• 目め
  • ·eye; eyeball
  • ·eyesight; sight; vision
  • ·look; stare; gaze; glance
  • ·notice; attention; observation; eyes (of the world, public, etc.)
  • ·an experience
  • ·viewpoint
  • ·discrimination; discernment; judgement; eye (e.g. for quality)
  • ·(an) appearance
  • ·chance (of success); possibility (of a good result)
  • ·spacing (between crossed strands of a net, mesh, etc.); opening; stitch; texture; weave
  • ·grain (of wood, paper)
  • ·eye (of a storm, needle, etc.)
  • ·intersection (on a go board); square (on a chessboard)
  • ·dot (on a dice); pip; rolled number
  • ·graduation; division (of a scale)
  • ·tooth (of a saw, comb, etc.)
  • ·ordinal number suffix
  • ·somewhat; -ish
  • ·point (e.g. of change)
  • ·eye (empty space inside a group of stones)
  N5
• 知るしる
  • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
  • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
  • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
  • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
  • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
  • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
  • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
  N5
• できるAs it appears here: できない
  • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
  • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
  • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
  • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
  • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
  • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
  • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
  • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
  • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
  • ·to get pregnant
  N5
• もの
  • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
  • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
  • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
  • ·quality
  • ·reason; the way of things
  • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
  • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
  • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
  • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
  • ·really; truly
  N5
• するAs it appears here: しよう
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• 人ひと
  • ·person; someone; somebody
  • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
  • ·human (Homo sapiens)
  • ·(other) people; others
  • ·character; personality; nature
  • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
  • ·adult; grown-up
  • ·I; me; one
  N5
• いるAs it appears here: いて
  • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
  • ·to stay
  • ·to be ...-ing
  • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
  N5
• 呼ぶよぶAs it appears here: 呼ばれる
  • ·to call out (to); to call; to invoke
  • ·to summon (a doctor, etc.)
  • ·to invite
  • ·to designate; to name; to brand
  • ·to garner (support, etc.); to gather
  • ·to take as one's wife
  N5
• この
  • ·this
  • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
  • ·you (as in "you liar")
  N5
• するAs it appears here: し
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• その
  • ·that; the
  • ·part (as in "part two")
  • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
  N5
• 動物どうぶつ
  • ·animal
  N5
• しかし
  • ·however; but
  N5
• 押すおすAs it appears here: 押して
  • ·to push; to thrust; to shove
  • ·to press (down); to push (e.g. a button); to exert pressure on
  • ·to stamp (e.g. one's name); to affix (a seal)
  • ·to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
  • ·to push (someone for something); to press; to put pressure on (someone)
  • ·to overwhelm; to overpower; to put (someone) under pressure; to be superior to
  • ·to push ahead (with a policy, plan, etc.); to proceed; to stick to
  • ·to do ... in spite of ...; to defy; to brave; to push aside
  • ·to make sure
  • ·to fall behind schedule
  • ·to push; to extend one's stones forward by pushing against opponent's stones
  N5
• 頼むたのむ
  • ·to request; to beg; to ask
  • ·to call; to order; to reserve
  • ·to entrust to
  • ·to rely on
  • ·please; please do; help me out here
  N5
• いくAs it appears here: いかない
