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N1 · AdvancedThematic comprehensionPassage #442
2

ぜんしゅようせいぶつむらそんざいすることで、それなりあんていしているそのなか一種いっしゅないしすうしゅぼくめつすることは、とりなおさぜんたいバランスくずす結果けっかなるふくざつかたちぜんせきつみかさなってできたいしがきから一個いっこないしすういしひきぬいたらどうなるか。えいきょうたちまちぜんたいおよびいしがきそのものだいほうかいおこすちがいないちょうどそれおなじあるしかもぜんかいあいこうせいそれたいふくざつあるゆえに、えいきょういっぺんにはひょうめんしないあるぶんたちどころ(注1)に、べつぶんちょうかんおいたのちに、がいしんこうあらわしてくるにんげんしんそうしなかったしょへ、①ひょうついたれんはんのう結果けっかでてくるのである。Aなる(注2)がいちゅうじょきょするもくてきで、あるやくざい使ようされたしようそのもくてきたっせられて、Bなるさくもつちゅうがいまぬかれたしかしその結果けっかおなじくによってころいたCやDのたねぞくが、よくせいいんとりのけられてばくはつてきぞうし、あらたがいちゅうなってBにおそいかかるこういったれいすうあるのである

殺虫さっちゅう殺菌さっきんこうのうもつがくやくひんが、いったんかいはつされてこのかたというものにんげん文字もじなりふり(注3)かまわず、ひたすらそれへのぞんつまりりょうしつともきょうだいほうこうはしったなぜそのようしなければならなかったのか。さいきん日本にっぽんでは、②このことをもいわゆるこうがい一種いっしゅふくめせいやくほんえいしゅ――すなわちぎょうえきためひつようやくひんらんようすすめたことが、なんのまとになっているしかしこれだけかたほどたいほんしつたんじゅんないのだ。うえようそう(注4)てきけんかいわりきるには、げんざいじょうきょうあまりにぜつぼうてきあるすでにさいしょ出発点しゅっぱつてんからしてにんげんぶんめいそれたいなかに、かく(注5)ならざるえないひつぜんせいやど(注6)されていたいちぎょうせきにんには、げきいささかふかすぎる

にんげん今日きょうごとくこうぶんめいきずきえたのは、さいしゅうけいざいからだっぼくちくさらにのうこうというせいさんしゅだんはつめいしたからあるそれかんげんすると、あるとくていを、ぼくじょうあるいははたとして使ようすることあるさらにかんげんすると、にんげんようもくてきかなうちくさくもつによってそれらどくせんさせることでもあるほんらいならそこには、ちくさくもつがいかくしゅせいぶつが、とうぜんとしてせいそく(注7)していたにんげんそれらせいぶつぐんたいしがいじゅうがいちょうがいちゅうあるいは雑草ざっそうといっためい一方的いっぽうてきかぶせごういんはいじょするしゅだんでたこうしてぜんかいバランスくずれたいわゆるこうがいげんは、こうぎょうとともにおきたのではなくとおぼくちくないしのうこうはじまりさかのぼるのである

レイチェル・カーソンちょあおやないちやくちんもくはるいち筑波つくばつねの『かいせつによる

ちゅう1)たちどころにたちまち

ちゅう2)~なるここでは、~という

ちゅう3)なりふりかまわず:ここでは、さきことかんが

ちゅう4)そうてきひょうめんてき

ちゅう5)かくこのよう

ちゅう6)やどすふく

ちゅう7)せいそくする

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1筆者は、①意表をついた連鎖反応をABCDを用いてどのように説明しているか。
  2. 2このこととあるが、このこととは何か。
  3. 3筆者が考える③最初の出発点とはいつのことか。
  4. 4筆者によると、自然界のバランスがくずれた原因は何か。

