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N1 · AdvancedLong passagePassage #382
2

かくちょうかくなどじょうほうしょにおいては、のうはたらじんかくてきすくまるものていすればのうそれまるものとしてにんしきするまるものていしたときそれを「まる」とにんしきするひとと「さんかく」とにんしきするひとあいなか(注1)ということありどうようあるピッチおとときそのじょうほうしょじんあまり

その一方いっぽうあるしょうたいかんじょうはんのうにおいては、じんによるばらつきおおのがつうれい(注2)あるおなものまえしても、すべひとそれだとかんぎゃくすべひとそれきらだとおもとはかぎあるひとだとかんものを、べつひときらだとおものはごくつうことあるかんじょうにおいては、のうはんのうおおじんのである

そもそもかんじょうはたらとはなんあろうか?むかしまえには、かんじょうとはあるとくていげきたいるいけいてき(注3)はんのうあるかんがきただいのうしんしつ(注4)にないるせいはたらかんきょうへんおうじゅうなんじょうほうしょおこなたい、「ちゅうるいのう」ともふるのうじゅうようやくわりになかんじょうは、一定いっていはんのうするものおもいたのである

しかしきんねんのうがく発達はったつによりかんじょうは、むしろうえことできないかくじつせいたいてきおうせんりゃくあることあきなってきたせいでは結果けっかどうなるわからないようなまじょうきょうにおいてそれでもはんだんし、けつだんすることささためじょうほうしょメカニズムとしてかんじょうそんざいしているかんがいたのである

ちゅうりゃく

かんじょうかくじつせいたいてきおうあるかんがと、そのはんのうにおいてじんしょうのはぜんことあるかくじつじょうきょうしたでは、とるべきせんたくの「せいかい」はひととはかぎからある

さまざまひとびとことせんりゃくとりぜんたいバラエティほうが、にんげんというせいぶつしゅぜんたいは、むしろてきおうてきあるせいかかわるようじょうきょうにおいては、たとえあるせんたくしたひとこうしまったとしても、べつせんたくしたひとせいぶつしゅとしてそんぞくできるからあるぜんたいおなせんたくえらしまっては、かんきょうへんそうできないたいたいぜいじゃくなって(注5)しまう

にんことかんじょうはんのうこときょようすることりんてきは、まさにこのてんあるにんぶんことかんじょうなかあることはんぱつするのはぜんこころうごあるが、とらわれて(注6)いけないたいきょようてきあることが、すぐれてせいめいてつがくうえげんかなっているのである