  • ·to go; to move (towards); to head (towards); to leave (for)
  • ·to move through; to travel across; to walk along (e.g. a road)
  • ·to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to turn out; to get along
  • ·to do (in a particular way); to go (with; a choice); to try
  • ·to pass (of time, seasons, etc.); to go by
  • ·to stream; to flow
  • ·to die; to pass away
  • ·to reach (a stage, extent, age, etc.); to get to; to go (so far as ...)
  • ·to reach (of information, instructions, wind, etc.); to arrive
  • ·to continue ...; to go on ...; to (progress) steadily; to gradually ...; to progressively ...
  • ·to have an orgasm; to come; to cum
  • ·to trip; to get high; to have a drug-induced hallucination
  N5
• 初めてはじめて
  • ·for the first time
  • ·only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; not until ... do you ...
  • ·first time; (one's) first
  N5
• どう
  • ·how; in what way; how about
  N5
• 押すおすAs it appears here: 押させる
  • ·to push; to thrust; to shove
  • ·to press (down); to push (e.g. a button); to exert pressure on
  • ·to stamp (e.g. one's name); to affix (a seal)
  • ·to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
  • ·to push (someone for something); to press; to put pressure on (someone)
  • ·to overwhelm; to overpower; to put (someone) under pressure; to be superior to
  • ·to push ahead (with a policy, plan, etc.); to proceed; to stick to
  • ·to do ... in spite of ...; to defy; to brave; to push aside
  • ·to make sure
  • ·to fall behind schedule
  • ·to push; to extend one's stones forward by pushing against opponent's stones
  N5
• 二つふたつ
  • ·two
  N5
• 待つまつ
  • ·to wait
  • ·to await; to look forward to; to anticipate
  • ·to depend on; to need
  N5
• 見るみるAs it appears here: 見た
  • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
  • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
  • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
  • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
  • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
  • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
  N5
• する
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• これ
  • ·this; this one
  • ·this person
  • ·now; this point (in time)
  • ·here
  • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
  • ·I; me
  N5
• ここ
  • ·here; this place
  • ·this point; here; now
  • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
  • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
  N5
• するAs it appears here: したり
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• 色々いろいろ
  • ·various; a variety of; all sorts of; many (different)
  • ·variously; in various ways; in many ways
  • ·various things; this and that
  N5
• 中なか
  • ·inside; interior
  • ·among; within
  • ·middle; center; centre
  • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
  • ·interval; gap
  • ·mean; average
  • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
  • ·medium grade; medium quality
  • ·red-light district
  N5
• 手て
  • ·hand; arm
  • ·forepaw; foreleg
  • ·handle
  • ·hand; worker; help
  • ·trouble; care; effort
  • ·means; way; trick; move; technique; workmanship
  • ·hand; handwriting
  • ·kind; type; sort
  • ·one's hands; one's possession
  • ·ability to cope
  • ·hand (of cards)
  • ·direction
  • ·move (in go, shogi, etc.)
  N5
• 私わたし
  • ·I; me
  N5
• 先生せんせい
  • ·teacher; instructor; master
  • ·sensei; (expl.) title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.
  • ·(expl.) intimate or teasing form of address
  • ·one's elder
  N5
• それ
  • ·that; it
  • ·then; that point (in time); that time
  • ·there
  • ·you
  N5
• 書くかくAs it appears here: 書いて
  • ·to write; to compose; to pen
  • ·to draw; to paint
  N5
• 持つもつAs it appears here: 持ち
  • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
  • ·to possess; to have; to own
  • ·to maintain; to keep
  • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
  • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
  • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
  • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
  N5
• しぬAs it appears here: しに
  • ·to die; to pass away
  • ·to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to look dead
  • ·to cease; to stop
  N5