Study this passage

Vocabulary22 words
  • ないし
    • ·from ... to; between ... and
    • ·or
    N1
  • およぶAs it appears here: および
    • ·to reach; to amount to; to befall; to happen to; to extend; to go on (for, until)
    • ·to be up to the task; to come up to
    • ·to compare with; to be a match (for)
    • ·to resort (to an act)
    • ·to require (to do)
    N1
  • 崩壊ほうかい
    • ·collapse; crumbling; breaking down; caving in
    • ·(radioactive) decay; disintegration
    N1
  • おこす
    • ·to raise; to raise up; to set up; to pick up; to stand (something) up
    • ·to wake; to wake up; to waken; to awaken
    • ·to cause; to bring about; to lead to; to trigger; to give rise to; to create; to generate (e.g. heat, electricity); to produce
    • ·to start; to begin; to launch; to establish; to found; to set up; to open
    • ·to plough; to plow; to till
    • ·to feel (an emotion, desire, etc.); to be moved to; to summon up; to muster
    • ·to fall ill with
    • ·to transcribe; to write down (what is spoken)
    • ·to turn over (a card)
    N1
  • いっぺん
    • ·complete change; about-face
    N1
  • 進行しんこう
    • ·moving forward (e.g. of a vehicle); onward movement
    • ·progress (of work, activities, etc.); advance; making headway
    • ·progression (of a disease, global warming, etc.)
    • ·progression (e.g. chord progression)
    N1
  • 予想よそう
    • ·expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture
    N1
  • 抑制よくせい
    • ·control; restraint; suppression; constraint; curtailment; inhibition; check; curb
    N1
  • 開発かいはつ
    • ·development; cultivation; application
    • ·exploitation (of resources)
    N1
  • とも
    • ·together with
    • ·same
    • ·both; all; neither; none
    • ·including ...
    N1
  • 化するかする
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform (into); to become
    • ·to influence
    N1
  • 非難ひなん
    • ·criticism; blame; censure; attack; reproach
    N1
  • 本質ほんしつ
    • ·essence; true nature; substance; reality
    N1
  • きずくAs it appears here: きずき
    • ·to build; to construct; to erect
    • ·to build up (a reputation, position, fortune, etc.); to establish (a relationship, household, tradition, etc.); to lay (a foundation)
    N1
  • 採集さいしゅう
    • ·collecting; gathering
    N1
  • 農耕のうこう
    • ·farming; agriculture; cultivation
    N1
  • かなう
    • ·to come true (of a dream, wish, etc.); to be realized; to be fulfilled; to be granted; to be answered (of a prayer); to be requited (of love)
    N1
  • 家畜かちく
    • ·domestic animals; livestock; cattle
    N1
  • 独占どくせん
    • ·monopoly; monopolization; exclusivity
    • ·hogging; keeping to oneself
    N1
  • 各種かくしゅ
    • ·every kind; all sorts
    N1
  • ぐん
    • ·group; bunch; crowd; throng; swarm; band; herd; school (of fish)
    • ·group
    N1
  • 排除はいじょ
    • ·exclusion; removal; elimination; clearing away; getting rid of
    N1
Other levels142 words
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • とり
    • ·bird
    • ·bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • ちょうど
    • ·exactly; precisely; just; right; opportunely; fortunately
    • ·just (like); as if; as though
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • おなじ
    • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
    • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しない
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • たつAs it appears here: たち
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • おくAs it appears here: おいた
    • ·to put; to place
    • ·to leave (behind)
    • ·to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up
    • ·to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire; to employ
    • ·to place (one's trust, one's faith, etc.); to bear (in mind, etc.)
    • ·to put down a tool (e.g. a pen) hence stopping what one is doing with that tool
    • ·to take in (boarders, etc.); to provide lodging in one's house
    • ·to separate spatially or temporally
    • ·to do something in advance
    • ·to leave something in a certain state; to keep something in a certain state
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しなかった
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • でるAs it appears here: でて
    • ·to leave; to exit; to go out; to come out; to get out
    • ·to leave (on a journey); to depart; to start out; to set out
    • ·to move forward
    • ·to come to; to get to; to lead to; to reach
    • ·to appear; to come out; to emerge; to surface; to come forth; to turn up; to be found; to be detected; to be discovered; to be exposed; to show; to be exhibited; to be on display
    • ·to appear (in print); to be published; to be announced; to be issued; to be listed; to come out
    • ·to attend; to participate; to take part; to enter (an event); to play in; to perform
    • ·to be stated; to be expressed; to come up; to be brought up; to be raised
    • ·to sell
    • ·to exceed; to go over
    • ·to stick out; to protrude
    • ·to break out; to occur; to start; to originate
    • ·to be produced
    • ·to come from; to be derived from
    • ·to be given; to get; to receive; to be offered; to be provided; to be presented; to be submitted; to be handed in; to be turned in; to be paid
    • ·to answer (phone, door, etc.); to get
    • ·to assume (an attitude); to act; to behave
    • ·to pick up (speed, etc.); to gain
    • ·to flow (e.g. tears); to run; to bleed
    • ·to graduate
    • ·to ejaculate; to cum
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: された
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しよう
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いった
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • もつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • かた
    • ·direction; way
    • ·person; lady; gentleman
    • ·method of; manner of; way of
    • ·care of ...
    • ·person in charge of ...
    • ·side (e.g. "on my mother's side")
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • はしるAs it appears here: はしった