けんいちろうしっそうするせいしんによる

ちゅう1)あいなかおなある

ちゅう2)つうれい一般的いっぱんてき

ちゅう3)るいけいてきな:かた

ちゅう4)だいのうしんしつのういちぶん

ちゅう5)ぜいじゃくなるもろくてよわなる

ちゅう6)とらわれるここでは、あるかんがしば

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1知覚の情報処理と感情の反応について、筆者はどのように述べているか。
  2. 2近年、感情の働きはどのようなものだと考えられるようになったか。
  3. 3個人差が生じることがどのようなことにつながるか。
  4. 4筆者の考えに合うのはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary25 words
  • 視覚しかく
    • ·(sense of) sight; eyesight; vision
    N1
  • 聴覚ちょうかく
    • ·(sense of) hearing; auditory perception
    N1
  • のう
    • ·brain
    • ·brains; mind
    N1
  • 提示ていじ
    • ·presentation (of a passport, ID, etc.); showing; production (e.g. of documents)
    • ·presentation (of a plan, response, etc.); bringing up; citing (an example)
    N1
  • 認識にんしき
    • ·recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition; cognizance; cognisance
    N1
  • 反応はんのう
    • ·reaction; response
    • ·physical reaction (to a stimulus); observable response (of an organism)
    • ·reaction; effect; change
    N1
  • 担うになうAs it appears here: 担って
    • ·to carry on one's shoulder; to shoulder; to bear
    • ·to bear (a burden, responsibility, etc.); to take upon oneself
    N1
  • 理性りせい
    • ·reason; reasoning power; (one's) sense
    N1
  • 柔軟じゅうなん
    • ·flexible; lithe; soft; pliable
    • ·calisthenics
    N1
  • 担うになう
    • ·to carry on one's shoulder; to shoulder; to bear
    • ·to bear (a burden, responsibility, etc.); to take upon oneself
    N1
  • 適応てきおう
    • ·adaptation; accommodation; conformity
    N1
  • 決断けつだん
    • ·decision; determination
    N1
  • 正解せいかい
    • ·correct answer; right solution; correct interpretation
    • ·right decision; right choice; appropriate judgement
    N1
  • しゅ
    • ·kind; sort; type; class
    • ·species
    • ·species
    N1
  • 生死せいし
    • ·life and death; life or death
    • ·samsara (cycle of death and rebirth)
    • ·death
    N1
  • たとえ
    • ·even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing; supposing that; -ever
    N1
  • 存続そんぞく
    • ·continuance; survival; persistence; retention; duration
    N1
  • 予想よそう
    • ·expectation; anticipation; prediction; forecast; conjecture
    N1
  • 許容きょよう
    • ·permission; allowance; acceptance; tolerance; pardon
    N1
  • 反発はんぱつ
    • ·opposition; rebellion; revolt; resistance; backlash; refusal
    • ·rebounding; recoiling; repulsion
    • ·rally (e.g. in stock prices); recovery
    N1
  • 動きうごき
    • ·movement; move; motion
    • ·trend; development; change; fluctuation
    N1
  • 差異さい
    • ·difference; disparity; gap
    N1
  • かなうAs it appears here: かなって
    • ·to come true (of a dream, wish, etc.); to be realized; to be fulfilled; to be granted; to be answered (of a prayer); to be requited (of love)
    N1
  • 一部分いちぶぶん
    • ·one part; one portion; one section
    N1
  • もろいAs it appears here: もろくて
    • ·brittle; fragile; weak; frail
    • ·tender-hearted; sentimental; easily moved
    N1
Other levels111 words
  • 少ないすくない
    • ·few; little; small (amount); low; scarce; insufficient; seldom; rare
    N5
  • 丸いまるい
    • ·round; circular; spherical
    • ·curved; smooth
    • ·harmonious; calm; peaceful; amiable; amicable
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • あるAs it appears here: あり
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • あまり
    • ·remainder; remnant; rest; balance; surplus; remains (of a meal); leftovers
    • ·(not) very; (not) much
    • ·too much; excessively; overly
    • ·extreme; great; severe; tremendous; terrible
    • ·not very good; so-so; mediocre
    • ·more than; over
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見られない
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • 同じおなじ
    • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
    • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
    N5
  • まえ
    • ·in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
    • ·before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
    • ·(the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
    • ·forward; ahead
    • ·(in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
    • ·previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
    • ·portion; helping
    • ·front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
    • ·privates; private parts
    • ·criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 好きすき
    • ·liking; being fond of; to one's liking; to one's taste; preferred; favourite
