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N2 · Upper intermediateMedium passagePassage #540
2

ながあいだすいなかいるあしゆびたくさんしわ」ができるこのしわことないひといないだろう。わたしこれまでこのしわたんすいぶんきゅうしゅうふくできたもので、やくわりないおもいたところが、①そうではないというすべやくわりいるというのだ。

このは、あるろんぶん実験結果じっけんけっかもといた。②実験じっけんつぎおこなひとつようちいだまそれゆびつかんでべつよううつのにかかるかんはかだまはいいるようには、みずものみずなしものじゅんされたまたしわあるじょうたいないじょうたいで、それぞれかかるかんけいそくされたしわは、ひたこと発生はっせいさせた結果けっかつぎようものある

まずみずについてみると、みずようからうつよりみずなしようからうつほうはやつぎみずみずなしかくじょうけんにおいてしわちがによる結果けっかみると、みずなしあいしわあってなくてたいないしかしみずあいしわあるほうはやじょう結果けっかから実験者じっけんしゃは、しわすいちゅうなどぬれたかんきょうものつかみやすくするためできるようなったのうせいあるいるそうだ。

しかしどうなのだろうか。すべためあれば、みずぐにしわができないとおかしいのではないだろうかしわやくわりためには、あら実験じっけんならない

Questions

0/3 answered
  1. 1そうではないとあるが、どういうことか。
  2. 2実験で最も時間がかかったのはどの場合か。
  3. 3筆者は記事を読んでどのように考えているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary5 words
  • 皮膚ひふ
    • ·skin
    N2
  • 水分すいぶん
    • ·water; liquid; fluid; moisture; humidity; sap; juice
    N2
  • 膨らむふくらむAs it appears here: 膨らんで
    • ·to expand; to swell (out); to get big; to become inflated
    N2
  • 容器ようき
    • ·container; receptacle; vessel; packaging
    N2
  • 有無うむ
    • ·existence or nonexistence; presence or absence
    • ·consent or refusal; yes or no
    N2
Other levels76 words
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • いる
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • たくさん
    • ·a lot; lots; plenty; many; a large number; much; a great deal; a good deal
    • ·enough; sufficient
    • ·enough; too many; too much
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見た
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • いるAs it appears here: いない
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • 何のどの
    • ·which; what (way)
    N5
  • 読むよむAs it appears here: 読んだ
    • ·to read
    • ·to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant
    • ·to predict; to guess; to forecast; to read (someone's thoughts); to see (e.g. into someone's heart); to divine
    • ·to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
    • ·to decipher; to read (a meter, graph, music, etc.); to tell (the time)
    • ·to count; to estimate
    • ·to read (a kanji) with its native Japanese reading
    N5
  • 書くかくAs it appears here: 書かれて
    • ·to write; to compose; to pen
    • ·to draw; to paint
    N5
  • ひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • 小さなちいさな
    • ·small; little; tiny
    N5
  • 入れるいれるAs it appears here: 入れ
    • ·to put in; to let in; to take in; to bring in; to insert; to install (e.g. software); to set (a jewel, etc.); to ink in (e.g. tattoo)
    • ·to admit; to accept; to employ; to hire
    • ·to accept; to comply; to grant; to adopt (a policy, etc.); to take (advice, etc.); to listen to; to pay attention to
    • ·to include
    • ·to pay (one's rent, etc.)
    • ·to cast (a vote)
    • ·to make (tea, coffee, etc.)
    • ·to turn on (a switch, etc.)
    • ·to send (a fax); to call
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • かかる
    • ·to take (a resource, e.g. time or money)
    • ·to hang
    • ·to come into view; to arrive
    • ·to come under (a contract, a tax)
    • ·to start (engines, motors)
    • ·to attend; to deal with; to handle
    • ·to have started to; to be on the verge of
    • ·to overlap (e.g. information in a manual); to cover
    • ·to (come) at
    • ·to be fastened
    • ·to be covered (e.g. with dust, a table-cloth, etc.)
    • ·to be caught in
    • ·to get a call
    • ·to depend on
    • ·to begin (a task); to set about (doing); to get down to
    N5
  • 時間じかん
    • ·time
    • ·hour
    • ·period; class; lesson
    N5
  • 入るはいるAs it appears here: 入って
    • ·to enter; to come in; to go in; to get in; to arrive
    • ·to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to enroll (in); to go into (e.g. politics); to get into
    • ·to be contained (in); to be included (in); to be inside (e.g. a box); to come under (a heading); to belong (in a category)
    • ·to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.); to be (able to be) held; to be (able to be) accommodated
    • ·to be introduced; to be brought in; to be installed
    • ·to be received; to be obtained
    • ·to be scored (of points); to be won (of votes)
    • ·to turn on; to start functioning; to start working
    • ·to enter (a month, season, etc.); to reach (e.g. a climax); to get to (e.g. the main topic); to enter into (e.g. negotiations); to start (doing); to begin
    • ·to form (of a crack, fissure, etc.); to develop
    • ·to be put in (of effort, spirit, feeling, etc.); to be applied (e.g. of strength)
    • ·to be ready (of tea, coffee, etc.); to be made
    • ·to enter the body (of alcohol); to become drunk
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: された
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
    • ·hand; arm
    • ·forepaw; foreleg
    • ·handle
    • ·hand; worker; help
    • ·trouble; care; effort
    • ·means; way; trick; move; technique; workmanship
    • ·hand; handwriting
    • ·kind; type; sort
    • ·one's hands; one's possession
    • ·ability to cope
    • ·hand (of cards)
    • ·direction
    • ·move (in go, shogi, etc.)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: させた
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • つぎ