    • ·to run
    • ·to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to travel; to move; to sail
    • ·to rush (to); to dash; to race
    • ·to retreat; to flee; to defect (to)
    • ·to run away; to abscond; to elope
    • ·to flash (of lightning); to streak; to shoot (through; e.g. of pain); to run (through); to flare; to flit (e.g. across one's face); to spread quickly (of news, shock, etc.)
    • ·to go (e.g. bad, to extremes); to become; to turn; to take to (e.g. crime); to get carried away by (e.g. one's emotions); to get involved in; to get wrapped up in
    • ·to run (through; of a road, street, etc.); to extend (e.g. of a mountain range); to stretch; to lie
    N5
  • なぜ
    • ·why; how; for what reason
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しなければ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 売りまくるうりまくるAs it appears here: 売りまくって
    • ·to sell
    • ·to betray; to sell out (one's friend, country, etc.)
    • ·to make (oneself) known; to establish (a reputation) for oneself
    • ·to pick (a fight, quarrel, etc.); to provoke; to force on someone
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なら
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • いち
    • ·one; 1
    • ·best
    • ·first; foremost
    • ·beginning; start
    • ·a (single); one (of many)
    • ·ace
    • ·bottom string (on a shamisen, etc.)
    N5
  • 今日きょう
    • ·today; this day
    • ·these days; recently; nowadays
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: させる
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • そこ
    • ·there (place relatively near listener)
    • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
    • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
    • ·you
    N5
  • いるAs it appears here:
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • でるAs it appears here: でた
    • ·to leave; to exit; to go out; to come out; to get out
    • ·to leave (on a journey); to depart; to start out; to set out
    • ·to move forward
    • ·to come to; to get to; to lead to; to reach
    • ·to appear; to come out; to emerge; to surface; to come forth; to turn up; to be found; to be detected; to be discovered; to be exposed; to show; to be exhibited; to be on display
    • ·to appear (in print); to be published; to be announced; to be issued; to be listed; to come out
    • ·to attend; to participate; to take part; to enter (an event); to play in; to perform
    • ·to be stated; to be expressed; to come up; to be brought up; to be raised
    • ·to sell
    • ·to exceed; to go over
    • ·to stick out; to protrude
    • ·to break out; to occur; to start; to originate
    • ·to be produced
    • ·to come from; to be derived from
    • ·to be given; to get; to receive; to be offered; to be provided; to be presented; to be submitted; to be handed in; to be turned in; to be paid
    • ·to answer (phone, door, etc.); to get
    • ·to assume (an attitude); to act; to behave
    • ·to pick up (speed, etc.); to gain
    • ·to flow (e.g. tears); to run; to bleed
    • ·to graduate
    • ·to ejaculate; to cum
    N5
  • おきるAs it appears here: おきた
    • ·to get up; to rise; to blaze up (fire)
    • ·to wake up; to be awake; to stay awake
    • ·to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen; to take place
    N5
  • 遠いとおいAs it appears here: 遠く
    • ·far; distant; far away; a long way off; in the distance
    • ·distant (past); remote (in time); remote; far-removed (in time)
    • ·distant (relationship or kinship); having little to do (with someone)
    • ·far (from something else in quality, degree, etc.); not similar; way off
    • ·hard (of hearing)
    • ·nearsighted
    N5
  • はじまるAs it appears here: はじまり
    • ·to begin; to start; to commence
    • ·to happen (again); to begin (anew)
    • ·to date (from); to originate (in)
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • さき
    • ·point; tip; end; nozzle
    • ·head (of a line); front
    • ·first; before; ahead (of)
    • ·(the way) ahead; beyond
    • ·future
    • ·previous; prior; former; recent; last
    • ·destination; address; place where you do something
    • ·rest (e.g. of a story); continuation; remaining part
    • ·the other party
    N5
  • なおすAs it appears here: なおさ
    • ·to repair; to mend; to fix; to correct (a mistake, bad habit, etc.); to put right; to restore; to straighten (e.g. a tie); to tidy up (one's hair, make-up, etc.); to revive (one's spirits)
    • ·to change; to alter; to convert; to translate
    • ·to put back; to put away
    • ·to cure; to heal
    • ·to move up; to promote
    • ·to do over again; to redo
    N4
  • 複雑ふくざつ
    • ·complex; complicated; intricate; mixed (feelings)
    N4
  • かたち
    • ·(physical) form; shape; figure
    • ·visage; (facial) features; appearance (of a person); figure; looks
    • ·form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); style; (outward) appearance
    • ·(resultant) state; situation; condition; form
    • ·behaviour (towards others); attitude; demeanor; manners
    • ·shape (positional qualities of a group of stones)
    N4
  • いし
    • ·stone; rock; pebble
    • ·jewel; precious stone
    • ·flint (in a lighter)
    • ·(round) game piece; stone (in go, etc.); disc (in Othello)
    • ·stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • べつ
    • ·distinction; difference; discrimination
    • ·separate; different; another; extra
    • ·exception; exclusion
    • ·classified by; ranked by; according to
    N4
  • こう
    • ·in this way; like this; so; thus
    • ·this (much); so
    • ·uh; er; mm; well
    N4
  • 最近さいきん
    • ·recently; lately; these days; nowadays; right now
    • ·nearest; closest
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 最初さいしょ
    • ·beginning; outset; first; onset
    N4
  • 深いふかいAs it appears here:
    • ·deep
    • ·profound
    • ·dense; thick
    • ·close (relationship)
    • ·intense; strong
    • ·late
    N4
  • 経済けいざい
    • ·economy; economics
