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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #595
2

従じゅう来らい（注1）の会かい議ぎでは、一いち番ばん地ち位いの高たかい人ひとが自じ動どう的てきに司し会かいないし（注2）議ぎ長ちょうの役やくもする傾けい向こうがあった。

（中ちゅう略りゃく）

「いい会かい議ぎ」をもつためには十じゅう分ぶんな準じゅん備びが必ひつ要ようである。トップにそんな時じ間かんがあるはずはない。したがって、自じ分ぶんで準じゅん備びをして会かい議ぎを運うん営えいするよりも、他たの人ひとに任まかせる選せん択たくをすべきである。トップは、あまりたくさんのことをやりすぎてはいけない。全ぜん部ぶをやろうとすることは、すべてがうまく運はこべないことにつながりかねないから。しかし、自じ分ぶんが一いち番ばん情じょう報ほうをもっている場ば合あいが多おおいので、最さい初しょの段だん階かいで他たの出席者しゅっせきしゃに必ひつ要ような情じょう報ほうを伝つたえる義ぎ務むはある。また、決けっ定ていされたことを受うけ入いれるためには、自じ分ぶんも積極的せっきょくてきに参さん加かして言いうべきことは言いっておく必ひつ要ようがある。トップの姿し勢せい次し第だいで、他たの出席者しゅっせきしゃは積極的せっきょくてきに参さん加かすることもあれば、本ほん音ね（注3）を言いえずにただそこに座すわって居いるだけで、かつ（注4）不ふ満まんを心こころの中うちにしまい込こんでおく参さん加かの仕し方かたになってしまう場ば合あいもある。その意い味みでトップがどのように参さん加かするかは、会かい議ぎの成せい否ひ（注5）を決きめる決けっ定てい的てきな（注6）要よう因いんの一ひとつである。

あとは、進しん行こう役やくに任まかせることが大たい切せつで、基き本ほん的てきには、トップの存そん在ざい感かんが薄うすいほど他たの出席者しゅっせきしゃは積極的せっきょくてきに参さん加かする。その方ほうが普ふ段だんは聞きけないたくさんの意い見けんやアイディアを聞きくチャンスを得えられることにもなるし、会かい議ぎに参さん加かして本ほん当とうによかったと誰だれもが思おもえるようになるのである。