• 早いはやいAs it appears here: 早く
  • ·fast; quick; rapid; swift; speedy; brisk; prompt
  • ·early; soon; earlier than usual
  • ·premature; too soon; too early
  • ·easy; simple; quick; fast
  • ·as soon as ...; the moment ...; the instant ...
  N5
• 見るみるAs it appears here: 見よ
  • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
  • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
  • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
  • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
  • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
  • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
  N5
• いうAs it appears here: いい
  • ·to say; to utter; to declare
  • ·to name; to call
  • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
  N5
• ある
  • ·to be; to exist; to live
  • ·to have
  • ·to be located
  • ·to be equipped with
  • ·to happen; to come about
  • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
  N5
• 知るしるAs it appears here: 知った
  • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
  • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
  • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
  • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
  • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
  • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
  • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
  N5
• するAs it appears here: して
  • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
  • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
  • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
  • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
  • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
  • ·to decide on; to choose
  • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
  • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
  • ·to be worth; to cost
  • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
  • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
  • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
  • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
  • ·to feel A about B
  • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
  • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
  • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
  N5
• 心こころ
  • ·mind; heart; spirit
  • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
  N4
• 見えるみえるAs it appears here: 見えない
  • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
  • ·to look; to seem; to appear
  • ·to come
  N4
• 考えるかんがえる
  • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
  • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
  • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
  • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
  • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
  • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
  • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
  N4
• 見えるみえる
  • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
  • ·to look; to seem; to appear
  • ·to come
  N4
• わけ
  • ·reason; cause; grounds
  • ·meaning; sense
  • ·(good) sense; reason
  • ·circumstances; case
  • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
  N4
• 例えばたとえば
  • ·for example; for instance; e.g.
  N4
• 注意ちゅうい
  • ·attention; notice; heed
  • ·care; caution; precaution; looking out (for); watching out (for)
  • ·advice; warning; caution; reminder
  • ·admonishment; reprimand; telling-off
  N4
• 止めるとめる
  • ·to stop; to turn off
  • ·to park
  • ·to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to hold back (tears); to hold (one's breath); to relieve (pain)
  • ·to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade; to forbid; to prohibit
  • ·to notice; to be aware of; to concentrate on; to pay attention to; to remember; to bear in mind
  • ·to fix (in place); to fasten; to tack; to pin; to nail; to button; to staple
  • ·to detain; to keep in custody
  N4
• 伝えるつたえるAs it appears here: 伝えたい
  • ·to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
  N4
• 送るおくる
  • ·to send; to dispatch; to forward; to transmit; to ship; to remit
  • ·to see (someone) off; to escort; to accompany; to take
  • ·to bid farewell to (the departed); to say goodbye to; to bury