    • ·finance; (one's) finances; financial circumstances
    • ·being economical; economy; thrift
    N4
  • 工業こうぎょう
    • ·(manufacturing) industry
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考え
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 生きるいきる
    • ·to live; to exist
    • ·to make a living; to subsist
    • ·to be in effect; to be in use; to function
    • ·to come to life; to be enlivened
    • ·to be safe (in baseball, go, etc.)
    N4
  • 自然しぜん
    • ·nature
    • ·natural; spontaneous; automatic
    • ·naturally; spontaneously; automatically
    N3
  • 生物せいぶつ
    • ·living thing; organism; creature; life
    • ·biology
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 安定あんてい
    • ·stability; steadiness; consistency; equilibrium; balance; composure
    • ·stable
    N3
  • 維持いじ
    • ·maintenance; preservation; improvement
    N3
  • 一種いっしゅ
    • ·a kind; a sort; a variety; a species
    • ·of sorts; something of a; a sort of
    • ·sort of; somewhat
    N3
  • 全体ぜんたい
    • ·whole; entirety
    • ·to begin with; in the first place
    • ·... the heck (e.g. "what the heck?"); ... in the world (e.g. "why in the world?"); ... on earth (e.g. "who on earth?")
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • 影響えいきょう
    • ·influence; effect; impact
    N3
  • ちがい
    • ·difference; distinction; discrepancy
    • ·mistake; error
    N3
  • しかも
    • ·moreover; furthermore
    • ·nevertheless; and yet
    N3
  • 構成こうせい
    • ·composition; construction; formation; makeup; structure; organization; organisation
    N3
  • 部分ぶぶん
    • ·portion; section; part
    N3
  • のち
    • ·later; afterwards
    • ·future
    • ·after one's death
    • ·descendant
    N3
  • 被害ひがい
    • ·(suffering) damage; injury; harm
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 自身じしん
    • ·(one's) self; oneself; yourself; himself; herself
    N3
  • 目的もくてき
    • ·purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
    N3
  • 使用しよう
    • ·use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
    N3
  • たっするAs it appears here: たっせられて
    • ·to reach; to get to; to arrive at
    N3
  • 作物さくもつ
    • ·crop; crops; (agricultural) produce; farm products
    N3
  • 食うくうAs it appears here: 食い
    • ·to eat
    • ·to live; to make a living; to survive
    • ·to bite; to sting (as insects do)
    • ·to tease; to torment; to taunt; to make light of; to make fun of
    • ·to encroach on; to eat into; to consume
    • ·to defeat a superior; to threaten a position
    • ·to consume time; to consume resources
    • ·to receive something (usu. an unfavourable event)
    • ·to have sexual relations with a woman, esp. for the first time
    N3
  • 殺すころすAs it appears here: 殺されて
    • ·to kill; to slay; to murder; to slaughter
    • ·to suppress; to block; to hamper; to destroy (e.g. talent); to eliminate (e.g. an odour); to spoil (e.g. a flavour); to kill (e.g. one's speed)
    • ·to suppress (a voice, feelings, etc.); to hold back; to stifle (a yawn, laugh, etc.); to hold (one's breath)
    • ·to put out (a runner)
    • ·to pawn; to put in hock
    N3
  • たね
    • ·seed (e.g. of a plant); pip; kernel; stone (e.g. of a peach)
    • ·progeny; offspring; issue; breed
    • ·paternal blood; lineage
    • ·sperm; semen; seed
    • ·cause; source; seed; origin
    • ·material (e.g. for an article); matter (e.g. of a story); subject (of discussion); theme; (news) copy; source (of a story)
    • ·ingredient; main ingredient (of a piece of sushi); leaven
    • ·mechanism (of a magic trick, etc.); secret; trickery
    • ·10-point card; tane; animal card
    N3
  • 増加ぞうか
    • ·increase; rise; growth; addition; increment
    N3
  • あらた
    • ·new; fresh; novel
    N3
  • れい
    • ·example; instance; illustration; case
    • ·precedent
    • ·custom; habit; practice; usage
    N3
  • かまうAs it appears here: かまわ
    • ·to mind; to care about; to be concerned about; to have a regard for
    • ·to be an issue; to matter; to create inconvenience
    • ·to keep company; to care for; to look after; to entertain; to pay attention to; to spend time with
    • ·to interfere with; to meddle in
    • ·to tease
    • ·to banish; to prohibit
    N3
  • 増すますAs it appears here: 増し
    • ·to increase; to grow
    N3
  • つまり
    • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
    • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
    • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
    • ·shrinkage
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·dead end; corner
    • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
    N3
  • りょう
    • ·quantity; amount; volume; capacity; portion (of food)
    • ·generosity; magnanimity; tolerance
    • ·pramana (means by which one gains accurate and valid knowledge; in Indian philosophy)
    N3
  • しつ
    • ·quality; value
    • ·nature; inherent quality; character
    • ·logical quality
    N3
  • 方向ほうこう
    • ·direction; orientation; bearing; way
    • ·course (e.g. of action)
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • いわゆる
    • ·what is called; what you call; what they call; so-called
    N3
  • 資本しほん
    • ·funds; capital
    N3
  • すなわち
    • ·that is (to say); namely; i.e.
    • ·precisely; exactly; just; nothing but; neither more nor less
    • ·(and) then
    N3
  • 企業きぎょう
    • ·enterprise; business; company; corporation
    N3
  • 利益りえき
    • ·profit; gains
    • ·benefit; advantage; good; interests (e.g. of society)
    • ·grace (of God, Buddha, etc., esp. as attained through rightful actions, prayer, adherence to one's faith, etc.); blessing; miracle
    N3
  • すすめるAs it appears here: すすめた
    • ·to advance; to move forward; to put (a clock, watch) forward
    • ·to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to make progress in; to further; to advance; to hasten; to speed up
    • ·to raise; to elevate; to promote; to develop; to stimulate (e.g. one's appetite)
    N3
    • ·time; pause
    • ·space
