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N1 · AdvancedThematic comprehensionPassage #336
2

というこうひとつかんがみても、げんじつの「というこうは、きゅうらい(注1)経済学けいざいがくにゅうもんしょなどにみられるせつめいからいる。“「じゅよう」と「きょうきゅう」のこころようせいもどいたかんけいじゅうそく(注2)うんぬんといったへいばんせつめいなどではとうていおさめりきない

たとえば、たびさきでがかさがひつようなったするちょうとあたらかさがおもいたさき(注3)゙としてもいろ、デザインかさがすれば、「まあいいや。とうきょうもどから」と、ビニール使つか(注4)ようものでしまったりあいによつては、①しまったりする今日きょうでは、モノしょうひんじつようてきのうよりも、いろ、デザインなどのじょうちょてきじょうほうてきのうほうが、あいはずっともつだいなってきている

モノしょうひんとのによっでもっているしゅイメージがしょくはつ(注5)されなんしてもの゙と欲求よっきゅうげきされるいったんそうなると、しょうてでも、それじょうねつてきなる。(ちゅうりゃく

じゅよう」と「きょうきゅうというひつようせいもどいたかんけいバランスなんていうへいばんもの゙はないそもそもモノわたしとのかんけいは、②ニワトリとうすうエサりょうといったようたんじゅんもの゙はないもしもニワトリとうすうエサりょうかんけいようものなら、「じゅよう」と「きょうきゅう」のバランスといったせつめいかだすませることができようがニワトリがエサひつようのと、わたしがレストランでしょくしたりデパートでセーターするのとでは根本的こんぽんてきことな。「じゅようとかきょうきゅうとかひつようせいとかは、みるならば経済活動けいざいかつどうしょうこうどうに( A )なせいかくあたためがいねんなのであってそれじょうもの゙はない

ためえいようぶんねばならないというのならじょうざい(注6)みず゙もよいしそれこそニワトリエサようたんじゅんかんけいかんげんのうで、「じゅよう」も「ひつようせい」も、あるいはきょうきゅう」のじょうたいもすべてハッキリくる゙ろう。だがにんげんは、そんなたんじゅんそんざい゙はないにんげんしゃかいにおいても、かつてようてい欲求よっきゅうまんぞくさせていないだいには、「あそこまちじんこうなにびとで、しだってまいなんひょうよいか」といったように、「じゅよう」がみえたろうしかしこんにちそんなだい゙はない。(ちゅうりゃく

