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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #596
2

1959ねんいたせいぞうにおいてねんとしあるこのとしある画期的かっきてき(注1)いたせいぞうほうじつようせいこうしたこのせいぞうほうはつめいからじつようまでは、なんみちあり7ねんとしつきかかったが、このほうほうによってひょうめんかがやありたいゆがみない(注2)いたれんぞくてきていつくことできるようなったのである

ガラスまど使つかはじのはいま2,000ねんじょうまえことで、しょいたは、あつあわおおふくひょうめんきずたくさんあるまつひんしつものだった。4せいごろなると、ひょうめんかがやあるうすいたせいぞうほうはつめいされたが、つくいたおおにはかぎあったよりおおいたせいぞうほうはつめいされたが、このせいぞうほうにおいてゆがみなくすことできなかったそれだけなくあともどしてしまったてんあるガラスぎょうたいしたためひょうめんかがやなかったのであるみがことかがやことのうだったが、とくべつじゅつひつようで、ようかかった

このように、いたれきつうおおせいぞうほうはつめいされたが、いずれどこかにもんだいてんかかいたそれら一気いっきかいけつされこうひんしついたたいりょうせいさんすることのうなったのが1959ねんなのである

1960ねんだい日本にっぽんどうしゃきゅうすすどうあんぜんせいこうじょうもといたある。②このせいこうあってはじこれらじゅようこたえることのうだったとだろう。

ちゅう1)画期的かっきてきいまおおことあたら

ちゅう2)ゆがみないここでは、凸凹おうとつない

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1後戻りをしてしまった点とあるが、それはどんな点か。
  2. 2この成功は何を指すか。
  3. 31959年を記念すべき年と、筆者が述べているのはなぜか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary3 words
  • 溶かすとかすAs it appears here: 溶かした
    • ·to melt; to liquefy; to thaw
    • ·to dissolve (in a liquid); to bring into solution
    • ·to lose (money; through gambling, etc.); to squander
    N2
  • 普及ふきゅう
    • ·diffusion; spread; popularization; promulgation; familiarization
    N2
  • 凸凹おうとつ
    • ·unevenness; roughness; ruggedness; bumpiness
    • ·inequality; imbalance; unevenness; difference
    N2
Other levels74 words
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • みち
    • ·road; path; street; lane; passage
    • ·route; way
    • ·distance; journey
    • ·road (e.g. to victory); course
    • ·way (of living, proper conduct, etc.); moral principles
    • ·teachings (esp. Confucian or Buddhist); dogma
    • ·field (e.g. of medicine); subject; speciality
    • ·means; way; method
    N5
  • かかるAs it appears here: かかった
    • ·to take (a resource, e.g. time or money)
    • ·to hang
    • ·to come into view; to arrive
    • ·to come under (a contract, a tax)
    • ·to start (engines, motors)
    • ·to attend; to deal with; to handle
    • ·to have started to; to be on the verge of
    • ·to overlap (e.g. information in a manual); to cover
    • ·to (come) at
    • ·to be fastened
    • ·to be covered (e.g. with dust, a table-cloth, etc.)
    • ·to be caught in
    • ·to get a call
    • ·to depend on
    • ·to begin (a task); to set about (doing); to get down to
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あり
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 作るつくる
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • まど
    • ·window
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使われ
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • まえ
    • ·in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
    • ·before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
    • ·(the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
    • ·forward; ahead
    • ·(in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
    • ·previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
    • ·portion; helping
    • ·front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
    • ·privates; private parts
    • ·criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
    N5
  • 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多く
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • たくさん
    • ·a lot; lots; plenty; many; a large number; much; a great deal; a good deal
    • ·enough; sufficient
    • ·enough; too many; too much
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 薄いうすい
    • ·thin (of an object)
    • ·pale; light; faint
    • ·watery; thin; diluted
    • ·weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.); not much (of a presence)
    • ·slim (probability, etc.); small
    • ·sparse; patchy; scattered
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: された
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 作れるつくれる
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あった
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 大きなおおきな
    • ·big; large; great
    N5
  • なくす
    • ·to lose (something)
    • ·to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove; to eradicate; to abolish
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できなかった
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 磨くみがく
    • ·to polish; to shine; to burnish; to scour; to scrub; to brush (teeth); to grind (e.g. a lens)
    • ·to refine (a skill, etc.); to improve; to hone; to polish (up); to cultivate (one's character)
    N5
  • 出すだす
    • ·to take out; to get out
    • ·to put out; to reveal; to show
    • ·to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in
    • ·to publish; to make public
    • ·to send (e.g. letter)
    • ·to produce (a sound); to start (fire)
    • ·to serve (food)
    • ·... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
    • ·to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...
    N5
  • どこ
    • ·where; what place
    • ·how much (long, far); what extent
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: され
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 自動車じどうしゃ
    • ·car; automobile; motorcar; motor vehicle; auto
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あって