    • ·room
    N3
  • ほど
    • ·extent; degree; measure
    • ·limit; bounds
    • ·(span of) time
    • ·(a) distance
    • ·the state of; the status of; the condition of
    • ·about; around; approximately; or so
    • ·as much as ...; to the extent of ...; like ...
    • ·the more ... the more ...
    N3
  • 事態じたい
    • ·situation; (present) state of affairs; circumstances
    N3
  • 単純たんじゅん
    • ·simple; plain; uncomplicated; straightforward; simple-minded; naive
    N3
  • 見解けんかい
    • ·opinion; point of view
    N3
  • 現在げんざい
    • ·the present; present time; now
    • ·as of
    • ·present tense
    • ·this world; this life
    • ·to actually exist; to exist right now; to exist right in front of one
    N3
  • 状況じょうきょう
    • ·state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
    N3
  • すでに
    • ·already
    • ·previously; before
    • ·undeniably; unmistakably; in the first place
    N3
  • 文明ぶんめい
    • ·civilization; civilisation; culture
    • ·Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
    N3
  • えるAs it appears here: えない
    • ·to get; to earn; to acquire; to procure; to gain; to secure; to attain; to obtain; to win
    • ·to understand; to comprehend
    • ·to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
    • ·to be able to ..., can ...
    N3
  • 責任せきにん
    • ·duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff)
    • ·liability; onus
    N3
  • 悲劇ひげき
    • ·tragedy; tragic drama; tragic play
    • ·tragedy; calamity; disaster
    N3
    • ·root (of a plant)
    • ·root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.)
    • ·root (of all evil, etc.); source; origin; cause; basis
    • ·one's true nature
    • ·(fishing) reef
    N3
  • さらに
    • ·furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
    N3
  • 発明はつめい
    • ·invention
    • ·intelligent; clever; smart
    N3
  • 土地とち
    • ·plot of land; lot; soil
    • ·locality; region; place
    N3
  • あるいは
    • ·or; either ... or
    • ·maybe; perhaps; possibly
    • ·some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
    N3
  • がい
    • ·injury; harm; evil influence; damage
    N3
  • 手段しゅだん
    • ·means; way; measure
    N3
  • やく
    • ·translation; version (e.g. "English version")
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 含むふくむ
    • ·to contain; to comprise; to have; to hold; to include; to embrace
    • ·to hold in the mouth
    • ·to bear in mind; to understand; to harbor (grudge, etc.); to harbour
    • ·to express (emotion, etc.); to imply
    N3
  • くずす
    • ·to destroy; to demolish; to pull down; to tear down; to level
    • ·to disturb; to put into disorder; to throw off balance; to make shaky
    • ·to relax (one's pose); to make oneself at ease
    • ·to break (a bill); to change; to make change
    • ·to write in cursive style; to write in running style
    • ·to break into a smile; to let off a smile
    • ·to lower (a price)
    N2
  • たちまち
    • ·in an instant; in a moment; immediately; right away; at once
    • ·suddenly; all of a sudden; all at once
    N2
  • 個所かしょ
    • ·place; point; part; spot; area; passage; portion
    • ·counter for places, parts, passages, etc.
    N2
  • つくAs it appears here: ついた
    • ·to be lit (of a lamp, burner, etc.); to catch fire; to ignite; to start burning
    • ·to be turned on (of a light, appliance, etc.); to come on
    N2
  • いったん
    • ·once
    • ·for a short time; briefly; temporarily
    • ·one morning
    N2
  • 公害こうがい
    • ·pollution; public nuisance; contamination
    N2
  • ふくめるAs it appears here: ふくめ
    • ·to include (in a group or scope)
    • ·to instruct; to make one understand
    • ·to include (a nuance); to put in (an implication)
    • ·to put in (someone's) mouth
    • ·to permeate with flavor
    N2
  • 薬品やくひん
    • ·medicine; drug
    • ·chemical (agent); chemicals
    N2
  • 上のうえの
    • ·to ascend; to go up; to climb
    • ·to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise
    • ·to go to (the capital)
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to add up to
    • ·to advance (in price)
    • ·to swim up (a river); to sail up
    • ·to come up (on the agenda)
    N2
  • 高度こうど
    • ·altitude; height; elevation
    • ·high-degree; high-grade; advanced; sophisticated; strong
    N2
  • 牧畜ぼくちく
    • ·stock-farming; livestock farming; cattle breeding
    N2
  • 特定とくてい
    • ·specific; particular; designated; special
    • ·specifying; designating; identifying; pinpointing
    N2
  • 牧場ぼくじょう
    • ·farm (livestock); stock farm; ranch; station
    • ·pasture; meadow; grazing land
    N2
  • ほんらい
    • ·originally; primarily
    • ·essentially; intrinsically; naturally; by nature; in (and of) itself
    • ·proper; rightful; legal; normal
    N2
  • かぶせるAs it appears here: かぶせ
    • ·to cover (with something)
    • ·to put on (e.g. someone's head)
    • ·to pour liquid (on something); to dash liquid (over something)
    • ·to plate (something) with metal; to cover (with a dental crown)
    • ·to add (e.g. music to a video); to include (into something)
    • ·to speak (over someone else)
    • ·to put the blame (on someone); to place the responsibility (on someone)
    N2
  • 強引ごういん
    • ·overbearing; coercive; pushy; forcible; high-handed
    N2
  • こうして
    • ·thus; in this way
    N2
  • くずれるAs it appears here: くずれた
    • ·to collapse; to crumble
    • ·to get out of shape; to lose one's shape; to become disorganized; to become untidy
    • ·to break down; to be thrown into disarray
    • ·to crash (stock market); to slump; to decline
    • ·to break money into small change
    • ·to turn bad (e.g. weather); to change for the worse; to deteriorate
    N2
  • さかのぼる
    • ·to go upstream; to go up (a river)
    • ·to go back (to the past or origin); to date back (to); to trace back (to); to be retroactive (to)
    N2
  • 解説かいせつ
    • ·explanation; commentary; exposition; elucidation
    N2
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ゆえにN1