    • ·liking (romantically); being in love with; beloved
    • ·faddism; eccentricity
    • ·as one likes; as it suits one
    • ·lecherous; lustful; salacious
    N5
  • 嫌いきらい
    • ·disliked; hated; disagreeable
    • ·tendency; smack (of); touch (of)
    • ·distinction; discrimination
    N5
  • 大きなおおきな
    • ·big; large; great
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見られる
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • 呼ぶよぶAs it appears here: 呼ばれる
    • ·to call out (to); to call; to invoke
    • ·to summon (a doctor, etc.)
    • ·to invite
    • ·to designate; to name; to brand
    • ·to garner (support, etc.); to gather
    • ·to take as one's wife
    N5
  • 古いふるい
    • ·old; aged; ancient; antiquated; antique; timeworn
    • ·long; since long ago; time-honored
    • ·of the distant past; long-ago
    • ·stale; threadbare; hackneyed; corny
    • ·old-fashioned; outmoded; out-of-date
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • うえ
    • ·above; over; up
    • ·top; summit; upper part; head (e.g. of a staircase)
    • ·surface; on (top of)
    • ·the above (in a piece of writing); earlier part
    • ·superior; better; higher (position, rank, etc.); upper (class)
    • ·elder; older; senior
    • ·with respect to ...; in terms of; as far as ... is concerned; when (e.g. drunk)
    • ·besides ...; in addition to ...; on top of ...; as well as ...
    • ·after ...; upon ...; on ...; with (e.g. full awareness); as a result of ...
    • ·since ...; now that ...; because ...
    • ·honorable; venerable; dear
    • ·emperor; sovereign; shogun; daimyo
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できない
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • どう
    • ·how; in what way; how about
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • わかるAs it appears here: わからない
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to see; to get; to follow
    • ·to become clear; to be known; to be discovered; to be realized (realised); to be found out; to make sense
    • ·I know!; I think so too!
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • した
    • ·below; down; under; younger (e.g. daughter)
    • ·bottom
    • ·beneath; underneath
    • ·just after; right after
    • ·inferiority; one's inferior (i.e. one's junior)
    • ·trade-in
    • ·preliminary; preparatory
    N5
  • 一つひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • 死ぬしぬAs it appears here: 死んで
    • ·to die; to pass away
    • ·to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to look dead
    • ·to cease; to stop
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • 見せるみせる
    • ·to show; to display
    • ·to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...
    • ·to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining
    • ·to have (something) looked at (by a specialist); to have (an antique, etc.) appraised
    • ·to have (an injury, person, etc.) looked at (by a doctor); to take (someone) to a doctor
    • ·to make a show of (doing); to do in a conspicuous manner; to do in view of others
    • ·to resolve to do; to do at any cost; to show others that one will ...
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • なか
    • ·inside; interior
    • ·among; within
    • ·middle; center; centre
    • ·during; while; middle; midst; amid
    • ·interval; gap
    • ·mean; average
    • ·second (of three, e.g. sons, volumes); middle
    • ·medium grade; medium quality
    • ·red-light district
    N5
  • 弱いよわいAs it appears here: 弱く
    • ·weak; frail; delicate; tender; unskilled; weak (wine)
    N5
  • ここ
    • ·here; this place
    • ·this point; here; now
    • ·these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
    • ·the next ... (e.g. few days); these next ...
    N5
  • おと
    • ·sound; noise
    • ·(musical) note
    • ·fame
    N4
  • 思うおもう
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • べつ
    • ·distinction; difference; discrimination
    • ·separate; different; another; extra
    • ·exception; exclusion
    • ·classified by; ranked by; according to
    N4
  • 普通ふつう
    • ·normal; ordinary; regular; usual; common; average
    • ·normally; ordinarily; usually; generally; commonly
    • ·local train; train that stops at every station
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えられて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 行うおこなう
    • ·to perform; to do; to conduct oneself; to carry out