  • ·to spend (time); to pass; to lead (a life); to live
  • ·to pass (on, along); to advance (a runner)
  • ·to affix (okurigana)
  N4
• 気持ちきもち
  • ·feeling; sensation; mood; state of mind
  • ·preparedness; readiness; attitude
  • ·thought; sentiment; consideration; solicitude; gratitude
  • ·slightly; a bit; a little
  N4
• 進むすすむ
  • ·to advance; to go forward
  • ·to precede; to go ahead (of)
  • ·to make progress; to improve
  • ·to deepen; to heighten
  • ·to be fast (of a clock); to be ahead
  • ·to do of one's own free will
  N4
• 大事だいじ
  • ·important; serious; crucial
  • ·valuable; precious
  • ·serious matter; major incident; matter of grave concern; crisis
  • ·great undertaking; great enterprise; great thing
  • ·safe; OK
  N4
• 研究けんきゅう
  • ·research; study; investigation
  N4
• こと
  • ·thing; matter
  • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
  • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
  • ·work; business; affair
  • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
  • ·nominalizing suffix
  • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
  • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
  • ·necessity; need
  • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
  N3
• 意識いしき
  • ·consciousness
  • ·becoming aware (of); awareness; sense
  • ·mano-vijnana (mental consciousness, cognizer of sensory information)
  N3
• 面倒めんどう
  • ·trouble; bother
  • ·trouble; difficulty
  • ·care; attention
  N3
• 不思議ふしぎ
  • ·wonderful; marvelous; strange; incredible; amazing; curious; miraculous; mysterious
  • ·strangely enough; oddly enough; for some reason; curiously
  N3
• 行動こうどう
  • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
  N3
• 訓練くんれん
  • ·training; drill; practice; discipline
  N3
• 目標もくひょう
  • ·goal; target; aim; objective
  • ·mark; sign; landmark
  N3
• そこで
  • ·so; accordingly; now; then; thereupon; therefore
  N3
• エサえさ
  • ·(animal) feed; fodder; pet food
  • ·bait; lure; enticement
  N3
• 与えるあたえる
  • ·to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to grant; to confer; to present; to award
  • ·to provide; to afford; to offer; to supply
  • ·to assign
  • ·to cause
  • ·to pass (a variable to a function)
  N3
• 繰り返すくりかえす
  • ·to repeat; to do over again
  N3
• 向くむくAs it appears here: 向いて
  • ·to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.)
  • ·to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to front (on)
  • ·to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.)
  • ·to be suited to; to be fit for
  • ·to go towards; to turn to (of one's interests, feelings, etc.); to be inclined (to do)
  N3
• 試すためすAs it appears here: 試し
  • ·to try (out); to have a try (at); to test; to put to the test
  N3
• 我慢がまん
  • ·endurance; patience; perseverance; bearing (with something)
  • ·self-control; self-restraint
  N3
• 伸びるのびる
  • ·to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to grow (of hair, height, grass, etc.)
  • ·to straighten out; to be flattened; to become smooth
  • ·to spread (of paint, cream, etc.)
  • ·to stretch out (e.g. of a hand); to extend
  • ·to lose elasticity; to become slack; to become soggy (e.g. of noodles)
  • ·to make progress; to develop; to expand; to increase; to improve
  • ·to be exhausted; to get groggy; to be stunned (by a blow); to pass out; to collapse
  • ·to be prolonged (of a meeting, life span, etc.); to be extended (e.g. of a deadline); to lengthen (e.g. of the days)
  • ·to be postponed; to be delayed; to be put off
  • ·to gain traction (of an online post, video, etc.); to get views; to perform well
  N3
• じっと
  • ·motionlessly (e.g. stand, wait); (be) still
  • ·fixedly (e.g. gaze, stare); intently (e.g. listen, think)
  • ·patiently (endure); stoically
  • ·firmly (e.g. hold); restrained
  N3
• 伸びるのびるAs it appears here: 伸びれば
  • ·to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to grow (of hair, height, grass, etc.)
  • ·to straighten out; to be flattened; to become smooth
  • ·to spread (of paint, cream, etc.)
  • ·to stretch out (e.g. of a hand); to extend
  • ·to lose elasticity; to become slack; to become soggy (e.g. of noodles)
  • ·to make progress; to develop; to expand; to increase; to improve
  • ·to be exhausted; to get groggy; to be stunned (by a blow); to pass out; to collapse