    • ·next; following; subsequent
    • ·stage; station
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見て
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • 速いはやい
    • ·fast; quick; rapid; swift; speedy; brisk; prompt
    • ·early; soon; earlier than usual
    • ·premature; too soon; too early
    • ·easy; simple; quick; fast
    • ·as soon as ...; the moment ...; the instant ...
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あって
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • 入れるいれるAs it appears here: 入れたら
    • ·to put in; to let in; to take in; to bring in; to insert; to install (e.g. software); to set (a jewel, etc.); to ink in (e.g. tattoo)
    • ·to admit; to accept; to employ; to hire
    • ·to accept; to comply; to grant; to adopt (a policy, etc.); to take (advice, etc.); to listen to; to pay attention to
    • ·to include
    • ·to pay (one's rent, etc.)
    • ·to cast (a vote)
    • ·to make (tea, coffee, etc.)
    • ·to turn on (a switch, etc.)
    • ·to send (a fax); to call
    N5
  • 知るしる
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • 待つまつAs it appears here: 待たなければ
    • ·to wait
    • ·to await; to look forward to; to anticipate
    • ·to depend on; to need
    N5
  • ゆび
    • ·finger; toe; digit
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 行うおこなうAs it appears here: 行われた
    • ·to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
    N4
  • べつ
    • ·distinction; difference; discrimination
    • ·separate; different; another; extra
    • ·exception; exclusion
    • ·classified by; ranked by; according to
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 以上いじょう
    • ·not less than ...; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
    • ·beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
    • ·the above; the above-mentioned; the aforementioned; the foregoing
    • ·since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
    • ·that's all; that is the end; the end
    N4
  • ぬれるAs it appears here: ぬれた
    • ·to get wet
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 単にたんに
    • ·simply; merely; only; solely
    N3
  • 吸収きゅうしゅう
    • ·absorption; suction; attraction
    N3
  • 役割やくわり
    • ·part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • 記事きじ
    • ·article; news story; report; account
    N3
  • 論文ろんぶん
    • ·thesis; essay; treatise; paper; article
    N3
  • もと
    • ·origin; source; beginning
    • ·basis; base; foundation; root
    • ·cause
    • ·(raw) material; ingredient; base; mix (e.g. for a cake); (soup) stock
    • ·(one's) side
    • ·capital; principal; cost price
    • ·root (of a plant); (tree) trunk
    • ·part (of a brush, chopsticks, etc.) one holds (with the hand)
    • ·first three lines of a waka
    • ·counter for plants or trees
    • ·counter for falcons (in falconry)
    N3
  • 実験じっけん
    • ·experiment; experimentation
    N3
  • つかむAs it appears here: つかんで
    • ·to seize; to catch; to grasp; to grip; to grab; to clutch; to hold; to catch hold of; to lay one's hands on
    • ·to obtain; to acquire; to get; to win; to capture
    • ·to understand; to grasp; to comprehend
    N3
  • 計るはかる
    • ·to measure; to weigh; to survey; to time (sound, gauge, estimate)
    • ·to conjecture; to infer; to surmise
    N3
  • 準備じゅんび
    • ·preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
    N3
  • 状態じょうたい
    • ·state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • まず
    • ·first (of all); firstly; to begin with; before anything else
    • ·probably; most likely; almost certainly; virtually
    • ·more or less (satisfactory); on the whole; reasonably
    • ·anyway; at any rate; for now (at least); for the time being
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 条件じょうけん
    • ·condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
    N3
  • 違いちがい
    • ·difference; distinction; discrepancy
    • ·mistake; error
    N3
  • 大したたいした
    • ·considerable; great; important; significant; a big deal
    N3
    • ·difference; variation
    • ·difference
    N3
  • 環境かんきょう
    • ·environment; surroundings; circumstances
    N3
  • つかむAs it appears here: つかみ
    • ·to seize; to catch; to grasp; to grip; to grab; to clutch; to hold; to catch hold of; to lay one's hands on
    • ·to obtain; to acquire; to get; to win; to capture
    • ·to understand; to grasp; to comprehend
    N3
  • 述べるのべるAs it appears here: 述べて
    • ·to state; to express; to say; to tell; to mention
    N3
  • 新たあらた
    • ·new; fresh; novel
    N3
  • しわ
    • ·wrinkle; crease
    • ·ripple
    N1
  • 果たすはたすAs it appears here: 果たして
    • ·to accomplish; to achieve; to carry out; to fulfill; to fulfil; to realize; to execute; to perform; to do
    • ·to do ... completely; to do ... entirely
    N1
  • 浸すひたす
    • ·to soak; to dip; to steep; to immerse
    • ·to moisten; to wet
    N1
  • 発生はっせい
    • ·occurrence; incidence; outbreak; birth (e.g. of civilization)
    • ·generation (of power, heat, etc.); production
    • ·ontogeny; development; growth; breeding
    N1
  • やすいAs it appears here: やすく
    • ·easy
    • ·likely to ...; have a tendency to ...
    • ·easy to ...
    N1
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • をもとにN2