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思われて
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 生きるいきる
    • ·to live; to exist
    • ·to make a living; to subsist
    • ·to be in effect; to be in use; to function
    • ·to come to life; to be enlivened
    • ·to be safe (in baseball, go, etc.)
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えられる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえる
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 生きのびるいきのびるAs it appears here: 生きのびれば
    • ·to live; to exist
    • ·to make a living; to subsist
    • ·to be in effect; to be in use; to function
    • ·to come to life; to be enlivened
    • ·to be safe (in baseball, go, etc.)
    N4
  • 選ぶえらぶAs it appears here: 選んで
    • ·to choose; to select; to pick (out)
    N4
  • てん
    • ·dot; spot; point; speck; mark
    • ·mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; score; points
    • ·point (in a game); score; goal; run
    • ·point
    • ·point; aspect; matter; detail; part; respect; way; viewpoint
    • ·(punctuation) mark (e.g. comma, period, decimal point); dot
    • ·"dot" stroke (in a Chinese character)
    • ·counter for points, marks, goals, etc.
    • ·counter for goods, items, articles of clothing, works of art, etc.
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • 働きはたらき
    • ·work; labor; labour
    • ·achievement; performance; ability; talent
    • ·salary; income; earnings
    • ·action; activity; workings; function; operation; movement; motion
    • ·conjugation; inflection
    N3
  • まる
    • ·circle
    • ·entirety; whole; full; complete
    • ·money; dough; moola
    • ·enclosure inside a castle's walls
    • ·soft-shelled turtle
    • ·suffix for ship names; suffix for names of people (esp. infants); suffix for names of swords, armour, musical instruments, etc.; suffix for names of dogs, horses, etc.
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 感情かんじょう
    • ·emotion; feeling; feelings; sentiment
    N3
  • 個人こじん
    • ·individual; private person; personal; private
    • ·natural person
    N3
  • 全てすべて
    • ·everything; all; the whole
    • ·entirely; completely; wholly; all
    N3
  • 感じるかんじるAs it appears here: 感じたり
    • ·to feel; to sense; to experience
    • ·to be moved (by); to be touched (by); to be impressed (by); to respond (to)
    • ·to become infected with (an illness); to catch
    N3
  • 限るかぎるAs it appears here: 限らない
    • ·to restrict; to limit; to confine
    • ·to be restricted to; to be limited to; to be confined to
    • ·to be best (for); to be the best plan; to be the only way (to)
    N3
  • 感じるかんじる
    • ·to feel; to sense; to experience
    • ·to be moved (by); to be touched (by); to be impressed (by); to respond (to)
    • ·to become infected with (an illness); to catch
    N3
  • 何でなんで
    • ·why?; what for?
    • ·how?; by what means?
    N3
  • 刺激しげき
    • ·stimulus; stimulation; irritation (esp. of the body, e.g. skin, eyes)
    • ·impetus; impulse; stimulus; spur; incentive; encouragement; stimulation; motivation; provocation
    • ·excitement; thrill
    N3
  • 環境かんきょう
    • ·environment; surroundings; circumstances
    N3
  • 変化へんか
    • ·change; variation; alteration; mutation; transition; transformation
    • ·variety; diversity
    • ·inflection; declension; conjugation
    • ·henka; (expl.) evasive sidestep at the beginning of a bout
    N3
  • 応じるおうじるAs it appears here: 応じて
    • ·to respond; to satisfy; to accept; to comply with; to apply for
    N3
  • 重要じゅうよう
    • ·important; essential; significant; major; key; principal
    N3
  • 役割やくわり
    • ·part; assigning (allotment of) parts; role; duties
    N3
  • 発達はったつ
    • ·development; growth
    • ·progress; development; advancement
    • ·expansion (of a typhoon, low-pressure area, etc.)
    • ·developmental disability; person with a developmental disability
    N3
  • むしろ
    • ·rather; better; instead; if anything
    N3
  • 避けるさける
    • ·to avoid (physical contact with)
    • ·to avoid (situation); to evade (question, subject); to shirk (one's responsibilities)
    • ·to ward off; to avert
    • ·to put aside; to move out of the way
    N3
  • せい
    • ·nature (of a person)
    • ·sex; gender
    • ·sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.)
    • ·gender
    • ·-ty; -ity; -ness; -cy
    N3
  • 明らかあきらか
    • ·clear; obvious; evident; plain; definite
    • ·bright; light