  • ·to be prolonged (of a meeting, life span, etc.); to be extended (e.g. of a deadline); to lengthen (e.g. of the days)
  • ·to be postponed; to be delayed; to be put off
  • ·to gain traction (of an online post, video, etc.); to get views; to perform well
  N3
• 適切てきせつ
  • ·appropriate; suitable; fitting; apt; proper; right; pertinent; relevant
  N3
• 頃ころ
  • ·(approximate) time; around; about; toward
  • ·suitable time (or condition)
  • ·time of year; season
  N3
• 助手じょしゅ
  • ·assistant; helper
  • ·assistant (to a professor); research assistant
  N3
• 教科書きょうかしょ
  • ·textbook; coursebook; schoolbook
  N3
• とおり
  • ·street; road; avenue; thoroughfare
  • ·traffic; coming and going
  • ·flow (of water, air, etc.); passage; running
  • ·transmission (of sound); reach (of voice)
  • ·reputation; favor; favour; popularity
  • ·understanding; comprehension; comprehensibility; clarity
  • ·the same way (as); as (follows, stated, expected, etc.)
  • ·counter for sets of things
  • ·counter for methods, ways, kinds, etc.
  N3
• 徐々にじょじょに
  • ·gradually; steadily; slowly; little by little; step by step; by degrees
  N3
• 実み
  • ·fruit; nut
  • ·seed
  • ·(in broth) pieces of meat, vegetable, etc.
  • ·content; substance
  N3
• うまいAs it appears here: うまく
  • ·skillful; skilful; skilled; good; expert; clever (expression, trick, etc.); apt; appropriate
  • ·delicious; tasty; good; nice
  • ·good (deal, idea, etc.); profitable; promising; lucky; fortunate; successful; satisfactory; splendid
  N3
• とき
  • ·time; hour; moment
  • ·occasion; case
  • ·chance; opportunity; season
  • ·the times; the age; the day
  • ·tense
  N3
• よう
  • ·appearing ...; looking ...
  • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
  • ·form; style; design
  • ·like; similar to
  • ·thing (thought or spoken)
  N3
• 学問がくもん
  • ·study; scholarship; learning; education; knowledge
  • ·discipline; branch of learning; (a) science
  N3
• 月つき
  • ·Moon
  • ·month
  • ·moonlight
  • ·(a) moon; natural satellite
  N3
• 日付ひづけ
  • ·date; dating
  N3
• 注ちゅう
  • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
  N3
• 人間にんげん
  • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
  • ·character (of a person)
  N3
• 観察かんさつ
  • ·observation; survey; watching
  N3
• 操作そうさ
  • ·operation; management; handling
  • ·manipulating (to one's benefit); manipulation; influencing
  N3
• つかむAs it appears here: つかんで
  • ·to seize; to catch; to grasp; to grip; to grab; to clutch; to hold; to catch hold of; to lay one's hands on
  • ·to obtain; to acquire; to get; to win; to capture
  • ·to understand; to grasp; to comprehend
  N3
• 動かすうごかす
  • ·to move; to shift; to stir; to budge; to change position
  • ·to inspire; to rouse; to move (e.g. feeling); to influence
  • ·to change; to alter; to deny
  • ·to operate; to set in motion; to get going
  • ·to mobilize (e.g. troops); to mobilise; to deploy
  • ·to manage (e.g. funds)
  N3
• 棒ぼう
  • ·pole; rod; stick; baton
  • ·line; dash
  • ·spoken monotonously
  N3
• 定規じょうぎ
  • ·(measuring) ruler
  N2
• 測れるはかれる
  • ·to measure; to weigh; to survey; to time (sound, gauge, estimate)
  • ·to conjecture; to infer; to surmise
  N2
• 探るさぐるAs it appears here: 探って
  • ·to feel around for; to fumble for; to grope for; to search for; to look for
  • ·to investigate; to probe into; to spy on; to sound out
  • ·to explore (parts unknown); to enjoy (natural beauty)
  N2
• いったん
  • ·once
  • ·for a short time; briefly; temporarily
  • ·one morning
  N2
• こうして
  • ·thus; in this way
  N2
• 教わるおそわるAs it appears here: 教わった
  • ·to be taught; to learn; to take lessons in
  N2
• 伝わるつたわるAs it appears here: 伝わらない
  • ·to spread (of a rumour, news, etc.); to travel; to circulate; to go around; to be passed around; to become known
  • ·to be handed down (from generation to generation); to be passed down
  • ·to be introduced (to a country, region, etc.); to be brought; to come
  • ·to be conveyed (of a feeling, impression, etc.); to be felt; to come across
  • ·to travel (of sound, electricity, etc.); to propagate; to be conducted; to be transmitted
  • ·to go along; to move along
  N2
• 観測かんそく
  • ·observation; survey; measurement
  • ·opinion; prediction; thinking
  N2

