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N1 · AdvancedMedium passagePassage #106
2

混こみ合あったコンパの席せきで友ゆう人じんと話はなしをしているとき、耳みみに入はいってくるのは友ゆう人じんの声こえだけではない。周しゅう囲いで交かわされる会かい話わや食器しょっきのぶつかる音おとがあり、BGMさえ流ながれている。そんな喧けん噪そう（けんそう）の中なかでも、友ゆう人じんの話はなしに耳みみを傾かたむけ、その内ない容ようを理り解かいすることが可か能のうである。このような例れいをあげるまでもなく、私わたしたちの耳みみには通つう常じょうたくさんの情じょう報ほうが同どう時じに入にゅう力りょくされている。それでも私わたしたちが混こん乱らんしないのは、注ちゅう意いを選せん択たく的てきに振ふり分わける選せん択たく的てき注ちゅう意いができるからである。注ちゅう意いを向むけられた情じょう報ほうは深ふかい処しょ理りを受うけ、そこで初はじめて理り解かいされることになる。

しかし処しょ理りされているのは注ちゅう意いを向むけられた情じょう報ほうだけではない。友ゆう人じんの話はなしに耳みみを傾かたむけていても、BGMがピアノからギターに変かわれば、その音ね色いろの変へん化かに気きづくし、他たの人ひとから自じ分ぶんの名な前まえを呼よばれたことにも気きづく。この場ば合あいの情じょう報ほう処しょ理りは、意い図と的てきな制せい御ぎょを受うけない自じ動どう的てき処しょ理りである。ここでは情じょう報ほうの物ぶつ理り的てきな特とく徴ちょう（声こえの質しつ、口くち笛ぶえなどの信しん号ごう、名な前まえなど）が処しょ理りされ、情じょう報ほう内ない容ようの深ふかい理り解かいは伴ともなわない。これに対たいして、喧けん噪そうの中なかで友ゆう人じんの話はなしが理り解かいできるのは、注ちゅう意い的てき処しょ理りとよばれ、情じょう報ほう処しょ理りの意い図と的てきな制せい御ぎょを行おこなっている。注ちゅう意い的てき処しょ理りでは、記き憶おく構こう造ぞう内ないの知ち識しきが検けん索さくされ、情じょう報ほうの深ふかい理り解かいを可か能のうにしているのである。

