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N2 · Upper intermediateShort passagePassage #43
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近きん代だい以い前ぜんの社しゃ会かいでは、職しょく業ぎょうはおのずと定さだめられていることが多おおく、選せん択たくの幅はばはきわめて小ちいさかった。さらに、生うまれて死しぬまで同おなじコミュニティのなかで暮くらす人ひとが多おおかった。

それに対たいして近きん代だい社しゃ会かいでは、人ひとびとは自じ由ゆうに職しょく業ぎょうを選せん択たくできる。また国こく内ないならば自じ由ゆうに移い動どうすることもできるし、自じ由ゆうに起き業ぎょうしたり、趣しゅ味みやボランティアのサークルをつくって活かつ動どうすることもできる。

つまり、近きん代だい社しゃ会かいでは一ひと人りひとりの「自じ由ゆう」という理り念ねんが大たい切せつにされ、さまざまな自じ由ゆうな活かつ動どうが保ほ証しょうされている。そしてそれに対たい応おうして、社しゃ会かいの側がわも、不ふ特とく定てい多た数すうの人ひとびとやモノや情じょう報ほうがさまざまに行いき交かう空くう間かんとなっているのである。

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Vocabulary0 words

No N2 vocabulary in this passage.

Other levels40 words
  • 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多く
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • 小さいちいさいAs it appears here: 小さかった
    • ·small; little; tiny
    • ·slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); minor; small
    • ·low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
    • ·unimportant; petty; insignificant; trifling; trivial
    • ·young; juvenile
    N5
  • 生まれるうまれるAs it appears here: 生まれて
    • ·to be born
    N5
  • 死ぬしぬ
    • ·to die; to pass away
    • ·to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to look dead
    • ·to cease; to stop
    N5
  • 同じおなじ
    • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
    • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • 人ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • 多いおおいAs it appears here: 多かった
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • また
    • ·again; once more; once again; another time; some other time
    • ·also; too; as well; likewise
    • ·on the other hand; while
    • ·and; in addition; besides; moreover; furthermore
    • ·or; otherwise
    • ·really; how; (what, why) on earth
    • ·some time (in the future)
    • ·indirect
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したり
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • つくるAs it appears here: つくって
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: され
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • モノもの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 社会しゃかい
    • ·society; public; community; the world
    • ·social studies
    N4
  • 趣味しゅみ
    • ·hobby; pastime
    • ·tastes; preference; liking
    N4
  • 自由じゆう
    • ·freedom; liberty
    N4
  • 近代きんだい
    • ·present day; modern times; recent times
    • ·early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
    N3
  • 以前いぜん
    • ·before; prior to; ago
    • ·the past; before; previously; former times
    N3
  • 職業しょくぎょう
    • ·occupation; profession; job; vocation; career; trade; calling; business
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 選択せんたく
    • ·choice; selection; option
    N3
  • 幅はば
    • ·width; breadth
    • ·freedom (e.g. of thought); latitude
    • ·gap; difference (e.g. in price); range (e.g. of voice)
    N3
  • さらに
    • ·furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
    N3
  • 暮らすくらす
    • ·to live (on, by, etc.); to lead a life; to get along; to get by
    • ·to make a living; to earn a livelihood
    • ·to spend one's time (doing); to pass one's days (doing); to live; to get on (doing)
    • ·to do daily; to do all day long; to continue doing
    N3
  • 移動いどう
    • ·movement; transfer; migration; removal; travel
    • ·mobile; moving; traveling; travelling; roving
    N3
  • 活動かつどう
    • ·activity (of a person, organization, animal, volcano, etc.); action; operation
    • ·moving picture
    N3
  • つまり
    • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
    • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
    • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
    • ·shrinkage
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·dead end; corner
    • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
    N3
  • さまざま
    • ·various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
    N3
  • 保証ほしょう
    • ·guarantee; security; assurance; pledge
    • ·warranty
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 定めるさだめるAs it appears here: 定められて
    • ·to decide; to determine
    • ·to establish; to lay down; to prescribe; to provide; to stipulate
    • ·to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
    N1
  • きわめて
    • ·exceedingly; extremely; decisively
    N1
  • 対応たいおう
    • ·correspondence (to); equivalence
    • ·suitability; coordination; matching; being appropriate (for)
    • ·dealing with; coping with; handling; response; reception; reaction
    • ·compatibility (with technology, software, etc.); capability; support (for)
    N1
  • 側がわ
    • ·side (of something, or taking someone's side); part
    • ·(watch) case
    N1
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • さらにN2

    Adds a further point or a greater degree — 'furthermore', 'moreover', 'even more'.

    さらに、生まれて死ぬまで同じコミュニティのなかで暮らす人が多かった。

    Moreover, many people lived within the same community from birth until death.

Other levels9 patterns
  • に対してN3

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    それに対して近代社会では、人びとは自由に職業を選択できる。

    By contrast, in modern society people are free to choose their occupations.

  • つまりN3

    Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

    つまり、近代社会では一人ひとりの「自由」という理念が大切にされ、さまざまな自由な活動が保証されている。

    In other words, modern society places importance on the ideal of individual “freedom” and guarantees a variety of free activities.

  • というN3

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    つまり、近代社会では一人ひとりの「自由」という理念が大切にされ、さまざまな自由な活動が保証されている。

    In other words, modern society places importance on the ideal of individual “freedom” and guarantees a variety of free activities.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    近代以前の社会では、職業はおのずと定められていることが多く、選択の幅はきわめて小さかった。

    In premodern societies, people’s occupations were often more or less predetermined, and the range of choices was extremely narrow.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    さらに、生まれて死ぬまで同じコミュニティのなかで暮らす人が多かった。

    Moreover, many people lived within the same community from birth until death.

  • 〜たり〜たりN5

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    また国内ならば自由に移動することもできるし、自由に起業したり、趣味やボランティアのサークルをつくって活動することもできる。

    They can also move freely within their country, freely start businesses, or form hobby and volunteer groups and take part in activities.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    つまり、近代社会では一人ひとりの「自由」という理念が大切にされ、さまざまな自由な活動が保証されている。

    In other words, modern society places importance on the ideal of individual “freedom” and guarantees a variety of free activities.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    そしてそれに対応して、社会の側も、不特定多数の人びとやモノや情報がさまざまに行き交う空間となっているのである。

    Correspondingly, society itself has become a space in which unspecified multitudes of people, goods, and information move back and forth in many different ways.

  • のでN5

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    そしてそれに対応して、社会の側も、不特定多数の人びとやモノや情報がさまざまに行き交う空間となっているのである。

    Correspondingly, society itself has become a space in which unspecified multitudes of people, goods, and information move back and forth in many different ways.

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