Example sentences are translated by AI.

• 次第にN2

  Adverb describing a slow, incremental change — 'gradually, little by little'.

  これを何度か繰り返すと、サルの注意が次第にレバーに向いてくる。

  After this is repeated several times, the monkey's attention gradually turns toward the lever.

• 的（てき）N3

  A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

  だから客観的に知ることはできない。

  Therefore, it cannot be known objectively.

• なんか/なんて/などN3

  A particle that cites an example or downplays/dismisses it — "things like / such as / (of all things)".

  ならば、心とか意識なんて面倒なことを考えるよりも、目で見える、定規で測れるものだけを考えることにしよう。

  If that is so, rather than thinking about troublesome things like the mind or consciousness, let us consider only things that can be seen with the eyes and measured with a ruler.

• よりもN3

  Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

  ならば、心とか意識なんて面倒なことを考えるよりも、目で見える、定規で測れるものだけを考えることにしよう。

  If that is so, rather than thinking about troublesome things like the mind or consciousness, let us consider only things that can be seen with the eyes and measured with a ruler.

• わけにはいかないN3

  Expresses that one cannot do something for social, moral, or practical reasons rather than physical inability — 'there's no way I can / can't afford to'.

  しかし動物に「まずはレバーを押してみてください」と頼むわけにはいかない。

  But you cannot ask an animal, “First, please try pressing the lever.”

• 例えば（たとえば）N32 times in this passage

  Introduces an illustrative instance, 'for example / for instance'.

  例えば、初めて実験室につれてこられたサルは、そもそもレバーにさえ気づかないからだ。

  For example, a monkey brought into the laboratory for the first time may not even notice the lever in the first place.

• につれてN3

  Expresses that as one thing changes, another changes proportionally alongside it; 'as', 'in proportion to'.

  例えば、初めて実験室につれてこられたサルは、そもそもレバーにさえ気づかないからだ。

  For example, a monkey brought into the laboratory for the first time may not even notice the lever in the first place.

• 〜ずつN32 times in this passage

  Attaches to a quantity to mark equal distribution or repetition, "each / apiece / at a time".

  そして少しずつ目標に近づける。

  And gradually bring it closer to the target behavior.

• というN3

  Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

  と、すかさず「エサやり」というメッセージを送る。

  At once, I sent the message of “food.”

• といい／たらいいN3

  Expresses a hope or gentle suggestion — "it'd be good if", "you should", "I hope ~".

  行動だけを見よといいながら、その実、うまく訓練するにはサルの心がつかめていなければならないのだ。

  Although behaviorism tells us to look only at behavior, in reality, to train the monkey successfully, one must understand its mind.

• によって/によるN3

  Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

  （金沢創『心体観測』2009年2月8日付朝日新聞日曜版による）

  (From Kanazawa So, “Observing Mind and Body,” Asahi Shimbun Sunday Edition, February 8, 2009)

• に見える（にみえる）N4

  Expresses how something appears or seems to an observer, 'to look ~ / to seem ~.'

  心は目に見えない。

  The mind cannot be seen.

• とか～とかN4

  Lists a few representative, non-exhaustive examples — 'things like X and Y', 'X, Y, and so on'.

  ならば、心とか意識なんて面倒なことを考えるよりも、目で見える、定規で測れるものだけを考えることにしよう。

  If that is so, rather than thinking about troublesome things like the mind or consciousness, let us consider only things that can be seen with the eyes and measured with a ruler.

• ことにするN4

  Expresses a decision the speaker makes by their own volition; 'decide to (do).'

  ならば、心とか意識なんて面倒なことを考えるよりも、目で見える、定規で測れるものだけを考えることにしよう。

  If that is so, rather than thinking about troublesome things like the mind or consciousness, let us consider only things that can be seen with the eyes and measured with a ruler.

• てもN4

  Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

  そう考える人がいても不思議ではない。

  It would not be surprising if some people thought that way.

• などN43 times in this passage

  Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

  行動主義心理学と呼ばれるこの流派では、サルやネズミなどにレバー押しなどの行動を訓練し、その行動から動物の心を探っていく。

  In this school of thought, known as behaviorist psychology, monkeys, rats, and other animals are trained to perform actions such as pressing a lever, and researchers investigate the animals' minds through their behavior.

• 〜ていくN42 times in this passage

  Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

  行動主義心理学と呼ばれるこの流派では、サルやネズミなどにレバー押しなどの行動を訓練し、その行動から動物の心を探っていく。

  In this school of thought, known as behaviorist psychology, monkeys, rats, and other animals are trained to perform actions such as pressing a lever, and researchers investigate the animals' minds through their behavior.

• 〜てみるN42 times in this passage

  Verb te-form plus 見る, doing something on a trial basis to see what happens — 'try ...ing'.

  しかし動物に「まずはレバーを押してみてください」と頼むわけにはいかない。

  But you cannot ask an animal, “First, please try pressing the lever.”

