
    N2
  • 勝負しょうぶ
    • ·victory or defeat
    • ·match; contest; game; bout; showdown
    N2
  • 弱点じゃくてん
    • ·weak point; weakness; shortcoming; defect; flaw; sore spot; tender spot
    N2
  • 補うおぎなうAs it appears here: 補ったり
    • ·to supplement; to make up for; to compensate for; to cover (a shortage, loss, etc.); to fill (e.g. a vacancy)
    N2
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • だの~だのN12 times in this passage

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    しかし実際は、人間は独自の感覚や思考を持つのが当然で、他者と考え方が異なるのは自然なことなのである。

    In reality, however, people naturally have their own perceptions and thoughts, so it is perfectly natural for their ways of thinking to differ from those of others.

  • までもない / までもなくN1

    Says there is no need to even do X, or that something goes without saying — 'no need to...; needless to say'

    自分の意見を述べたり相手の意見を聞いたりするという行動は言うまでもなく重要であり、その資質を養う必要があるが、その方法としてのディベートには無理がある。

    Needless to say, expressing one's own views and listening to those of others are important, and those abilities need to be cultivated, but debate is not an appropriate method for doing so.

  • には無理がある(にはむりがある)N1

    States that a plan or claim is unreasonable or cannot realistically be carried out — 'there's no way to', 'it's a stretch to'.

    自分の意見を述べたり相手の意見を聞いたりするという行動は言うまでもなく重要であり、その資質を養う必要があるが、その方法としてのディベートには無理がある

    Needless to say, expressing one's own views and listening to those of others are important, and those abilities need to be cultivated, but debate is not an appropriate method for doing so.

Other levels26 patterns
  • ということはN2

    Draws a logical conclusion or restatement from a preceding fact — "which means…, in other words…, that is to say…".

    考えの異なる他人と上手に意見交換するということは、重要なことなのだ。

    It is important to know how to exchange opinions effectively with people whose views differ from one's own.

  • さらにN2

    Adds a further point or a greater degree — 'furthermore', 'moreover', 'even more'.

    自分の意見をきちんと相手に伝え、反論を聞き、整理し、ポイントを見つけ、さらに説得していく過程で、参加者は意見交換の重要なテクニックを学ぶ。

    In the process of clearly communicating one's opinion, listening to counterarguments, organizing them, identifying the key points, and then continuing to persuade, participants learn important techniques for exchanging views.

  • を通じて/を通してN2

    Marks the means or intermediary something happens through, or a span it holds throughout — 'through', 'via', 'throughout'.

    また、感情的にならず冷静な態度を保ち続ける訓練も、ディベートを通してできるはずである。

    Debate should also provide training in maintaining a calm attitude without becoming emotional.

  • に対してN3

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    「A」:日本では周囲と協調するように教育され、年長者に対して従順(じゅうじゅん)に、調和状態を壊さないようにする。

    “A”: In Japan, people are taught to cooperate with those around them, to be obedient toward their elders, and not to disrupt harmony.

  • とすれば・としたら・とするとN3

    'If / supposing that…' — sets up a hypothesis and states what would follow from it.

    これを無理に押さえつけようとすると、心理状態が正常に保てない場合がある、。

    If such differences are forcibly suppressed, there are cases in which a healthy psychological state cannot be maintained.

  • ずにN3

    Marks doing one thing without doing another; a more formal equivalent of 〜ないで — 'without …ing'.

    この技術は、訓練されずには得られないものである。

    This skill cannot be acquired without training.

  • 的(てき)N32 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    また、感情的にならず冷静な態度を保ち続ける訓練も、ディベートを通してできるはずである。

    Debate should also provide training in maintaining a calm attitude without becoming emotional.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    自分の意見を述べたり相手の意見を聞いたりするという行動は言うまでもなく重要であり、その資質を養う必要があるが、その方法としてのディベートには無理がある。

    Needless to say, expressing one's own views and listening to those of others are important, and those abilities need to be cultivated, but debate is not an appropriate method for doing so.

  • としてN3

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    自分の意見を述べたり相手の意見を聞いたりするという行動は言うまでもなく重要であり、その資質を養う必要があるが、その方法としてのディベートには無理がある。

    Needless to say, expressing one's own views and listening to those of others are important, and those abilities need to be cultivated, but debate is not an appropriate method for doing so.

  • なぜならN3

    A sentence-initial conjunction that introduces the reason for what was just said — "because / the reason is that".

    なぜなら、日本社会の根底に、人は他者の気持ちを考えるべきだ、争いは避けるべきだ、という考えがあり、争って勝ち負けを決めるタイプのディベートはそれと矛盾しているからである。

    This is because Japanese society is founded on the idea that people should consider others' feelings and avoid conflict, whereas a competitive style of debate that determines winners and losers contradicts that idea.

  • べきだN32 times in this passage

    States what one ought to do as the right or expected course of action — 'should / ought to'.

    なぜなら、日本社会の根底に、人は他者の気持ちを考えるべきだ、争いは避けるべきだ、という考えがあり、争って勝ち負けを決めるタイプのディベートはそれと矛盾しているからである。

    This is because Japanese society is founded on the idea that people should consider others' feelings and avoid conflict, whereas a competitive style of debate that determines winners and losers contradicts that idea.