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1そんな喧噪の中でも、友人の話に耳を傾け、その内容を理解することが可能であるというのは、なぜか。
  2. 2深い処理を文章中の別の言葉で言い換えると何か。
  3. 3自動的処理の例はどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary7 words
  • 混むこむAs it appears here: 混み
    • ·to be crowded; to be packed; to be congested; to be thronged (with)
    N1
  • 交わすかわすAs it appears here: 交わされる
    • ·to exchange (messages, greetings, arguments, etc.)
    • ·to intersect; to cross; to interlace
    • ·... with one another; ... to each other
    N1
  • 傾けるかたむけるAs it appears here: 傾け
    • ·to incline; to lean; to tip; to tilt; to slant; to bend; to list
    • ·to devote oneself to; to concentrate on; to pour one's energy into
    • ·to ruin; to squander; to empty
    • ·to drink (alcohol)
    N1
  • 通常つうじょう
    • ·usual; ordinary; normal; regular; general; common
    N1
  • 傾けるかたむけるAs it appears here: 傾けて
    • ·to incline; to lean; to tip; to tilt; to slant; to bend; to list
    • ·to devote oneself to; to concentrate on; to pour one's energy into
    • ·to ruin; to squander; to empty
    • ·to drink (alcohol)
    N1
  • 音色ねいろ
    • ·tone color; tone colour; tone quality; timbre
    N1
  • 伴うともなうAs it appears here: 伴わない
    • ·to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon
    • ·to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with; to be involved in
    N1
Other levels60 words
  • 話はなし
    • ·talk; speech; chat; conversation
    • ·topic; subject
    • ·discussions; negotiation; argument
    • ·rumor; talk; hearsay
    • ·tale; story; fable
    • ·circumstances; particulars
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 耳みみ
    • ·ear
    • ·hearing
    • ·ear (for music, etc.)
    • ·edge; crust; heel (of bread or cheese); selvedge (of woven fabric); selvage
    • ·ear (of a pot, jug, etc.); handle
    N5
  • 入るはいるAs it appears here: 入って
    • ·to enter; to come in; to go in; to get in; to arrive
    • ·to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to enroll (in); to go into (e.g. politics); to get into
    • ·to be contained (in); to be included (in); to be inside (e.g. a box); to come under (a heading); to belong (in a category)
    • ·to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.); to be (able to be) held; to be (able to be) accommodated
    • ·to be introduced; to be brought in; to be installed
    • ·to be received; to be obtained
    • ·to be scored (of points); to be won (of votes)
    • ·to turn on; to start functioning; to start working
    • ·to enter (a month, season, etc.); to reach (e.g. a climax); to get to (e.g. the main topic); to enter into (e.g. negotiations); to start (doing); to begin
    • ·to form (of a crack, fissure, etc.); to develop
    • ·to be put in (of effort, spirit, feeling, etc.); to be applied (e.g. of strength)
    • ·to be ready (of tea, coffee, etc.); to be made
    • ·to enter the body (of alcohol); to become drunk
    N5
  • 声こえ
    • ·voice
    • ·singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); hoot
    • ·voice; opinion (as expressed in words); view; wish; attitude; will
    • ·sound
    • ·sense (of something's arrival); feeling
    • ·voice; voiced sound
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あり
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • たくさん
    • ·a lot; lots; plenty; many; a large number; much; a great deal; a good deal
    • ·enough; sufficient
    • ·enough; too many; too much
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しない
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 初めてはじめて
    • ·for the first time
    • ·only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; not until ... do you ...
    • ·first time; (one's) first
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 人ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • 名前なまえ
    • ·name
    • ·given name; first name
    N5
  • 呼ぶよぶAs it appears here: 呼ばれた
    • ·to call out (to); to call; to invoke
    • ·to summon (a doctor, etc.)
    • ·to invite
    • ·to designate; to name; to brand
    • ·to garner (support, etc.); to gather
    • ·to take as one's wife
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: され
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • 中なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • よぶAs it appears here: よばれ
    • ·to call out (to); to call; to invoke
    • ·to summon (a doctor, etc.)
    • ·to invite
    • ·to designate; to name; to brand
    • ·to garner (support, etc.); to gather
    • ·to take as one's wife
    N5
  • 席せき
    • ·seat
    • ·location (of a gathering, etc.); place
    • ·position; post
    N4
  • 会話かいわ
    • ·conversation; talk; chat
    N4
  • 音おと
    • ·sound; noise
    • ·(musical) note
    • ·fame
    N4
  • 注意ちゅうい
    • ·attention; notice; heed
    • ·care; caution; precaution; looking out (for); watching out (for)
    • ·advice; warning; caution; reminder
    • ·admonishment; reprimand; telling-off
    N4
  • 深いふかい
    • ·deep
    • ·profound
    • ·dense; thick
    • ·close (relationship)
    • ·intense; strong
    • ·late
    N4
  • 受けるうけるAs it appears here: 受け
    • ·to receive; to get
    • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
    • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
    • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
    • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
    • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
    • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
    • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
    • ·to face (south, etc.)
    • ·to be modified by
    • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
    • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
    N4
  • 変わるかわるAs it appears here: 変われば
    • ·to change; to be transformed; to be altered; to vary
    • ·to move to
    • ·to be different; to be uncommon; to be unusual
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 受けるうけるAs it appears here: 受けない
    • ·to receive; to get
    • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
    • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
    • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
    • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
    • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
    • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
    • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
    • ·to face (south, etc.)
    • ·to be modified by
    • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
    • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
    N4
  • 行うおこなうAs it appears here: 行って
    • ·to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
    N4
  • 友人ゆうじん
    • ·friend
    N3
  • とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
  • 周囲しゅうい
    • ·surroundings; environs
    • ·circumference
    N3
  • 流れるながれるAs it appears here: 流れて
    • ·to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to run (ink)
    • ·to be washed away; to be carried
    • ·to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to wander; to stray
    • ·to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire); to spread; to circulate
    • ·to be heard (e.g. music); to be played
    • ·to lapse (e.g. into indolence, despair)
    • ·to pass; to elapse; to be transmitted
    • ·to be called off; to be forfeited
    • ·to disappear; to be removed
    N3
  • 内容ないよう
    • ·contents; content; substance; matter; detail; import
    N3
  • 理解りかい
    • ·understanding; comprehension; appreciation
    • ·sympathy
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • それでも
    • ·but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
    N3
  • 混乱こんらん
    • ·disorder; chaos; confusion; mayhem
    N3
  • 向けるむけるAs it appears here: 向けられた
    • ·to turn (towards); to face; to point; to aim; to direct to
    • ·to head to; to go towards
    • ·to allot; to allocate
    • ·to send; to dispatch (e.g. a person)
    • ·to aim for; to pursue
    N3
  • 処理しょり
    • ·processing; dealing with; treatment; disposition; disposal
    N3
  • そこで
    • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
    N3
  • 変化へんか
    • ·change; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; transformation
    • ·variety; diversity
    • ·inflection; declension; conjugation
    • ·henka; (expl.) evasive sidestep at the beginning of a bout
    N3
  • 特徴とくちょう
    • ·feature; trait; characteristic; peculiarity; distinction
    N3
  • 質しつ
    • ·quality; value
    • ·nature; inherent quality; character
    • ·logical quality
    N3
  • 信号しんごう
    • ·signal; signalling; signaling
    • ·traffic light; traffic signal
    N3
  • 記憶きおく
    • ·memory; recollection; remembrance
    • ·memory; storage
    N3
  • 知識ちしき
    • ·knowledge; information
    N3
  • 食器しょっき
    • ·tableware
    N2
  • けるAs it appears here: けん
    • ·to kick
    • ·to refuse; to reject
    • ·to stamp (on the ground); to firmly press one's feet (against something)
    N2
  • 構造こうぞう
    • ·structure; construction; makeup; framework; organization; pattern
    N2
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • までもない / までもなくN1

