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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #606
2

にんげんかおには、いろいろとくちょうありますないというのがそのひとそしてもうひととくちょうは、かおじょうやわということですとくくちやわというのがにんげんかおとくちょうですもともとくちやくわりは、ものということでした。しかもくちそのものつかむことひつようですからかおなかくちいちばんまえないしたがってほとんどにゅうるい(注1)ではくちまえいます

くちにはもうひとやくわりありますあいこうげきするどうとしてくちですあいこうげきするそのためにはやはりくちいちばんまえいてしかもかたいけませんいちばんまえいてかたそれつうどうぶつくちとくちょうなのです

ところがにんげんでは、ちょくりつこうするようなってくちやくわりなぜならものつかむということは、ちょくせつぐち使つかのではなくてできるようなったからですものつかんでくちところまでもってくることによってくちかなら(   )。にんげんくちしん(注2)ていだんだんきたのはそのためです

さらにちょくりつこうゆうなったために、あいへのこうげき使つかできるようなりましたその結果けっかこうげきどうとしてくちやくわりだんだんうしなきましたかならかたひつようないやわいいこうしてくちまわどんどんやわなっていったです

はらしまひろしかおがくへのしょうたいによる

ちゅう1)にゅうるいちちそだどうぶつ

ちゅう2)しんせいぶつ発達はったつによってながあいだへんすること

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1人間以外の哺乳類の口について述べているのはどれか。
  2. 2(   )に入る文として適当なものはどれか。
  3. 3人間の口が変化した理由について、正しく説明しているものはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary4 words
  • もともと
    • ·originally; from the start; from the beginning; from the outset; by nature
    • ·none the worse (for); (coming out) even; in the same position (as before)
    N2
  • 過程かてい
    • ·process; course; mechanism
    N2
  • 引っ込むひっこむAs it appears here: 引っ込んで
    • ·to draw back; to sink; to cave in
    • ·to be set back (e.g. from a road)
    • ·to withdraw (e.g. from the public eye); to retire to (somewhere); to stay indoors; to butt out; to stay out of it
    N2
  • こうして
    • ·thus; in this way
    N2
Other levels67 words
  • いろいろ
    • ·various; a variety of; all sorts of; many (different)
    • ·variously; in various ways; in many ways
    • ·various things; this and that
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あります
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • 一つひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • くち
    • ·mouth
    • ·opening; hole; gap; orifice
    • ·mouth (of a bottle); spout; nozzle; mouthpiece
    • ·gate; door; entrance; exit
    • ·speaking; speech; talk (i.e. gossip)
    • ·taste; palate
    • ·mouth (to feed)
    • ·opening (i.e. vacancy); available position
    • ·invitation; summons
    • ·kind; sort; type
    • ·opening (i.e. beginning)
    • ·counter for mouthfuls, shares (of money) and stove burners
    • ·counter for swords, blades, etc.
    N5
  • 食べ物たべもの
    • ·food
    N5
  • 食べるたべる
    • ·to eat
    • ·to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
    N5
  • 一番いちばん
    • ·number one; first; first place
    • ·best; most
    • ·game; round; bout
    • ·as a test; as an experiment; by way of experiment; by way of trial; tentatively
    • ·song (e.g. in noh); piece
    N5
  • まえ
    • ·in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
    • ·before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
    • ·(the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
    • ·forward; ahead
    • ·(in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
    • ·previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
    • ·portion; helping
    • ·front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
    • ·privates; private parts
    • ·criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
    N5
  • 食べるたべるAs it appears here: 食べられません
    • ·to eat
    • ·to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 動物どうぶつ
    • ·animal
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 使うつかう
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
    • ·hand; arm
    • ·forepaw; foreleg
    • ·handle
    • ·hand; worker; help
    • ·trouble; care; effort
    • ·means; way; trick; move; technique; workmanship
    • ·hand; handwriting
    • ·kind; type; sort
    • ·one's hands; one's possession
    • ·ability to cope
    • ·hand (of cards)
    • ·direction
    • ·move (in go, shogi, etc.)
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • ところ
    • ·place; spot; scene; site
    • ·address
    • ·district; area; locality
    • ·one's house
    • ·point; aspect; side; facet
    • ·passage (in text); part
    • ·space; room
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·whereupon; as a result
    • ·about to; on the verge of
    • ·was just doing; was in the process of doing; have just done; just finished doing
    • ·approximately; around; about
    N5
  • もつAs it appears here: もって
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • だんだん
    • ·gradually; by degrees; little by little; more and more; increasingly
    • ·steps; stairs; staircase; terrace
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使って
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なりました
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
    • ·hair
    • ·fur; wool
    • ·down; plumage; feathers
    N4
  • 非常にひじょうに
    • ·very; extremely; exceedingly
    N4
  • 柔らかいやわらかい
    • ·soft; tender; supple; flexible; limber; limp
    • ·gentle; mild; soft; mellow
    • ·light (topic, book, etc.); informal
    • ·flexible (thinking, mind, etc.); malleable; adaptable
    N4
  • 特にとくに
    • ·particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • ほとんど
    • ·almost; nearly; mostly; practically; virtually; basically; just about; all but
    • ·hardly; barely; scarcely; little
    • ·large majority; large proportion; greater part; most (of); almost all (of)