    Formal/literary connective drawing a logical conclusion from a stated reason — 'therefore, consequently, and so.'

    しかも自然界の場合、構成それ自体が複雑であるゆえに、影響もいっぺんには表面化しない。

    Moreover, in the natural world, because the structure itself is complex, the effects do not all become visible at once.

  • というものN1

    Emphasizes the entire stretch of a stated time period, or foregrounds the essential nature of a thing — "for the whole (time)...", "the very idea of...".

    殺虫・殺菌の効能をもつ化学薬品が、いったん開発されてこのかたというもの、人間は文字どおりなりふりかまわず、ひたすらそれへの依存度を増し、つまり量質ともに強大化する方向へはしった。

    Ever since chemicals with insecticidal and germicidal effects were developed, humans have quite literally thrown caution aside and steadily increased their dependence on them, pursuing ever greater strength in both quantity and quality.

  • ごとき / ごとく / ごとしN1

    Literary equivalent of 〜のようだ that likens one thing to another or cites an example — 'like', 'as if', 'such as'.

    人間が今日のごとく高度文明をきずきえたのは、採集経済から脱して、牧畜さらに農耕という生産手段を発明したからである。

    Humans were able to build the highly advanced civilization of today because they moved beyond a gathering economy and invented new means of production—first animal husbandry and then agriculture.

Other levels29 patterns
  • しかもN2

    Additive conjunction adding a further, often stronger point — 'moreover, and what's more'.