（吉よし田だ新しん一いち郎ろう『会かい議ぎの技ぎ法ほう』による）

（注ちゅう1）従じゅう来らい：今いままで

（注ちゅう2）ないし：または

（注ちゅう3）本ほん音ね：本ほん当とうに思おもっていること

（注ちゅう4）かつ：そのうえ

（注ちゅう5）成せい否ひ：うまくいくかいかないか

（注ちゅう6）決けっ定てい的てきな：ここでは、重じゅう要ような

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1一番地位の高い人が会議で議長役をすることについて、筆者はどのように考えているか。
  2. 2会議中にトップがしなければならないことは何か。
  3. 3トップ以外の会議の出席者が本当によかったと思えるのは、どのようなときか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary5 words
  • 司会しかい
    • ·leading a meeting; presiding over a meeting; officiating at a ceremony; chairmanship
    • ·chairman; presenter; host; moderator; master of ceremonies
    N2
  • つながるAs it appears here: つながり
    • ·to be connected (to); to be joined together; to be linked; to be tied together; to lead (to)
    • ·to connect (of a telephone call, the internet, etc.); to get through
    • ·to lead (to an outcome); to bring about (a result)
    • ·to be lined up (e.g. of cars); to extend; to stretch out
    • ·to be related (e.g. to a matter); to be connected (to); to have something to do (with)
    • ·to be related (by blood)
    N2
  • 段階だんかい
    • ·stage; step; phase
    • ·level; rank; grade; gradation
    • ·order
    • ·stairs
    N2
  • 姿勢しせい
    • ·posture; pose; position; stance; carriage (of the body)
    • ·attitude; approach; stance
    N2
  • そのうえ
    • ·in addition; furthermore
    • ·above (which); on top of (which)
    N2
Other levels88 words
  • 一番いちばん
    • ·number one; first; first place
    • ·best; most
    • ·game; round; bout
    • ·as a test; as an experiment; by way of experiment; by way of trial; tentatively
    • ·song (e.g. in noh); piece
    N5
  • 高いたかい
    • ·high; tall
    • ·expensive; high-priced
    • ·high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
    • ·loud
    • ·high-pitched; shrill
    N5
  • 人ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あった
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • もつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • 時間じかん
    • ·time
    • ·hour
    • ·period; class; lesson
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: す
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • あまり
    • ·remainder; remnant; rest; balance; surplus; remains (of a meal); leftovers
    • ·(not) very; (not) much
    • ·too much; excessively; overly
    • ·extreme; great; severe; tremendous; terrible
    • ·not very good; so-so; mediocre
    • ·more than; over
    N5
  • たくさん
    • ·a lot; lots; plenty; many; a large number; much; a great deal; a good deal
    • ·enough; sufficient
    • ·enough; too many; too much
    N5
  • 全部ぜんぶ
    • ·all; entire; whole; altogether
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • もつAs it appears here: もって
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: された
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 言ういう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言って
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あれば
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • そこ
    • ·there (place relatively near listener)
    • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
    • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
    • ·you
    N5
  • 座るすわるAs it appears here: 座って
    • ·to sit (down); to have a seat; to be seated; to kneel (on the floor)
    • ·to assume (a position); to take on (a duty); to occupy (a post)
    N5
  • 居るいる
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • どの
    • ·which; what (way)
    N5
  • 一つひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • あと
    • ·behind; rear
    • ·after; later
    • ·remainder; the rest
    • ·more (e.g. five more minutes); left
    • ·also; in addition
    • ·descendant; successor; heir
    • ·after one's death
    • ·past; previous
    N5
  • 大切たいせつ
    • ·important; significant; serious; crucial
    • ·precious; valuable; dear; cherished; beloved
    • ·careful
    N5
  • 薄いうすい
    • ·thin (of an object)
    • ·pale; light; faint
    • ·watery; thin; diluted
    • ·weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.); not much (of a presence)
    • ·slim (probability, etc.); small
    • ·sparse; patchy; scattered
    N5
  • 聞くきく
    • ·to hear
    • ·to listen (e.g. to music)
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to query
    • ·to hear about; to hear of; to learn of
    • ·to follow (advice, order, etc.); to obey; to listen to; to comply with
    • ·to hear (e.g. a plea); to grant (a request); to accept (e.g. an argument); to give consideration to
    • ·to smell (esp. incense); to sample (a fragrance)
    • ·to taste (alcohol); to try
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • よいAs it appears here: よかった
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • いく
    • ·to go; to move (towards); to head (towards); to leave (for)
    • ·to move through; to travel across; to walk along (e.g. a road)
    • ·to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to turn out; to get along
    • ·to do (in a particular way); to go (with; a choice); to try
    • ·to pass (of time, seasons, etc.); to go by
    • ·to stream; to flow
    • ·to die; to pass away
    • ·to reach (a stage, extent, age, etc.); to get to; to go (so far as ...)
    • ·to reach (of information, instructions, wind, etc.); to arrive
    • ·to continue ...; to go on ...; to (progress) steadily; to gradually ...; to progressively ...
    • ·to have an orgasm; to come; to cum
    • ·to trip; to get high; to have a drug-induced hallucination
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • 会議かいぎ
    • ·meeting; conference; session; assembly; council; convention; congress
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 十分じゅうぶん
    • ·enough; sufficient; plenty; adequate; satisfactory
    • ·sufficiently; fully; thoroughly; well; perfectly
    • ·division into ten
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • はず
    • ·should (be); bound (to be); expected (to be); must (be)
    • ·nock (of a bow)
    • ·nock (of an arrow)
    • ·nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger)
    • ·wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
    N4
  • 運べるはこべるAs it appears here: 運べない
    • ·to carry; to transport; to move; to convey
    • ·to come; to go
    • ·to use (a brush, chopsticks, etc.); to move
    • ·to carry out; to proceed with; to arrange
    • ·to go (well, etc.); to proceed; to progress
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 最初さいしょ
    • ·beginning; outset; first; onset
    N4
  • 伝えるつたえる
    • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
    N4
  • 仕方しかた
    • ·way; method; means; resource; course
    N4
  • 決めるきめる