    N3
  • 結果けっか
    • ·result; consequence; outcome; effect
    • ·as a result of ...; as a consequence of ...; after ...; following ...
    • ·bearing fruit; fruiting
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • なま
    • ·raw; uncooked; fresh
    • ·natural; as it is; unedited; unprocessed
    • ·unprotected (sex); raw; bareback
    • ·live (i.e. not recorded)
    • ·inexperienced; unpolished; green; crude
    • ·impudence; sauciness
    • ·unpasteurized beer; draft beer; draught beer
    • ·blank (e.g. disk); unused
    • ·just a little; somehow; vaguely; partially; somewhat; half-; semi-
    • ·insufficient; incomplete; half-baked; half-hearted; perfunctory
    • ·cash
    • ·tipsiness
    N3
  • 状況じょうきょう
    • ·state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
    N3
  • それでも
    • ·but (still); and yet; nevertheless; even so; notwithstanding
    N3
  • 判断はんだん
    • ·judgment; judgement; decision; conclusion; adjudication
    • ·divination
    • ·judgement
    N3
  • 支えるささえる
    • ·to support; to prop; to sustain; to underlay; to hold up; to defend
    • ·to hold at bay; to stem; to check
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • 至るいたるAs it appears here: 至った
    • ·to arrive at (e.g. a decision); to reach (a stage); to attain
    • ·to lead to (a place); to get to
    • ·in the extreme case of
    • ·to come; to arrive; to result in
    N3
  • 生じるしょうじる
    • ·to produce; to yield; to cause
    • ·to result from; to arise; to be generated
    N3
  • 自然しぜん
    • ·nature
    • ·natural; spontaneous; automatic
    • ·naturally; spontaneously; automatically
    N3
  • さまざま
    • ·various; varied; diverse; all sorts of
    N3
  • 異なることなる
    • ·to differ; to be different; to disagree; to vary; to diverge
    N3
  • 増すますAs it appears here: 増した
    • ·to increase; to grow
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 生物せいぶつ
    • ·living thing; organism; creature; life
    • ·biology
    N3
  • 選択せんたく
    • ·choice; selection; option
    N3
  • 全体ぜんたい
    • ·whole; entirety
    • ·to begin with; in the first place
    • ·... the heck (e.g. "what the heck?"); ... in the world (e.g. "why in the world?"); ... on earth (e.g. "who on earth?")
    N3
  • 事態じたい
    • ·situation; (present) state of affairs; circumstances
    N3
  • 他人たにん
    • ·another person; other people; others
    • ·unrelated person (i.e. not related by blood)
    • ·outsider; stranger
    N3
  • まさに
    • ·exactly; just; precisely; really; truly; surely; certainly; without doubt
    • ·right (when); just (as)
    • ·just (about to); on the point of; on the verge of; on the brink of
    • ·really (ought to); certainly (should); naturally
    N3
  • すぐれるAs it appears here: すぐれて
    • ·to be better (than); to be superior; to surpass; to excel; to be excellent
    N3
  • 生命せいめい
    • ·life; existence
    • ·(one's) working life; career
    • ·life force; lifeblood; soul; essence
    N3
  • 哲学てつがく
    • ·philosophy
    N3
  • 精神せいしん
    • ·mind; spirit; soul; heart; ethos
    • ·attitude; mentality; will; intention
    • ·spirit (of a matter); essence; fundamental significance
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • 考えかんがえ
    • ·thinking; thought; view; opinion; concept
    • ·idea; notion; imagination
    • ·intention; plan; design
    • ·consideration; judgement; deliberation; reflection
    • ·wish; hope; expectation
    N3
  • 比較的ひかくてき
    • ·comparatively; relatively
    N2
  • 三角さんかく
    • ·triangle; triangular shape
    N2
  • 特定とくてい
    • ·specific; particular; designated; special
    • ·specifying; designating; identifying; pinpointing
    N2
  • 一定いってい
    • ·to fix; to settle; to standardize; to regularize
    • ·constant; definite; uniform; defined; certain; prescribed
    N2
  • 基礎きそ
    • ·foundation; basis
    N2
  • 上のうえの
    • ·to ascend; to go up; to climb
    • ·to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise
    • ·to go to (the capital)
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to add up to
    • ·to advance (in price)
    • ·to swim up (a river); to sail up
    • ·to come up (on the agenda)
    N2
  • 原理げんり
    • ·principle; theory; fundamental truth
    N2
  • 縛るしばるAs it appears here: 縛られる
    • ·to tie; to bind; to fasten
    • ·to restrict (freedom); to tie down (with rules, regulations, etc.); to fetter
    N2
Grammar2 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ものとしてN1