    Marks the source material or foundation something is created or judged from — "based on ~; on the basis of ~".

    この記事は、ある論文の実験結果をもとに書かれていた。

    The article was written based on the results of an experiment reported in a research paper.

Other levels27 patterns
  • 可能性があるN1

    States that something is possible or could happen — 'there is a possibility that ~, ~ could ~'.

    以上の結果から、実験者は、しわは水中などぬれた環境で物をつかみやすくするためにできるようになった可能性があると述べているそうだ。

    Based on these results, the experimenter reportedly stated that wrinkles may have developed to make it easier to grip objects in wet environments such as underwater.

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    しかし、どうなのだろうか。

    But is that really the case?

  • たものだN3

    recalls a past habitual action with fondness or nostalgia, 'used to (do)'.

    私はこれまで、このしわは単に皮膚が水分を吸収し膨らんでできたもので、何の役割もないと思っていた。

    Until now, I had thought that these wrinkles were simply caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling, and that they served no purpose.

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ところが、①そうではないという記事を読んだ。

    However, I read an article saying that ① this is not the case.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    ところが、①そうではないという記事を読んだ。

    However, I read an article saying that ① this is not the case.

  • についてN3

    Marks the topic an action or statement is directed at; 'about', 'concerning', 'regarding'.

    まず水の有無について見てみると、水入りの容器から移し替えるより、水なしの容器から移し替えるほうが速い。

    First, looking at the presence or absence of water, transferring the beads from the container without water was faster than transferring them from the container with water.

  • において/におけるN3

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    次に水入り、水なしの各条件において、しわの有無の違いによる結果を見てみると、水なしの場合、しわがあってもなくても大した差はない。

    Next, when the results for wrinkled and non-wrinkled hands were compared under each of the wet and dry conditions, there was no significant difference in the dry condition, whether the hands were wrinkled or not.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    次に水入り、水なしの各条件において、しわの有無の違いによる結果を見てみると、水なしの場合、しわがあってもなくても大した差はない。

    Next, when the results for wrinkled and non-wrinkled hands were compared under each of the wet and dry conditions, there was no significant difference in the dry condition, whether the hands were wrinkled or not.

  • ためにN33 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    以上の結果から、実験者は、しわは水中などぬれた環境で物をつかみやすくするためにできるようになった可能性があると述べているそうだ。

    Based on these results, the experimenter reportedly stated that wrinkles may have developed to make it easier to grip objects in wet environments such as underwater.