    Says there is no need to even do X, or that something goes without saying — 'no need to...; needless to say'

    このような例をあげるまでもなく、私たちの耳には通常たくさんの情報が同時に入力されている。

    Even without an example like this, it is clear that our ears normally receive a great deal of information simultaneously.

Other levels17 patterns
  • 的（てき）N34 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    それでも私たちが混乱しないのは、注意を選択的に振り分ける選択的注意ができるからである。

    The reason we are not confused despite this is that we are capable of selective attention, directing our attention selectively.

  • に対してN3

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    これに対して、喧噪の中で友人の話が理解できるのは、注意的処理とよばれ、情報処理の意図的な制御を行っている。

    By contrast, being able to understand a friend's speech amid the noise is called attentive processing, in which information processing is deliberately controlled.

  • ときN4

    Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."

    混み合ったコンパの席で友人と話をしているとき、耳に入ってくるのは友人の声だけではない。

    When talking with a friend at a crowded party, the friend's voice is not the only sound entering our ears.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    混み合ったコンパの席で友人と話をしているとき、耳に入ってくるのは友人の声だけではない。

    When talking with a friend at a crowded party, the friend's voice is not the only sound entering our ears.

  • ようだN4

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    このような例をあげるまでもなく、私たちの耳には通常たくさんの情報が同時に入力されている。

    Even without an example like this, it is clear that our ears normally receive a great deal of information simultaneously.

  • それでもN4

    Concessive conjunction — 'even so, nevertheless, still.'

    それでも私たちが混乱しないのは、注意を選択的に振り分ける選択的注意ができるからである。

    The reason we are not confused despite this is that we are capable of selective attention, directing our attention selectively.

  • ことになるN4

    Expresses that something has been decided or comes about, often through external circumstances rather than the speaker's own will; 'it has been decided that / it turns out that.'

    注意を向けられた情報は深い処理を受け、そこで初めて理解されることになる。

    Information to which attention is directed undergoes deep processing, and only then does it come to be understood.

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    友人の話に耳を傾けていても、BGMがピアノからギターに変われば、その音色の変化に気づくし、他の人から自分の名前を呼ばれたことにも気づく。

    Even while listening to a friend, we notice if the background music changes from piano to guitar, and we also notice if someone else calls our name.

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    ここでは情報の物理的な特徴（声の質、口笛などの信号、名前など）が処理され、情報内容の深い理解は伴わない。

    Here, physical features of the information—such as voice quality, signals like whistles, or names—are processed without any deep understanding of the informational content.

  • 〜の中でN4

    Marks a set or group as the domain of a comparison — "among ~ / of all ~", typically paired with a superlative.

    これに対して、喧噪の中で友人の話が理解できるのは、注意的処理とよばれ、情報処理の意図的な制御を行っている。

    By contrast, being able to understand a friend's speech amid the noise is called attentive processing, in which information processing is deliberately controlled.

  • 〜ているN57 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    混み合ったコンパの席で友人と話をしているとき、耳に入ってくるのは友人の声だけではない。

    When talking with a friend at a crowded party, the friend's voice is not the only sound entering our ears.

  • だけN52 times in this passage

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    混み合ったコンパの席で友人と話をしているとき、耳に入ってくるのは友人の声だけではない。

    When talking with a friend at a crowded party, the friend's voice is not the only sound entering our ears.

  • じゃない・ではないN52 times in this passage

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    混み合ったコンパの席で友人と話をしているとき、耳に入ってくるのは友人の声だけではない。

    When talking with a friend at a crowded party, the friend's voice is not the only sound entering our ears.

  • がありますN5

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    周囲で交わされる会話や食器のぶつかる音があり、BGMさえ流れている。

    There are conversations taking place around us, the clatter of dishes, and even background music playing.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし処理されているのは注意を向けられた情報だけではない。

    Yet information that receives our attention is not the only information being processed.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    注意的処理では、記憶構造内の知識が検索され、情報の深い理解を可能にしているのである。

    In attentive processing, knowledge stored in the memory structure is retrieved, making a deep understanding of the information possible.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    注意的処理では、記憶構造内の知識が検索され、情報の深い理解を可能にしているのである。

    In attentive processing, knowledge stored in the memory structure is retrieved, making a deep understanding of the information possible.

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