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 初めてはじめて
    • ·for the first time
    • ·only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; not until ... do you ...
    • ·first time; (one's) first
    N5
  • こたえる
    • ·to answer; to reply
    N5
  • 大きいおおきいAs it appears here: 大きく
    • ·big; large; great
    • ·loud
    • ·extensive; spacious
    • ·important; decisive; valuable
    • ·older; grown-up
    N5
  • 新しいあたらしい
    • ·new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date; modern
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • ガラスがらす
    • ·glass; pane
    N4
  • 以上いじょう
    • ·not less than ...; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
    • ·beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
    • ·the above; the above-mentioned; the aforementioned; the foregoing
    • ·since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
    • ·that's all; that is the end; the end
    N4
  • てん
    • ·dot; spot; point; speck; mark
    • ·mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; score; points
    • ·point (in a game); score; goal; run
    • ·point
    • ·point; aspect; matter; detail; part; respect; way; viewpoint
    • ·(punctuation) mark (e.g. comma, period, decimal point); dot
    • ·"dot" stroke (in a Chinese character)
    • ·counter for points, marks, goals, etc.
    • ·counter for goods, items, articles of clothing, works of art, etc.
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 特別とくべつ
    • ·special; particular; extraordinary; exceptional; especial
    N4
  • 技術ぎじゅつ
    • ·technology; engineering
    • ·technique; skill
    • ·art; craft
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 歴史れきし
    • ·history
    N4
  • 進むすすむAs it appears here: 進み
    • ·to advance; to go forward
    • ·to precede; to go ahead (of)
    • ·to make progress; to improve
    • ·to deepen; to heighten
    • ·to be fast (of a clock); to be ahead
    • ·to do of one's own free will
    N4
  • 製造せいぞう
    • ·manufacture; production
    N3
  • 成功せいこう
    • ·success; achievement
    • ·succeeding (in life); (worldly) success; prosperity
    N3
  • 発明はつめい
    • ·invention
    • ·intelligent; clever; smart
    N3
  • 年月としつき
    • ·months and years
    N3
  • 方法ほうほう
    • ·method; way; manner; process; procedure; means; measure
    N3
  • 表面ひょうめん
    • ·surface; face
    • ·outside; exterior
    • ·appearances; superficiality
    N3
  • 平らたいら
    • ·flat; level; even; smooth
    • ·calm; tranquil; placid; composed; stable
    • ·relaxed (sitting posture); comfortable
    • ·plateau; tableland; plain
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • あわ
    • ·bubble; foam; froth; suds; lather; head (on beer)
    N3
  • 含むふくむAs it appears here: 含み
    • ·to contain; to comprise; to have; to hold; to include; to embrace
    • ·to hold in the mouth
    • ·to bear in mind; to understand; to harbor (grudge, etc.); to harbour
    • ·to express (emotion, etc.); to imply
    N3
  • きず
    • ·wound; injury; cut; gash; bruise; scratch; scrape; scar
    • ·chip; crack; scratch; nick
    • ·flaw; defect; weakness; weak point
    • ·stain (on one's reputation); disgrace; dishonor; dishonour
    • ·(emotional) hurt; hurt feelings
    N3
  • 粗末そまつ
    • ·crude; rough; plain; humble; shabby; poor-quality; low-quality
    • ·careless; disrespectful; without proper care
    N3
  • 世紀せいき
    • ·century
    • ·era
    • ·of the century (e.g. fight of the century)
    N3
  • ごろ
    • ·(approximate) time; around; about; toward
    • ·suitable time (or condition)
    • ·time of year; season
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • 手間てま
    • ·time; labour; labor; effort
    • ·payment (for labour); pay; charge; wages
    • ·tedious job; troublesome job; time-consuming job
    N3
  • 費用ひよう
    • ·cost; expense
    N3
  • いずれ
    • ·which; where; who
    • ·all; both
    • ·anyway; anyhow; at any rate; in any case
    • ·sooner or later; one of these days; someday; before long; in due course; eventually
    N3
  • 抱えるかかえるAs it appears here: 抱えて
    • ·to hold in one's arms; to carry in one's arms; to carry under one's arm; to hold (one's head) in one's hands
    • ·to have (problems, debts, etc.); to take on (a responsibility); to be burdened with (e.g. care of a family member); to have (children, etc.) to provide for
    • ·to employ; to have (on one's staff); to hire
    N3
  • 解決かいけつ
    • ·settlement; solution; resolution
    N3
  • 年代ねんだい
    • ·age; era; period; date
    N3
  • 求めるもとめるAs it appears here: 求められて
    • ·to want; to wish for
    • ·to request; to demand; to require; to ask for
    • ·to seek; to search for; to look for; to pursue (pleasure); to hunt (a job); to find (a solution)
    • ·to purchase; to buy
    N3
  • 時期じき
    • ·time; season; period; phase; stage
    N3
  • 需要じゅよう
    • ·demand; need
    • ·demand
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 異なることなる
    • ·to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
    N3
  • 品質ひんしつ
    • ·quality (of a product or a service)
    N1
  • 向上こうじょう
    • ·elevation; rise; improvement; advancement; progress
    N1
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • 限りN2