    N4
  • 道具どうぐ
    • ·tool; implement; instrument; utensil; apparatus; device
    • ·means
    • ·furniture
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 固いかたいAs it appears here: 固くなければ
    • ·hard; solid; tough
    • ·stiff; tight; wooden; unpolished (e.g. writing)
    • ·strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved)
    • ·safe; steady; honest; steadfast
    • ·obstinate; stubborn
    • ·bookish; formal; stuffy
    • ·solid (shape or stones)
    N4
  • 固いかたい
    • ·hard; solid; tough
    • ·stiff; tight; wooden; unpolished (e.g. writing)
    • ·strong; firm (not viscous or easily moved)
    • ·safe; steady; honest; steadfast
    • ·obstinate; stubborn
    • ·bookish; formal; stuffy
    • ·solid (shape or stones)
    N4
  • 普通ふつう
    • ·normal; ordinary; regular; usual; common; average
    • ·normally; ordinarily; usually; generally; commonly
    • ·local train; train that stops at every station
    N4
  • 変わるかわるAs it appears here: 変わりました
    • ·to change; to be transformed; to be altered; to vary
    • ·to move to
    • ·to be different; to be uncommon; to be unusual
    N4
  • 柔らかいやわらかいAs it appears here: 柔らかくて
    • ·soft; tender; supple; flexible; limber; limp
    • ·gentle; mild; soft; mellow
    • ·light (topic, book, etc.); informal
    • ·flexible (thinking, mind, etc.); malleable; adaptable
    N4
  • 周りまわり
    • ·circumference; girth
    • ·surroundings; neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity
    • ·people surrounding oneself; surrounding circumstances
    N4
  • 柔らかいやわらかいAs it appears here: 柔らかく
    • ·soft; tender; supple; flexible; limber; limp
    • ·gentle; mild; soft; mellow
    • ·light (topic, book, etc.); informal
    • ·flexible (thinking, mind, etc.); malleable; adaptable
    N4
    • ·child; kid; teenager; youngster; young (non-adult) person
    • ·(one's) child; offspring
    • ·young woman
    • ·young (animal)
    • ·offshoot
    • ·interest
    • ·new share
    • ·player who is not a dealer
    • ·young geisha; young prostitute
    • ·bird egg
    • ·-er (often of young women)
    N4
  • 育てるそだてる
    • ·to raise; to rear; to bring up
    • ·to train; to teach; to educate
    • ·to promote the growth of; to nurture; to foster; to develop
    N4
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 特徴とくちょう
    • ·feature; trait; characteristic; peculiarity; distinction
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 役割やくわり
    • ·part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
    N3
  • しかも
    • ·moreover; furthermore
    • ·nevertheless; and yet
    N3
  • つかむ
    • ·to seize; to catch; to grasp; to grip; to grab; to clutch; to hold; to catch hold of; to lay one's hands on
    • ·to obtain; to acquire; to get; to win; to capture
    • ·to understand; to grasp; to comprehend
    N3
  • したがって
    • ·therefore; consequently; accordingly
    N3
  • 相手あいて
    • ·companion; partner; company
    • ·other party; addressee; counterparty
    • ·opponent (sports, etc.)
    N3
  • 攻撃こうげき
    • ·attack; assault; raid; onslaught; offensive
    • ·criticism; censure; denunciation; condemnation
    • ·cyber attack (e.g. DDoS)
    N3
  • やはり
    • ·as expected; sure enough; just as one thought
    • ·after all (is said and done); in the end; as one would expect; in any case
    • ·too; also; as well; likewise; (not) either
    • ·still; as before
    • ·all the same; even so; still; nonetheless
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • なぜなら
    • ·because; the reason is; if you want to know why
    N3
  • 直接ちょくせつ
    • ·direct; immediate; personal; firsthand
    N3
  • つかむAs it appears here: つかんで
    • ·to seize; to catch; to grasp; to grip; to grab; to clutch; to hold; to catch hold of; to lay one's hands on
    • ·to obtain; to acquire; to get; to win; to capture
    • ·to understand; to grasp; to comprehend
    N3
  • 必ずしもかならずしも
    • ·(not) always; (not) necessarily; (not) entirely; (not) all
    N3
  • さらに
    • ·furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • 失ううしなうAs it appears here: 失われて
    • ·to lose
    • ·to miss (a chance, opportunity)
    • ·to lose (a loved one); to be bereaved of
    • ·to concede (goals, points, etc.)
    N3
  • がく
    • ·learning; scholarship; study; erudition; knowledge; education
    • ·study of ...; -ology; -ics
    N3
  • 招待しょうたい
    • ·invitation
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 生物せいぶつ
    • ·living thing; organism; creature; life
    • ·biology
    N3
  • 発達はったつ
    • ·development; growth
    • ·progress; development; advancement
    • ·expansion (of a typhoon, low-pressure area, etc.)
    • ·developmental disability; person with a developmental disability
    N3
  • 変化へんか
    • ·change; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; transformation
    • ·variety; diversity
    • ·inflection; declension; conjugation
    • ·henka; (expl.) evasive sidestep at the beginning of a bout
    N3
  • 進化しんか
    • ·evolution
    • ·evolution; becoming more advanced; progress; development; improvement
    N1
  • ちち
    • ·milk
    • ·breast
    • ·loop
    • ·decorative bump (on a hanging bell)
    N1
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • しかもN22 times in this passage