    • ·to decide; to choose; to determine; to make up one's mind; to resolve; to set one's heart on; to settle; to arrange; to set; to appoint; to fix
    • ·to clinch (a victory); to decide (the outcome of a match)
    • ·to persist in doing; to go through with
    • ·to always do; to have made a habit of
    • ·to take for granted; to assume
    • ·to dress up; to dress to kill; to dress to the nines
    • ·to carry out successfully (a move in sports, a pose in dance, etc.); to succeed in doing
    • ·to immobilize with a double-arm lock (in sumo, judo, etc.)
    • ·to eat or drink something; to take illegal drugs
    N4
  • 意見いけん
    • ·opinion; view; comment
    • ·scolding; reprimand; rebuke; admonition; cautioning; warning
    N4
  • または
    • ·or; either ... or ...
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 地位ちい
    • ·(social) position; status; standing
    • ·position (in a company, organization, etc.); post; rank
    N3
  • 議長ぎちょう
    • ·chair; chairman; chairperson; speaker (of an assembly); president (of a council, senate, etc.)
    N3
  • 役やく
    • ·role; assignment; responsibility; duty; function; job; service
    • ·position (of responsibility); post; office
    • ·part (in a play, film, etc.); role; character
    • ·scoring combination; hand; yaku; meld
    N3
  • 傾向けいこう
    • ·tendency; trend; inclination
    N3
  • 準備じゅんび
    • ·preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
    N3
  • したがって
    • ·therefore; consequently; accordingly
    N3
  • 任せるまかせる
    • ·to leave (a matter, decision, etc. to someone); to entrust (to someone); to entrust (someone) with
    • ·to leave (to chance, one's imagination, etc.); to let (take its own course); to let (happen); to give (oneself to something)
    • ·to use (money, strength, spare time, etc.) to the full; to use freely; to use without reserve
    N3
  • 選択せんたく
    • ·choice; selection; option
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • すべて
    • ·everything; all; the whole
    • ·entirely; completely; wholly; all
    N3
  • うまいAs it appears here: うまく
    • ·skillful; skilful; skilled; good; expert; clever (expression, trick, etc.); apt; appropriate
    • ·delicious; tasty; good; nice
    • ·good (deal, idea, etc.); profitable; promising; lucky; fortunate; successful; satisfactory; splendid
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 義務ぎむ
    • ·duty; obligation; responsibility
    N3
  • 決定けってい
    • ·decision; determination
    N3
  • 積極的せっきょくてき
    • ·positive; assertive; active; proactive; aggressive
    N3
  • 参加さんか
    • ·participation; joining; entry
    N3
  • 次第しだい
    • ·depending on
    • ·as soon as; immediately after; upon
    • ·as (e.g. "as one is told", "as one wishes"); whatever (e.g. "whatever is at hand")
    • ·order; program; programme; precedence
    • ·circumstances; course of events; state of things
    • ·reason
    N3
  • ただ
    • ·ordinary; common; usual
    • ·free of charge
    • ·unaffected; as is; safe
    • ·only; merely; just; simply
    • ·but; however; nevertheless
    N3
  • 不満ふまん
    • ·dissatisfaction; discontent; displeasure; complaint; unhappiness
    N3
  • しまうAs it appears here: しまい
    • ·to finish; to stop; to end; to put an end to; to bring to a close
    • ·to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to shut down; to shut up
    • ·to put away; to put back; to keep; to store
    • ·to do completely; to finish
    • ·to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do; to end up ...
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 方ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 普段ふだん
    • ·usual; normal; everyday; habitual; ordinary
    • ·usually; normally; generally; habitually; always
    N3
  • 得るえるAs it appears here: 得られる
    • ·to be able to ...; can ...
    • ·to get; to acquire; to obtain; to procure; to earn; to win; to gain; to secure; to attain
    N3
  • 注ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • かい
    • ·meeting; assembly; party; gathering; conference; athletic meet
    • ·society; association; club
    N3
  • 重要じゅうよう
    • ·important; essential; significant; major; key; principal
    N3
  • 従来じゅうらい
    • ·up to now; so far
    • ·traditional; conventional; usual; existing
    N1
  • ないし
    • ·from ... to; between ... and
    • ·or
    N1
  • 運営うんえい
    • ·management; administration; operation
    N1
  • やるAs it appears here: やり
    • ·to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study
    • ·to send; to dispatch; to despatch
    • ·to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.)
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer
    • ·to make (a vehicle) go faster
    • ·to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise
    • ·to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke
    • ·to hold (a performance); to perform; to show
    • ·to ease (one's mind)
    • ·to harm; to injure; to kill
    • ·to have sex; to fuck; to bang
    • ·to live; to get by; to get along
    • ·to do ... completely
    • ·to do ... broadly; to do ... to a great distance
    • ·to do ... for (someone of equal or lower status); to do ... to
    • ·to make active efforts to ...
    • ·to suffer from (an illness); to experience (a medical condition); to be afflicted with
    N1
  • やるAs it appears here: やろう
    • ·to do; to undertake; to perform; to play (a game); to study
    • ·to send; to dispatch; to despatch
    • ·to put; to move; to turn (one's head, glance, etc.)
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status); to let have; to present; to bestow; to confer
    • ·to make (a vehicle) go faster
    • ·to run (a business); to keep; to be engaged in; to practice (law, medicine, etc.); to practise
    • ·to have (food, drink, etc.); to eat; to drink; to smoke
    • ·to hold (a performance); to perform; to show
    • ·to ease (one's mind)
    • ·to harm; to injure; to kill
    • ·to have sex; to fuck; to bang
    • ·to live; to get by; to get along
    • ·to do ... completely
    • ·to do ... broadly; to do ... to a great distance
    • ·to do ... for (someone of equal or lower status); to do ... to
    • ·to make active efforts to ...
    • ·to suffer from (an illness); to experience (a medical condition); to be afflicted with
    N1
  • 受け入れるうけいれる
    • ·to accept; to receive; to agree
    N1
  • 本音ほんね
    • ·real intention; motive; true opinion; what one really thinks
    N1
  • かつ
    • ·and; moreover; besides; as well as; and on top of that; at the same time
    N1
  • 要因よういん
    • ·main cause; primary factor
    N1
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • かねないN2