    'On the assumption that…; treating it as (if)…', proceeding as though something were already the case.

    丸いものを提示すれば、脳はそれを丸いものとして認識する。

    If a round object is presented, the brain recognizes it as round.

  • に至る / に至った(にいたる / にいたった)N1

    Marks reaching an extreme point or final stage after a process — "to reach the point of ~, to culminate in ~".

    理性では割り切れない、結果がどうなるかわからないような生の状況において、それでも判断し、決断することを支えるための情報処理のメカニズムとして、感情は存在していると考えられるに至ったのである。

    Emotion has come to be understood as an information-processing mechanism that enables us to make judgments and decisions even in real-life situations that cannot be resolved by reason and whose outcomes are uncertain.

Other levels33 patterns
  • ということはN2

    Draws a logical conclusion or restatement from a preceding fact — "which means…, in other words…, that is to say…".

    丸いものを提示した時に、それを「丸」と認識する人と「三角」と認識する人が相半ばするということはあり得ない。

    It is inconceivable that, when shown a round object, half of people would perceive it as a “circle” and the other half as a “triangle.”

  • 得ない(えない)N2

    Suffix on a verb masu-stem stating that an action is impossible or inconceivable — "cannot possibly ~".

    丸いものを提示した時に、それを「丸」と認識する人と「三角」と認識する人が相半ばするということはあり得ない

    It is inconceivable that, when shown a round object, half of people would perceive it as a “circle” and the other half as a “triangle.”

  • 逆に(ぎゃくに)N2

    Signals that what follows runs opposite to what was just said or expected — 'on the contrary', 'conversely', 'the other way around'.

    同じものを前にしても、全ての人がそれを好きだと感じたり、逆に全ての人がそれを嫌いだと思うとは限らない。

    Even when faced with the same thing, not everyone necessarily likes it, nor does everyone necessarily dislike it.

  • に応じてN2

    Expresses that something varies or is adjusted in accordance with the preceding condition; 'depending on / in response to'.

    大脳新皮質が担っている理性の働きが環境の変化に応じて柔軟な情報処理を行うのに対して、「爬虫類の脳」とも呼ばれる古い脳の部位が重要な役割を担う感情は、一定の決まり切った反応をするものと思われていたのである。

    Whereas reason, handled by the cerebral neocortex, processes information flexibly in response to changes in the environment, emotions—in which older regions of the brain, sometimes called the “reptilian brain,” play an important role—were thought to produce fixed, predetermined responses.

  • と考えられるN2

    Presents a reasoned, impersonal inference — "it can be considered that…, it is thought that…".

    理性では割り切れない、結果がどうなるかわからないような生の状況において、それでも判断し、決断することを支えるための情報処理のメカニズムとして、感情は存在していると考えられるに至ったのである。

    Emotion has come to be understood as an information-processing mechanism that enables us to make judgments and decisions even in real-life situations that cannot be resolved by reason and whose outcomes are uncertain.

  • に関わるN2

    Indicates that something touches on or critically affects the preceding matter — 'to concern', 'to affect', 'to be a matter of'.

    生死にかかわるような状況においては、たとえ、ある選択をした人が不幸にして死んでしまったとしても、別の選択をした人が生きのびれば生物種としては存続できるからである。

    In life-or-death situations, even if someone who makes one choice unfortunately dies, the species can still survive as long as someone who makes a different choice lives.

  • において/におけるN36 times in this passage

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    視覚や聴覚などの情報処理においては、脳の働きの個人差は比較的少ない。

    In the processing of information such as sight and hearing, individual differences in how the brain functions are relatively small.

  • あまり〜ないN3

    The degree adverb あまり, typically with a following negative, expresses a limited degree, "not very / not much."

    同様に、あるピッチの音を聴いた時に、その情報処理に個人差はあまり見られない。

    Likewise, when people hear a sound of a certain pitch, little individual variation is seen in the processing of that information.