    Additive conjunction adding a further, often stronger point — 'moreover, and what's more'.

    しかも口でその食べ物をつかむことが必要ですから、顔の中でも口が一番前にないと食べられません。

    Moreover, because the mouth had to grasp food, eating would not be possible unless the mouth projected farthest forward on the face.

  • ということはN2

    Draws a logical conclusion or restatement from a preceding fact — "which means…, in other words…, that is to say…".

    なぜなら、食べ物をつかむということは、直接口を使うのではなくて、手でできるようになったからです。

    This was because food could now be grasped with the hands instead of directly with the mouth.

  • さらにN2

    Adds a further point or a greater degree — 'furthermore', 'moreover', 'even more'.

    さらに、直立歩行で手が自由になったために、相手への攻撃も手を使ってできるようになりました。

    Furthermore, because upright walking freed the hands, humans also became able to use their hands to attack opponents.

Other levels26 patterns
  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    一番前にとび出ていて固い、それが普通の動物の口の特徴なのです。

    Projecting farthest forward and being hard—those are the characteristics of the mouth in ordinary animals.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    毛がないというのがその一つ、そしてもう一つの特徴は、顔が非常に柔らかいということです。

    One of them is the lack of hair, and another is that the face is extremely soft.

  • ということだN32 times in this passage

    Reports hearsay or states a conclusion drawn from what precedes — 'I hear that…' / 'that is to say / it amounts to…'.

    毛がないというのがその一つ、そしてもう一つの特徴は、顔が非常に柔らかいということです

    One of them is the lack of hair, and another is that the face is extremely soft.

  • としてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    相手を攻撃する道具としての口です。

    That is the mouth’s role as a tool for attacking an opponent.

  • そのためにN3

    Connective linking a preceding cause or purpose to what follows, 'for that reason / in order to do that'.

    そのためにはやはり口は一番前にとび出ていて、しかも固くなければいけません。

    To do that, the mouth likewise has to project farthest forward and also has to be hard.

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ところが、人間では、直立歩行をするようになって、口の役割が変わりました。

    In humans, however, the role of the mouth changed when humans began walking upright.

  • なぜならN3

    A sentence-initial conjunction that introduces the reason for what was just said — "because / the reason is that".