    Warns that an undesirable outcome is quite possible — 'might well,' 'could end up (doing).'

    全部をやろうとすることは、すべてがうまく運べないことにつながりかねないから。

    This is because trying to do everything can result in nothing going smoothly.

  • 次第でN2

    Marks that the outcome varies according to X — 'depending on'.

    トップの姿勢次第で、他の出席者は積極的に参加することもあれば、本音を言えずにただそこに座って居るだけで、かつ不満を心の中にしまい込んでおく参加の仕方になってしまう場合もある。

    Depending on the attitude of the person at the top, the other participants may take an active part, or they may end up merely sitting there, unable to express what they truly think and keeping their dissatisfaction bottled up inside.

Other levels24 patterns
  • をもって / をもちましてN1

    Formal marker of the means used, or the effective time from/at which something takes effect — 'by means of', 'as of'.

    しかし、自分が一番情報をもっている場合が多いので、最初の段階で他の出席者に必要な情報を伝える義務はある。

    However, since the person at the top often has the most information, they have a responsibility at the outset to provide the other participants with the information they need.

  • ためにN32 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    「いい会議」をもつためには十分な準備が必要である。

    Adequate preparation is necessary in order to have a “good meeting.”

  • よりもN3

    Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

    したがって、自分で準備をして会議を運営するよりも、他の人に任せる選択をすべきである。

    Therefore, rather than preparing for and running the meeting themselves, they should choose to leave it to someone else.

  • あまり〜ないN3

    The degree adverb あまり, typically with a following negative, expresses a limited degree, "not very / not much."

    トップは、あまりたくさんのことをやりすぎてはいけない。

    The person at the top should not try to do too many things.

  • 的（てき）N34 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    また、決定されたことを受け入れるためには、自分も積極的に参加して言うべきことは言っておく必要がある。

    Also, in order to accept the decisions that are made, they themselves need to participate actively and say what needs to be said.

  • ずにN3

    Marks doing one thing without doing another; a more formal equivalent of 〜ないで — 'without …ing'.

    トップの姿勢次第で、他の出席者は積極的に参加することもあれば、本音を言えずにただそこに座って居るだけで、かつ不満を心の中にしまい込んでおく参加の仕方になってしまう場合もある。

    Depending on the attitude of the person at the top, the other participants may take an active part, or they may end up merely sitting there, unable to express what they truly think and keeping their dissatisfaction bottled up inside.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    （吉田新一郎『会議の技法』による）

    (From Yoshida Shinichirou, “Meeting Techniques”)

  • が必要（がひつよう）N4

    Marks something as necessary or required — 'need X / X is necessary'.