    Marks the limit or scope within which a statement holds — 'as long as,' 'as far as,' 'to the extent that.'

    4世紀ごろになると、表面に輝きがある薄い板ガラスの製造法が発明されたが、作れる板ガラスの大きさには限りがあった。

    Around the fourth century, a method was invented for producing thin sheet glass with a shiny surface, but there was a limit to the size of the sheets that could be made.

  • を通じて/を通してN2

    Marks the means or intermediary something happens through, or a span it holds throughout — 'through', 'via', 'throughout'.

    このように、板ガラスの歴史を通じて多くの製造法が発明されたが、いずれもどこかに問題点を抱えていた。

    Thus, throughout the history of sheet glass, many manufacturing methods were invented, but every one of them had some kind of problem.

  • 一気に(いっきに)N2

    An adverb meaning an action is done in one continuous effort — 'in one go; all at once; in one breath'.

    それらが一気に解決され、高品質の板ガラスを大量生産することが可能になったのが1959年なのである。

    It was in 1959 that all of those problems were solved at once, making the mass production of high-quality sheet glass possible.

Other levels20 patterns
  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    それらが一気に解決され、高品質の板ガラスを大量生産することが可能になったのが1959年なのである。

    It was in 1959 that all of those problems were solved at once, making the mass production of high-quality sheet glass possible.

  • において/におけるN32 times in this passage

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    1959年は板ガラス製造において記念すべき年である。

    The year 1959 was a memorable year in the manufacture of sheet glass.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    この製造法の発明から実用化までは、苦難の道であり7年の年月がかかったが、この方法によって、表面に輝きがあり、平らでゆがみのない板ガラスを連続的に低コストで作ることができるようになったのである。

    The path from the invention of this method to its practical application was a difficult one that took seven years, but it made it possible to continuously produce low-cost sheet glass with a shiny, flat, distortion-free surface.

  • 的(てき)N3

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    この製造法の発明から実用化までは、苦難の道であり7年の年月がかかったが、この方法によって、表面に輝きがあり、平らでゆがみのない板ガラスを連続的に低コストで作ることができるようになったのである。

    The path from the invention of this method to its practical application was a difficult one that took seven years, but it made it possible to continuously produce low-cost sheet glass with a shiny, flat, distortion-free surface.

  • だけでなくN3

    Correlative adding a further item beyond the one stated — 'not only ... (but also)'.

    それだけでなく①後戻りをしてしまった点もある。

    Not only that, there was also one respect in which things actually went backward.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    溶かしたガラスを手作業で平らにしたため、表面に輝きがなかったのである。

    Because the molten glass was flattened by hand, its surface had no shine.

  • 〜てはじめてN3

    'only after ~ / not until ~' — something is realized or happens only once the prior action is completed.