  • と思う(とおもう)N4

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    私はこれまで、このしわは単に皮膚が水分を吸収し膨らんでできたもので、何の役割もないと思っていた。

    Until now, I had thought that these wrinkles were simply caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling, and that they served no purpose.

  • 〜ていたN42 times in this passage

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    私はこれまで、このしわは単に皮膚が水分を吸収し膨らんでできたもので、何の役割もないと思っていた

    Until now, I had thought that these wrinkles were simply caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling, and that they served no purpose.

  • ように / ようなN42 times in this passage

    Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".

    ②実験は次のように行われた。

    ② The experiment was conducted as follows.

  • 〜のにN4

    Links two clauses so the result contradicts what the first clause leads you to expect — "even though ~ / although ~".

    ひとつの容器に小さなガラス玉を入れ、それを指でつかんで別の容器に移し替えるのにかかる時間を計る。

    Small glass beads were placed in one container, and the time required to pick them up with the fingers and transfer them to another container was measured.

  • 〜てみるN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 見る, doing something on a trial basis to see what happens — 'try ...ing'.

    まず水の有無について見てみると、水入りの容器から移し替えるより、水なしの容器から移し替えるほうが速い。

    First, looking at the presence or absence of water, transferring the beads from the container without water was faster than transferring them from the container with water.

  • よりN4

    Particle marking the standard in a comparison (also a starting point), "than / (more) than; from".

    まず水の有無について見てみると、水入りの容器から移し替えるより、水なしの容器から移し替えるほうが速い。

    First, looking at the presence or absence of water, transferring the beads from the container without water was faster than transferring them from the container with water.

  • てもN42 times in this passage

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    次に水入り、水なしの各条件において、しわの有無の違いによる結果を見てみると、水なしの場合、しわがあってもなくても大した差はない。

    Next, when the results for wrinkled and non-wrinkled hands were compared under each of the wet and dry conditions, there was no significant difference in the dry condition, whether the hands were wrinkled or not.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    以上の結果から、実験者は、しわは水中などぬれた環境で物をつかみやすくするためにできるようになった可能性があると述べているそうだ。

    Based on these results, the experimenter reportedly stated that wrinkles may have developed to make it easier to grip objects in wet environments such as underwater.

  • やすいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean the action is easy to do ('easy to ~').

    以上の結果から、実験者は、しわは水中などぬれた環境で物をつかみやすくするためにできるようになった可能性があると述べているそうだ。

    Based on these results, the experimenter reportedly stated that wrinkles may have developed to make it easier to grip objects in wet environments such as underwater.

  • ようになるN4

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    以上の結果から、実験者は、しわは水中などぬれた環境で物をつかみやすくするためにできるようになった可能性があると述べているそうだ。

    Based on these results, the experimenter reportedly stated that wrinkles may have developed to make it easier to grip objects in wet environments such as underwater.

  • たらN4

    Conditional/temporal ending on the plain-past stem meaning that once or if the first action happens, the second follows ('if / once / when ... then').

    滑り止めのためであれば、水に入れたらすぐにしわができないとおかしいのではないだろうか。

    If their purpose is to prevent slipping, shouldn't the wrinkles appear as soon as the hands enter the water?

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    しわの役割を知るためには、新たな実験を待たなければならない

    To determine the role of these wrinkles, we will have to wait for further experiments.

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    このしわを見たことがない人はいないだろう

    There is probably no one who has never seen these wrinkles.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    私はこれまで、このしわは単に皮膚が水分を吸収し膨らんでできたもので、何の役割もないと思っていた。

    Until now, I had thought that these wrinkles were simply caused by the skin absorbing water and swelling, and that they served no purpose.

  • じゃない・ではないN5

    Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

    ところが、①そうではないという記事を読んだ。

    However, I read an article saying that ① this is not the case.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    滑り止めの役割を果たしているというのだ。

    According to the article, they serve to prevent slipping.

  • がありますN53 times in this passage

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    また、手はしわがある状態とない状態で、それぞれのかかる時間が計測された。

    The time taken was also measured separately with the hands in a wrinkled state and in a non-wrinkled state.

  • しかしN52 times in this passage

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、水入りの場合、しわがあるほうが速い。

    In the wet condition, however, the wrinkled hands were faster.

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