  • 一方で(いっぽうで)N3

    A connective presenting a second, contrasting or simultaneous aspect — 'on the other hand; while; meanwhile'.

    その一方で、ある事象に対する感情の反応においては、個人によるばらつきが大きくなるのが通例である。

    On the other hand, emotional reactions to a particular event generally vary greatly from person to person.

  • に対してN37 times in this passage

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    その一方で、ある事象に対する感情の反応においては、個人によるばらつきが大きくなるのが通例である。

    On the other hand, emotional reactions to a particular event generally vary greatly from person to person.

  • によって/によるN33 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    その一方で、ある事象に対する感情の反応においては、個人によるばらつきが大きくなるのが通例である。

    On the other hand, emotional reactions to a particular event generally vary greatly from person to person.

  • にしてもN3

    Concedes a point regardless of the case at hand, 'even if / even though / even in the case of'.

    同じものを前にしても、全ての人がそれを好きだと感じたり、逆に全ての人がそれを嫌いだと思うとは限らない。

    Even when faced with the same thing, not everyone necessarily likes it, nor does everyone necessarily dislike it.

  • とは限らない(とはかぎらない)N32 times in this passage

    Negates a sweeping assumption — "it isn't necessarily the case that / not always".

    同じものを前にしても、全ての人がそれを好きだと感じたり、逆に全ての人がそれを嫌いだと思うとは限らない

    Even when faced with the same thing, not everyone necessarily likes it, nor does everyone necessarily dislike it.

  • 的(てき)N34 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    ひと昔前には、感情とはある特定の刺激に対する類型的な反応であると考えられてきた。

    Until some time ago, emotion was thought to consist of stereotyped responses to particular stimuli.

  • むしろN32 times in this passage

    Adverb overturning an expectation to present the following as the more fitting statement; "rather / if anything".

    しかし、近年の脳科学の発達により、感情は、むしろ生きる上で避けることのできない不確実性に対する適応戦略であることが明らかになってきた。

    However, recent advances in neuroscience have increasingly revealed that emotion is, rather, an adaptive strategy for coping with the uncertainty that cannot be avoided in life.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    理性では割り切れない、結果がどうなるかわからないような生の状況において、それでも判断し、決断することを支えるための情報処理のメカニズムとして、感情は存在していると考えられるに至ったのである。

    Emotion has come to be understood as an information-processing mechanism that enables us to make judgments and decisions even in real-life situations that cannot be resolved by reason and whose outcomes are uncertain.

  • としてN35 times in this passage

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    理性では割り切れない、結果がどうなるかわからないような生の状況において、それでも判断し、決断することを支えるための情報処理のメカニズムとして、感情は存在していると考えられるに至ったのである。

    Emotion has come to be understood as an information-processing mechanism that enables us to make judgments and decisions even in real-life situations that cannot be resolved by reason and whose outcomes are uncertain.

  • というN3

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    さまざまな人々が異なる戦略をとり、全体としてバラエティが増したほうが、人間という生物種全体としては、むしろ適応的である。

    When different people adopt different strategies and the population as a whole becomes more varied, this is actually more adaptive for the human species as a whole.

  • たとえ〜てもN3

    Concessive 'even if / even though' — sets up a hypothetical or fact that does not change the outcome.

    生死にかかわるような状況においては、たとえ、ある選択をした人が不幸にして死んでしまったとしても、別の選択をした人が生きのびれば生物種としては存続できるからである。

    In life-or-death situations, even if someone who makes one choice unfortunately dies, the species can still survive as long as someone who makes a different choice lives.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    視覚や聴覚などの情報処理においては、脳の働きの個人差は比較的少ない。

    In the processing of information such as sight and hearing, individual differences in how the brain functions are relatively small.

  • と思う(とおもう)N43 times in this passage

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    同じものを前にしても、全ての人がそれを好きだと感じたり、逆に全ての人がそれを嫌いだと思うとは限らない。

    Even when faced with the same thing, not everyone necessarily likes it, nor does everyone necessarily dislike it.