    なぜなら、食べ物をつかむということは、直接口を使うのではなくて、手でできるようになったからです。

    This was because food could now be grasped with the hands instead of directly with the mouth.

  • によって/によるN33 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    食べ物を手でつかんで口のところまでもってくることによって、口は必ずしも(   )。

    By grasping food with the hands and bringing it to the mouth, the mouth no longer necessarily had to (   ).

  • ためにN32 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    人間の口が進化の過程でだんだん引っ込んできたのはそのためです。

    That is why, over the course of evolution, the human mouth gradually receded.

  • が必要(がひつよう)N4

    Marks something as necessary or required — 'need X / X is necessary'.

    しかも口でその食べ物をつかむことが必要ですから、顔の中でも口が一番前にないと食べられません。

    Moreover, because the mouth had to grasp food, eating would not be possible unless the mouth projected farthest forward on the face.

  • なければいけないN4

    Expresses obligation, typically tied to a specific situation — 'must / have to'.

    そのためにはやはり口は一番前にとび出ていて、しかも固くなければいけません

    To do that, the mouth likewise has to project farthest forward and also has to be hard.

  • ようになるN43 times in this passage

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    ところが、人間では、直立歩行をするようになって、口の役割が変わりました。

    In humans, however, the role of the mouth changed when humans began walking upright.

  • 〜てくるN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    食べ物を手でつかんで口のところまでもってくることによって、口は必ずしも(   )。

    By grasping food with the hands and bringing it to the mouth, the mouth no longer necessarily had to (   ).

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    柔らかくてもいい。

    It could be soft.

  • 〜ていくN4

    Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

    こうして、口の周りがどんどん柔らかくなっていったのです。

    In this way, the area around the mouth became softer and softer.

  • 間に(あいだに)N4

    Marks a point within a time span at which a one-time action happens before the span ends — 'while; during; before (it ends)'.

    (注2)進化:生物が発達によって長い間に変化すること

    (Note 2) 進化: the process by which living organisms change over a long period through development

  • がありますN52 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    人間の顔には、いろいろな特徴があります

    The human face has various distinctive characteristics.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    毛がないというのがその一つ、そしてもう一つの特徴は、顔が非常に柔らかいということです。

    One of them is the lack of hair, and another is that the face is extremely soft.

  • もうN52 times in this passage

    The adverb "already" (with an affirmative), or "(not) anymore / any longer" (with a negative).

    毛がないというのがその一つ、そしてもう一つの特徴は、顔が非常に柔らかいということです。

    One of them is the lack of hair, and another is that the face is extremely soft.

  • だ / ですN57 times in this passage

    The copula linking a noun or na-adjective to the subject — plain だ / polite です, 'is/am/are'.

    特に口が柔らかいというのが人間の顔の特徴です

    In particular, the softness of the mouth is a characteristic of the human face.

  • の中で[A]が一番(のなかで[A]がいちばん)N5

    Singles out the top member of a group — 'of all …, X is the most / best'.

    しかも口でその食べ物をつかむことが必要ですから、顔の中でも口が一番前にないと食べられません。

    Moreover, because the mouth had to grasp food, eating would not be possible unless the mouth projected farthest forward on the face.

  • 前に(まえに)N54 times in this passage

    Marks that something happens before an action or in front of a place — "before (doing) / in front of."

    しかも口でその食べ物をつかむことが必要ですから、顔の中でも口が一番前にないと食べられません。

    Moreover, because the mouth had to grasp food, eating would not be possible unless the mouth projected farthest forward on the face.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    したがって、ほとんどの哺乳類では口が前にとび出しています。

    Therefore, in most mammals, the mouth projects forward.

  • 一番(いちばん)N52 times in this passage

    Marks the superlative, singling out the top item in a group — "the most / the best / number one".

    そのためにはやはり口は一番前にとび出ていて、しかも固くなければいけません。

    To do that, the mouth likewise has to project farthest forward and also has to be hard.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    なぜなら、食べ物をつかむということは、直接口を使うのではなくて、手でできるようになったからです。

    This was because food could now be grasped with the hands instead of directly with the mouth.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    食べ物を手でつかんで口のところまでもってくることによって、口は必ずしも(   )。

    By grasping food with the hands and bringing it to the mouth, the mouth no longer necessarily had to (   ).

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