    しかも自然界の場合、構成それ自体が複雑であるゆえに、影響もいっぺんには表面化しない。

    Moreover, in the natural world, because the structure itself is complex, the effects do not all become visible at once.

  • もかまわずN22 times in this passage

    'Without caring about / regardless of' — doing something despite what one would normally mind.

    殺虫・殺菌の効能をもつ化学薬品が、いったん開発されてこのかたというもの、人間は文字どおりなりふりかまわず、ひたすらそれへの依存度を増し、つまり量質ともに強大化する方向へはしった。

    Ever since chemicals with insecticidal and germicidal effects were developed, humans have quite literally thrown caution aside and steadily increased their dependence on them, pursuing ever greater strength in both quantity and quality.

  • いわゆるN22 times in this passage

    A prenominal modifier introducing a commonly used label — 'so-called; what is called; what is known as'.

    最近の日本では、②このことをもいわゆる公害の一種にふくめ、製薬資本の営利主義――すなわち企業の利益のため不必要な薬品を売りまくって乱用をすすめたことが、非難のまとになっている。

    In Japan in recent years, this too has been treated as a form of so-called pollution, and the profit-seeking attitude of pharmaceutical capital—that is, selling unnecessary chemicals indiscriminately for corporate profit and thereby encouraging their overuse—has become a target of criticism.

  • ざるを得ないN2

    expresses being compelled by circumstances with no alternative, 'have no choice but to ~ / cannot help but ~'

    すでに③最初の出発点からして、人間の文明それ自体のなかに、かくならざるをえない必然性がやどされていた。

    From the very starting point, human civilization itself already contained an inevitability that made this outcome unavoidable.

  • さらにN22 times in this passage

    Adds a further point or a greater degree — 'furthermore', 'moreover', 'even more'.

    人間が今日のごとく高度文明をきずきえたのは、採集経済から脱して、牧畜さらに農耕という生産手段を発明したからである。

    Humans were able to build the highly advanced civilization of today because they moved beyond a gathering economy and invented new means of production—first animal husbandry and then agriculture.

  • あるいはN22 times in this passage

    Presents an alternative or a possibility — 'or; or perhaps; alternatively'.

    それは換言すると、ある特定の土地を、牧場あるいは田畑として使用することである。

    In other words, this meant using a particular piece of land as pasture or farmland.

  • といったN2

    Introduces representative examples before a summarizing noun — "(things) such as ~", "~ and the like".

    人間はそれらの生物群にたいし、害獣・害鳥・害虫あるいは雑草といった汚名を一方的にかぶせ、強引に排除する手段にでた。

    Humans unilaterally branded those organisms with stigmatizing labels such as harmful animals, harmful birds, pests, and weeds, and then forcibly set about eliminating them.

  • ついN3

    Marks an action done unintentionally or on impulse, in spite of oneself — "can't help but, without meaning to".

    人間自身の予想もしなかった個所へ、①意表をついた連鎖反応の結果がでてくるのである。

    The results of unexpected chain reactions emerge in places that humans themselves never anticipated.

  • によって/によるN33 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    しかしその結果、おなじくAによって食い殺されていたCやDの種属が、抑制因子をとりのけられて爆発的に増加し、あらたな害虫となってBにおそいかかる。

    As a result, however, species C and D, which had likewise been preyed upon by A, are freed from that restraining factor, multiply explosively, become new pests, and attack B.

  • 的(てき)N33 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    しかしその結果、おなじくAによって食い殺されていたCやDの種属が、抑制因子をとりのけられて爆発的に増加し、あらたな害虫となってBにおそいかかる。

    As a result, however, species C and D, which had likewise been preyed upon by A, are freed from that restraining factor, multiply explosively, become new pests, and attack B.

  • つまりN3

    Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

    殺虫・殺菌の効能をもつ化学薬品が、いったん開発されてこのかたというもの、人間は文字どおりなりふりかまわず、ひたすらそれへの依存度を増し、つまり量質ともに強大化する方向へはしった。

    Ever since chemicals with insecticidal and germicidal effects were developed, humans have quite literally thrown caution aside and steadily increased their dependence on them, pursuing ever greater strength in both quantity and quality.

  • すなわちN3

    Conjunction restating or clarifying the preceding statement, 'namely / that is / in other words'.