• 〜てくるN44 times in this passage

  Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

  これを何度か繰り返すと、サルの注意が次第にレバーに向いてくる。

  After this is repeated several times, the monkey's attention gradually turns toward the lever.

• ながらN42 times in this passage

  Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

  こうして、適切なタイミングでエサをやりながら、少しずつ目標の行動に近づけていくのである。

  In this way, by giving food at the appropriate moments, the animal is gradually guided toward the target behavior.

• 方（かた）N4

  Attaches to a verb's masu-stem to name the manner or method of doing it, "way of / how to".

  私はこのやり方を、大学院生の頃、助手の先生に教わった。

  I learned this method from an assistant instructor when I was a graduate student.

• 頃（ころ / ごろ）N4

  Suffix/noun marking an approximate point in time; 'around (the time of), about when, back when'.

  私はこのやり方を、大学院生の頃、助手の先生に教わった。

  I learned this method from an assistant instructor when I was a graduate student.

• 〜ていたN4

  The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

  私はエサに念じていた。

  I poured my thoughts into the food.

• なければならないN4

  Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

  行動だけを見よといいながら、その実、うまく訓練するにはサルの心がつかめていなければならないのだ。

  Although behaviorism tells us to look only at behavior, in reality, to train the monkey successfully, one must understand its mind.

• ときN43 times in this passage

  Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."

  しかしそれがつかめたとき、手の中にサルの心があるように思えてくる。

  Yet once I had grasped it, I felt as though I held the monkey's mind in my hands.

• だけN52 times in this passage

  Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

  ならば、心とか意識なんて面倒なことを考えるよりも、目で見える、定規で測れるものだけを考えることにしよう。

  If that is so, rather than thinking about troublesome things like the mind or consciousness, let us consider only things that can be seen with the eyes and measured with a ruler.

• じゃない・ではないN5

  Negates a noun or na-adjective with the copula, "is not / am not".

  そう考える人がいても不思議ではない。

  It would not be surprising if some people thought that way.

• しかしN52 times in this passage

  Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

  しかし動物に「まずはレバーを押してみてください」と頼むわけにはいかない。

  But you cannot ask an animal, “First, please try pressing the lever.”

• 〜てくださいN5

  A polite request asking someone to do something — “please do”.

  しかし動物に「まずはレバーを押してみてください」と頼むわけにはいかない。

  But you cannot ask an animal, “First, please try pressing the lever.”

• どうやってN5

  Asks by what means or method something is done, "how / in what way".

  では、サルにどうやってレバーを押させるのか？

  So how do you get the monkey to press the lever?

• そしてN53 times in this passage

  Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

  そして少しずつ目標に近づける。

  And gradually bring it closer to the target behavior.

• 〜たり〜たりN52 times in this passage

  Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

  するとサルは、うろつきまわったりキョロキョロしたり、色々なことを試し始める。

  Then the monkey begins wandering around, looking this way and that, and trying various things.

• のでN5

  Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

  こうして、適切なタイミングでエサをやりながら、少しずつ目標の行動に近づけていくのである。

  In this way, by giving food at the appropriate moments, the animal is gradually guided toward the target behavior.

• 〜てあるN5

  Describes a state that persists because someone deliberately did something to bring it about — “has been done (and still is)”.

  それは教科書に書いてあるとおりのことだった。

  It was exactly what the textbook said.

• 〜たいN5

  Expresses the speaker's own desire to do something — “want to do”.

  伝わらない思いを伝えたい。

  I wanted to convey a thought that could not otherwise be conveyed.

• 〜ているN53 times in this passage

  Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

  この訓練をずっとやっていると、徐々にサルの気持ちがつかめてくる。

  As I continued this training, I gradually began to grasp how the monkey felt.

• がありますN5

  States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

  しかしそれがつかめたとき、手の中にサルの心があるように思えてくる。

  Yet once I had grasped it, I felt as though I held the monkey's mind in my hands.