  • 〜てくるN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    ひと昔前には、感情とはある特定の刺激に対する類型的な反応であると考えられてきた

    Until some time ago, emotion was thought to consist of stereotyped responses to particular stimuli.

  • 〜ていたN4

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    大脳新皮質が担っている理性の働きが環境の変化に応じて柔軟な情報処理を行うのに対して、「爬虫類の脳」とも呼ばれる古い脳の部位が重要な役割を担う感情は、一定の決まり切った反応をするものと思われていたのである。

    Whereas reason, handled by the cerebral neocortex, processes information flexibly in response to changes in the environment, emotions—in which older regions of the brain, sometimes called the “reptilian brain,” play an important role—were thought to produce fixed, predetermined responses.

  • ようだN42 times in this passage

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    理性では割り切れない、結果がどうなるかわからないような生の状況において、それでも判断し、決断することを支えるための情報処理のメカニズムとして、感情は存在していると考えられるに至ったのである。

    Emotion has come to be understood as an information-processing mechanism that enables us to make judgments and decisions even in real-life situations that cannot be resolved by reason and whose outcomes are uncertain.

  • それでもN4

    Concessive conjunction — 'even so, nevertheless, still.'

    理性では割り切れない、結果がどうなるかわからないような生の状況において、それでも判断し、決断することを支えるための情報処理のメカニズムとして、感情は存在していると考えられるに至ったのである。

    Emotion has come to be understood as an information-processing mechanism that enables us to make judgments and decisions even in real-life situations that cannot be resolved by reason and whose outcomes are uncertain.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN43 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    生死にかかわるような状況においては、たとえ、ある選択をした人が不幸にして死んでしまったとしても、別の選択をした人が生きのびれば生物種としては存続できるからである。

    In life-or-death situations, even if someone who makes one choice unfortunately dies, the species can still survive as long as someone who makes a different choice lives.

  • 〜たり〜たりN5

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    同じものを前にしても、全ての人がそれを好きだと感じたり、逆に全ての人がそれを嫌いだと思うとは限らない。

    Even when faced with the same thing, not everyone necessarily likes it, nor does everyone necessarily dislike it.

  • のでN54 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    感情においては、脳の反応に大きな個人差が見られるのである。

    In matters of emotion, there are substantial individual differences in the brain’s responses.

  • 前に(まえに)N5

    Marks that something happens before an action or in front of a place — "before (doing) / in front of."

    ひと昔前には、感情とはある特定の刺激に対する類型的な反応であると考えられてきた。

    Until some time ago, emotion was thought to consist of stereotyped responses to particular stimuli.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    大脳新皮質が担っている理性の働きが環境の変化に応じて柔軟な情報処理を行うのに対して、「爬虫類の脳」とも呼ばれる古い脳の部位が重要な役割を担う感情は、一定の決まり切った反応をするものと思われていたのである。

    Whereas reason, handled by the cerebral neocortex, processes information flexibly in response to changes in the environment, emotions—in which older regions of the brain, sometimes called the “reptilian brain,” play an important role—were thought to produce fixed, predetermined responses.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、近年の脳科学の発達により、感情は、むしろ生きる上で避けることのできない不確実性に対する適応戦略であることが明らかになってきた。

    However, recent advances in neuroscience have increasingly revealed that emotion is, rather, an adaptive strategy for coping with the uncertainty that cannot be avoided in life.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    生死にかかわるような状況においては、たとえ、ある選択をした人が不幸にして死んでしまったとしても、別の選択をした人が生きのびれば生物種としては存続できるからである。

    In life-or-death situations, even if someone who makes one choice unfortunately dies, the species can still survive as long as someone who makes a different choice lives.

  • 〜てはいけないN5

    States that an action is prohibited — “must not do”.

    他人が自分と異なる感情の中にあることに反発するのは自然な心の動きであるが、とらわれてはいけない

    It is natural to feel resistance when another person experiences emotions different from one’s own, but one must not become trapped by that reaction.

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