  • ようにするN4

    Expresses making an ongoing effort or arranging things so that something does or doesn't happen — "make sure to / try to (do regularly)".

    「A」:日本では周囲と協調するように教育され、年長者に対して従順(じゅうじゅん)に、調和状態を壊さないようにする

    “A”: In Japan, people are taught to cooperate with those around them, to be obedient toward their elders, and not to disrupt harmony.

  • 〜ていくN42 times in this passage

    Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

    自分の意見をきちんと相手に伝え、反論を聞き、整理し、ポイントを見つけ、さらに説得していく過程で、参加者は意見交換の重要なテクニックを学ぶ。

    In the process of clearly communicating one's opinion, listening to counterarguments, organizing them, identifying the key points, and then continuing to persuade, participants learn important techniques for exchanging views.

  • 続ける(つづける)N4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean keep doing / continue doing the action ('keep ~ing').

    また、感情的にならず冷静な態度を保ち続ける訓練も、ディベートを通してできるはずである。

    Debate should also provide training in maintaining a calm attitude without becoming emotional.

  • はずだN4

    Expresses the speaker's reasoned confidence that something is or should be the case — 'should, ought to, is supposed to'.

    また、感情的にならず冷静な態度を保ち続ける訓練も、ディベートを通してできるはずである。

    Debate should also provide training in maintaining a calm attitude without becoming emotional.

  • 必要がある(ひつようがある)N4

    States that doing something is necessary or required — 'need to, it is necessary to'.

    自分の意見を述べたり相手の意見を聞いたりするという行動は言うまでもなく重要であり、その資質を養う必要があるが、その方法としてのディベートには無理がある。

    Needless to say, expressing one's own views and listening to those of others are important, and those abilities need to be cultivated, but debate is not an appropriate method for doing so.

  • ながらN42 times in this passage

    Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

    議論で勝負するのではなく、互いの意見を認め合いながら弱点を補ったり譲り合ったりしながら、協力して新しい考え方をつくっていくブレーン・ストーミングのような討論のほうが適当であると思う。

    I think a form of discussion like brainstorming would be more appropriate, in which people do not compete to win an argument but instead recognize one another's views, compensate for weaknesses, make mutual concessions, and cooperate to create new ideas.

  • ように / ようなN4

    Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".

    議論で勝負するのではなく、互いの意見を認め合いながら弱点を補ったり譲り合ったりしながら、協力して新しい考え方をつくっていくブレーン・ストーミングのような討論のほうが適当であると思う。

    I think a form of discussion like brainstorming would be more appropriate, in which people do not compete to win an argument but instead recognize one another's views, compensate for weaknesses, make mutual concessions, and cooperate to create new ideas.

  • と思う(とおもう)N4

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    議論で勝負するのではなく、互いの意見を認め合いながら弱点を補ったり譲り合ったりしながら、協力して新しい考え方をつくっていくブレーン・ストーミングのような討論のほうが適当であると思う

    I think a form of discussion like brainstorming would be more appropriate, in which people do not compete to win an argument but instead recognize one another's views, compensate for weaknesses, make mutual concessions, and cooperate to create new ideas.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし実際は、人間は独自の感覚や思考を持つのが当然で、他者と考え方が異なるのは自然なことなのである。

    In reality, however, people naturally have their own perceptions and thoughts, so it is perfectly natural for their ways of thinking to differ from those of others.

  • がありますN52 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    これを無理に押さえつけようとすると、心理状態が正常に保てない場合がある、。

    If such differences are forcibly suppressed, there are cases in which a healthy psychological state cannot be maintained.

  • 〜たいN5

    Expresses the speaker's own desire to do something — “want to do”.

    そこで私は、日本の学校教育でディベートを取り入れることを提案したい

    I would therefore like to propose introducing debate into Japanese school education.

  • 〜ているN52 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    「B」:ディベートが基本的に勝ち負けを決めるタイプの討論であることを考えると、日本の学校教育で採用することには疑問を感じている

    “B”: Considering that debate is fundamentally a form of discussion designed to determine winners and losers, I have doubts about adopting it in Japanese schools.

  • 〜たり〜たりN54 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    自分の意見を述べたり相手の意見を聞いたりするという行動は言うまでもなく重要であり、その資質を養う必要があるが、その方法としてのディベートには無理がある。

    Needless to say, expressing one's own views and listening to those of others are important, and those abilities need to be cultivated, but debate is not an appropriate method for doing so.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    議論で勝負するのではなく、互いの意見を認め合いながら弱点を補ったり譲り合ったりしながら、協力して新しい考え方をつくっていくブレーン・ストーミングのような討論のほうが適当であると思う。

    I think a form of discussion like brainstorming would be more appropriate, in which people do not compete to win an argument but instead recognize one another's views, compensate for weaknesses, make mutual concessions, and cooperate to create new ideas.

  • より〜ほうがN5

    Expresses comparison or preference — 'B is more ... than A / would rather B' (A より B のほうが).

    議論で勝負するのではなく、互いの意見を認め合いながら弱点を補ったり譲り合ったりしながら、協力して新しい考え方をつくっていくブレーン・ストーミングのような討論のほうが適当であると思う。

    I think a form of discussion like brainstorming would be more appropriate, in which people do not compete to win an argument but instead recognize one another's views, compensate for weaknesses, make mutual concessions, and cooperate to create new ideas.

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