    最近の日本では、②このことをもいわゆる公害の一種にふくめ、製薬資本の営利主義――すなわち企業の利益のため不必要な薬品を売りまくって乱用をすすめたことが、非難のまとになっている。

    In Japan in recent years, this too has been treated as a form of so-called pollution, and the profit-seeking attitude of pharmaceutical capital—that is, selling unnecessary chemicals indiscriminately for corporate profit and thereby encouraging their overuse—has become a target of criticism.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    最近の日本では、②このことをもいわゆる公害の一種にふくめ、製薬資本の営利主義――すなわち企業の利益のため不必要な薬品を売りまくって乱用をすすめたことが、非難のまとになっている。

    In Japan in recent years, this too has been treated as a form of so-called pollution, and the profit-seeking attitude of pharmaceutical capital—that is, selling unnecessary chemicals indiscriminately for corporate profit and thereby encouraging their overuse—has become a target of criticism.

  • すでにN3

    Adverb stating an action is 'already' done or a situation already holds.

    すでに③最初の出発点からして、人間の文明それ自体のなかに、かくならざるをえない必然性がやどされていた。

    From the very starting point, human civilization itself already contained an inevitability that made this outcome unavoidable.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    人間が今日のごとく高度文明をきずきえたのは、採集経済から脱して、牧畜さらに農耕という生産手段を発明したからである。

    Humans were able to build the highly advanced civilization of today because they moved beyond a gathering economy and invented new means of production—first animal husbandry and then agriculture.

  • としてN32 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    それは換言すると、ある特定の土地を、牧場あるいは田畑として使用することである。

    In other words, this meant using a particular piece of land as pasture or farmland.

  • と共に(とともに)N3

    Links two things that happen together or change at the same time — "together with; along with; as ~ does".

    いわゆる公害の起原は、工業とともにおきたのではなく、遠く牧畜ないし農耕のはじまりにさかのぼるのである。

    The origin of so-called pollution did not arise together with industry; it can be traced much farther back, to the beginnings of animal husbandry and agriculture.

  • たらどう(ですか)N4

    Suggestion built on the たら conditional plus どう, softly recommending the listener try something ('why don't you ~? / how about ~?').

    複雑な形の自然石かつみかさなってできた石垣から、一個ないし数個の石をひきぬいたらどうなるか。

    What would happen if one or several stones were pulled out of a stone wall built by stacking irregularly shaped natural stones?

  • 〜てくるN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    ある部分はたちどころに、べつの部分は長期間をおいたのちに、被害の進行をあらわにしてくる

    In some parts the damage appears immediately, while in others its progression becomes evident only after a long period of time.

  • 〜ていたN43 times in this passage

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    しかしその結果、おなじくAによって食い殺されていたCやDの種属が、抑制因子をとりのけられて爆発的に増加し、あらたな害虫となってBにおそいかかる。

    As a result, however, species C and D, which had likewise been preyed upon by A, are freed from that restraining factor, multiply explosively, become new pests, and attack B.

  • ようにするN4

    Expresses making an ongoing effort or arranging things so that something does or doesn't happen — "make sure to / try to (do regularly)".

    なぜそのようにしなければならなかったのか。

    Why did humans have to do this?

  • だけでN4

    'Just by / with only' — a single small condition alone is enough to produce the result.

    しかしこれだけで片づけられるほど、事態の本質は単純でないのだ。

    Yet the essence of the situation is not so simple that it can be disposed of by that explanation alone.

  • ように / ようなN4

    Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".

    のような皮相的見解でわりきるには、現在の状況はあまりに絶望的である。

    The present situation is far too desperate to be neatly explained by the superficial view described above.

  • させるN4

    Causative construction — make or let someone do an action ('make/let ~ do').

    さらに換言すると、人間の利用目的にかなう家畜・作物によって、それらの土地を独占させることでもある。

    Put another way, it also meant allowing livestock and crops suited to human purposes to monopolize that land.

  • 〜ているN52 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    自然は多種多様の生物群が存在することで、それなりの安定を維持している

    Nature maintains a certain degree of stability through the existence of a wide variety of living organisms.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    ある部分はたちどころに、べつの部分は長期間をおいたのちに、被害の進行をあらわにしてくる。

    In some parts the damage appears immediately, while in others its progression becomes evident only after a long period of time.

  • のでN54 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    人間自身の予想もしなかった個所へ、①意表をついた連鎖反応の結果がでてくるのである。

    The results of unexpected chain reactions emerge in places that humans themselves never anticipated.

  • しかしN52 times in this passage

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかしその結果、おなじくAによって食い殺されていたCやDの種属が、抑制因子をとりのけられて爆発的に増加し、あらたな害虫となってBにおそいかかる。

    As a result, however, species C and D, which had likewise been preyed upon by A, are freed from that restraining factor, multiply explosively, become new pests, and attack B.

  • すぎるN5

    Attaches to a verb or adjective stem to mean the action or quality is excessive, 'too much / overly ~'.

    一企業の責任に帰するには、悲劇の根はいささか深すぎる

    The roots of this tragedy run far too deep for responsibility to be attributed to a single company.

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