    ②この成功があって初めて、これらの需要にこたえることが可能だったと言えるだろう。

    It could be said that it was only thanks to this success that these demands could be met.

  • ようになるN4

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    この製造法の発明から実用化までは、苦難の道であり7年の年月がかかったが、この方法によって、表面に輝きがあり、平らでゆがみのない板ガラスを連続的に低コストで作ることができるようになったのである。

    The path from the invention of this method to its practical application was a difficult one that took seven years, but it made it possible to continuously produce low-cost sheet glass with a shiny, flat, distortion-free surface.

  • 頃(ころ / ごろ)N4

    Suffix/noun marking an approximate point in time; 'around (the time of), about when, back when'.

    4世紀ごろになると、表面に輝きがある薄い板ガラスの製造法が発明されたが、作れる板ガラスの大きさには限りがあった。

    Around the fourth century, a method was invented for producing thin sheet glass with a shiny surface, but there was a limit to the size of the sheets that could be made.

  • 〜さN4

    Suffix that turns an adjective into a noun naming its degree or quality — '-ness' (e.g. 高さ 'height', 重さ 'weight').

    4世紀ごろになると、表面に輝きがある薄い板ガラスの製造法が発明されたが、作れる板ガラスの大きさには限りがあった。

    Around the fourth century, a method was invented for producing thin sheet glass with a shiny surface, but there was a limit to the size of the sheets that could be made.

  • よりN4

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    その後、より大きな板ガラスの製造法も発明されたが、この製造法においてもゆがみをなくすことはできなかった。

    Later, methods for producing larger sheets of glass were also invented, but even these methods could not eliminate distortion.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    それだけでなく①後戻りをしてしまった点もある。

    Not only that, there was also one respect in which things actually went backward.

  • が必要(がひつよう)N4

    Marks something as necessary or required — 'need X / X is necessary'.

    磨くことで輝きを出すことは可能だったが、特別な技術が必要で、手間も費用もかかった。

    It was possible to give it a shine by polishing it, but this required special techniques and also took considerable time, effort, and money.

  • 〜ていたN42 times in this passage

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    このように、板ガラスの歴史を通じて多くの製造法が発明されたが、いずれもどこかに問題点を抱えていた

    Thus, throughout the history of sheet glass, many manufacturing methods were invented, but every one of them had some kind of problem.

  • までN52 times in this passage

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    この製造法の発明から実用化までは、苦難の道であり7年の年月がかかったが、この方法によって、表面に輝きがあり、平らでゆがみのない板ガラスを連続的に低コストで作ることができるようになったのである。

    The path from the invention of this method to its practical application was a difficult one that took seven years, but it made it possible to continuously produce low-cost sheet glass with a shiny, flat, distortion-free surface.

  • がありますN54 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    この製造法の発明から実用化までは、苦難の道であり7年の年月がかかったが、この方法によって、表面に輝きがあり、平らでゆがみのない板ガラスを連続的に低コストで作ることができるようになったのである。

    The path from the invention of this method to its practical application was a difficult one that took seven years, but it made it possible to continuously produce low-cost sheet glass with a shiny, flat, distortion-free surface.

  • 〜ことができるN5

    States that someone is able to do something — “can do” / “is able to do”.

    この製造法の発明から実用化までは、苦難の道であり7年の年月がかかったが、この方法によって、表面に輝きがあり、平らでゆがみのない板ガラスを連続的に低コストで作ることができるようになったのである。

    The path from the invention of this method to its practical application was a difficult one that took seven years, but it made it possible to continuously produce low-cost sheet glass with a shiny, flat, distortion-free surface.

  • のでN52 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    この製造法の発明から実用化までは、苦難の道であり7年の年月がかかったが、この方法によって、表面に輝きがあり、平らでゆがみのない板ガラスを連続的に低コストで作ることができるようになったのである。

    The path from the invention of this method to its practical application was a difficult one that took seven years, but it made it possible to continuously produce low-cost sheet glass with a shiny, flat, distortion-free surface.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    溶かしたガラスを手作業で平らにしたため、表面に輝きがなかったのである。

    Because the molten glass was flattened by hand, its surface had no shine.

  • だろうN5

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    ②この成功があって初めて、これらの需要にこたえることが可能だったと言えるだろう

    It could be said that it was only thanks to this success that these demands could be met.

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