    「いい会議」をもつためには十分な準備が必要である。

    Adequate preparation is necessary in order to have a “good meeting.”

  • はずがないN4

    Expresses strong conviction that something is impossible or cannot be true — 'there's no way, couldn't possibly'.

    トップにそんな時間があるはずはない。

    There is no way the person at the top has that much time.

  • 〜ておくN4

    Verb te-form plus 置く, doing something in advance as preparation or leaving it done for later — 'do ... in advance'.

    また、決定されたことを受け入れるためには、自分も積極的に参加して言うべきことは言っておく必要がある。

    Also, in order to accept the decisions that are made, they themselves need to participate actively and say what needs to be said.

  • 必要がある（ひつようがある）N4

    States that doing something is necessary or required — 'need to, it is necessary to'.

    また、決定されたことを受け入れるためには、自分も積極的に参加して言うべきことは言っておく必要がある。

    Also, in order to accept the decisions that are made, they themselves need to participate actively and say what needs to be said.

  • だけでN4

    'Just by / with only' — a single small condition alone is enough to produce the result.

    トップの姿勢次第で、他の出席者は積極的に参加することもあれば、本音を言えずにただそこに座って居るだけで、かつ不満を心の中にしまい込んでおく参加の仕方になってしまう場合もある。

    Depending on the attitude of the person at the top, the other participants may take an active part, or they may end up merely sitting there, unable to express what they truly think and keeping their dissatisfaction bottled up inside.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN4

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    トップの姿勢次第で、他の出席者は積極的に参加することもあれば、本音を言えずにただそこに座って居るだけで、かつ不満を心の中にしまい込んでおく参加の仕方になってしまう場合もある。

    Depending on the attitude of the person at the top, the other participants may take an active part, or they may end up merely sitting there, unable to express what they truly think and keeping their dissatisfaction bottled up inside.

  • ようになるN4

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    その方が普段は聞けないたくさんの意見やアイディアを聞くチャンスを得られることにもなるし、会議に参加して本当によかったと誰もが思えるようになるのである。

    This also provides an opportunity to hear many opinions and ideas that would normally not be heard, and makes everyone feel that attending the meeting was truly worthwhile.

  • またはN4

    Connects two alternatives in a choice, "A or B".

    （注2）ないし：または

    (Note 2) ないし: or

  • 一番（いちばん）N5

    Marks the superlative, singling out the top item in a group — "the most / the best / number one".

    従来の会議では、一番地位の高い人が自動的に司会ないし議長の役もする傾向があった。

    In conventional meetings, there was a tendency for the person with the highest position to automatically serve as the facilitator or chairperson.

  • がありますN52 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    従来の会議では、一番地位の高い人が自動的に司会ないし議長の役もする傾向があった。

    In conventional meetings, there was a tendency for the person with the highest position to automatically serve as the facilitator or chairperson.

  • すぎるN5

    Attaches to a verb or adjective stem to mean the action or quality is excessive, 'too much / overly ~'.

    トップは、あまりたくさんのことをやりすぎてはいけない。

    The person at the top should not try to do too many things.

  • 〜てはいけないN5

    States that an action is prohibited — “must not do”.

    トップは、あまりたくさんのことをやりすぎてはいけない。

    The person at the top should not try to do too many things.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、自分が一番情報をもっている場合が多いので、最初の段階で他の出席者に必要な情報を伝える義務はある。

    However, since the person at the top often has the most information, they have a responsibility at the outset to provide the other participants with the information they need.

  • の中で[A]が一番（のなかで[A]がいちばん）N5

    Singles out the top member of a group — 'of all …, X is the most / best'.

    しかし、自分が一番情報をもっている場合が多いので、最初の段階で他の出席者に必要な情報を伝える義務はある。

    However, since the person at the top often has the most information, they have a responsibility at the outset to provide the other participants with the information they need.

  • のでN52 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    しかし、自分が一番情報をもっている場合が多いので、最初の段階で他の出席者に必要な情報を伝える義務はある。

    However, since the person at the top often has the most information, they have a responsibility at the outset to provide the other participants with the information they need.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    （注1）従来：今まで

    (Note 1) 従来: until now; traditionally

  • 〜ているN5

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    （注3）本音：本当に思っていること

    (Note 3) 本音: what one truly thinks

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