というこうは、経済的けいざいてきこゔはあるがじつそれじょうもの゙ありもっとにんげんじつぞん(注7)トータルかんてんからとらなおさいこうせいされねばならない

ちゅう1)きゅうらいじゅうらいむかしから

ちゅう2)じゅうそくじゅうぶんことこと

ちゅう3)さきちょうどそとき

ちゅう4)使つかいち~すうかい使ようでしまうことそのようつくもの

ちゅう5)しょくはつなんげきあたこうどうよくこと

ちゅう6)じょうざいやくひんある一定いっていかたちしてやすくしたもの

ちゅう7)にんげんじつぞんにんげんしゅたいてきかた

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1買とないですませてしまうのはなぜか。
  2. 2ニワトリの頭数とエサの量との関係について、本文の説明と合うのはどれか。
  3. 3( A )に当てはまる言葉は次のうちどれか。
  4. 4「買う」という行為に関する筆者の主張と合わないものはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary16 words
  • 行為こうい
    • ·act; deed; conduct
    N1
  • 云々うんぬん
    • ·and so on; and so forth; et cetera; and such; and the like
    • ·comment; criticism
    N1
  • 到底とうてい
    • ·(cannot) possibly; (not) by any means; (not) at all; utterly; absolutely
    N1
  • たとえ
    • ·even if; no matter (what); if; though; although; supposing; supposing that; -ever
    N1
  • インいん
    • ·stamp; seal; chop
    • ·seal impression; seal; sealing; stamp; mark; print
    • ·mudra (symbolic hand gesture)
    • ·ninja hand sign
    • ·India
    N1
  • 何となんと
    • ·what; how
    • ·what (a) ...!; how ...!
    • ·surprisingly; to my amazement; believe it or not; why, ...!
    • ·oh my; wow
    • ·well, ...; so, ...
    N1
  • 概念がいねん
    • ·general idea; concept; notion
    N1
  • 還元かんげん
    • ·restoration; return
    • ·reduction; resolution; deoxidization; deoxidation
    N1
  • かつて
    • ·once; before; formerly; ever; former; ex-
    • ·never yet; never before; first time; still not happened
    N1
  • 仕入れるしいれるAs it appears here: 仕入れたら
    • ·to buy (stock, materials, etc.); to purchase; to lay in; to stock; to procure
    • ·to get; to obtain
    N1
  • 観点かんてん
    • ·point of view; viewpoint; standpoint; perspective; angle
    N1
  • 従来じゅうらい
    • ·up to now; so far
    • ·traditional; conventional; usual; existing
    N1
  • 満たすみたす
    • ·to satisfy (conditions, one's appetite, etc.); to meet (e.g. demands); to fulfill; to gratify
    • ·to fill (e.g. a cup); to pack; to supply
    N1
  • 意欲いよく
    • ·will; desire; eagerness; interest; drive; motivation; urge; ambition
    N1
  • 起こすおこすAs it appears here: 起こさせる
    • ·to raise; to raise up; to set up; to pick up; to stand (something) up
    • ·to wake; to wake up; to waken; to awaken
    • ·to cause; to bring about; to lead to; to trigger; to give rise to; to create; to generate (e.g. heat, electricity); to produce
    • ·to start; to begin; to launch; to establish; to found; to set up; to open
    • ·to plough; to plow; to till
    • ·to feel (an emotion, desire, etc.); to be moved to; to summon up; to muster
    • ·to fall ill with
    • ·to transcribe; to write down (what is spoken)
    • ·to turn over (a card)
    N1
  • やすいAs it appears here: やすく
    • ·easy
    • ·likely to ...; have a tendency to ...
    • ·easy to ...
    N1
Other levels111 words
  • 買うかう
    • ·to buy; to purchase
    • ·to value (highly); to think highly of; to have a high opinion of; to appreciate; to recognize
    • ·to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers); to invite (e.g. scorn); to evoke; to arouse; to win (someone's favour)
    • ·to accept; to take on; to take up
    • ·to pay for (a prostitute, geisha, etc.)
    N5
  • ひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • 取るとるAs it appears here: 取って
    • ·to take; to pick up; to grab; to catch; to hold
    • ·to pass; to hand; to give
    • ·to get; to obtain; to acquire; to win; to receive; to earn; to take (e.g. a vacation)
    • ·to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.); to take (a measure, attitude, etc.); to choose
    • ·to remove; to get rid of; to take off
    • ·to take away; to steal; to rob
    • ·to eat; to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
    • ·to pick (e.g. flowers); to gather; to extract (e.g. juice); to catch (e.g. fish); to harvest (a crop)
    • ·to take up (time, space); to occupy; to spare; to set aside
    • ·to secure; to reserve; to save; to put aside; to keep
    • ·to take (e.g. a joke); to interpret; to understand; to make out; to grasp
    • ·to record; to take down
    • ·to subscribe to (e.g. a newspaper); to take; to buy; to get
    • ·to order; to have delivered
    • ·to charge; to fine; to take (tax)
    • ·to take (e.g. a wife); to take on (e.g. an apprentice); to adopt; to accept
    • ·to take control of; to take (the rudder)
    • ·to compete (in sumo, cards, etc.); to play
    N5
    • ·rain
    • ·rainy day; rainy weather
    • ·the November suit (in hanafuda)
    N5
  • かさ
    • ·umbrella; parasol
    • ·something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap; pileus
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 新しいあたらしいAs it appears here: 新しく
    • ·new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date; modern
    N5
  • 欲しいほしい
    • ·wanting (to have); desiring; wishing for
    • ·I want (you, them, etc.) to (do)
    N5
  • いろ
    • ·colour; color; hue; tint; tinge; shade
    • ·complexion; skin colour; skin color
    • ·look (on one's face); expression
    • ·appearance; air; feeling
    • ·personality; character
    • ·tone (of one's voice, etc.); tune; sound; ring
    • ·love; lust; sensuality; love affair
    • ·lover; paramour
    • ·beauty; sexiness; physical appeal
    • ·kind; type; variety
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 買うかうAs it appears here: 買おう
    • ·to buy; to purchase
    • ·to value (highly); to think highly of; to have a high opinion of; to appreciate; to recognize
    • ·to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers); to invite (e.g. scorn); to evoke; to arouse; to win (someone's favour)
    • ·to accept; to take on; to take up
    • ·to pay for (a prostitute, geisha, etc.)
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • 買うかうAs it appears here: 買わないで
    • ·to buy; to purchase
    • ·to value (highly); to think highly of; to have a high opinion of; to appreciate; to recognize
    • ·to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers); to invite (e.g. scorn); to evoke; to arouse; to win (someone's favour)
    • ·to accept; to take on; to take up
    • ·to pay for (a prostitute, geisha, etc.)
    N5
  • 今日きょう
    • ·today; this day
    • ·these days; recently; nowadays
    N5
  • モノもの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • 意味いみ
    • ·meaning; significance; sense
    N5
  • もつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: され
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
    • ·hand; arm
    • ·forepaw; foreleg
    • ·handle
    • ·hand; worker; help
    • ·trouble; care; effort
    • ·means; way; trick; move; technique; workmanship
    • ·hand; handwriting
    • ·kind; type; sort
    • ·one's hands; one's possession
    • ·ability to cope
    • ·hand (of cards)
    • ·direction
    • ·move (in go, shogi, etc.)
    N5
  • 入れるいれるAs it appears here: 入れたい
    • ·to put in; to let in; to take in; to bring in; to insert; to install (e.g. software); to set (a jewel, etc.); to ink in (e.g. tattoo)
    • ·to admit; to accept; to employ; to hire
    • ·to accept; to comply; to grant; to adopt (a policy, etc.); to take (advice, etc.); to listen to; to pay attention to
    • ·to include
    • ·to pay (one's rent, etc.)
    • ·to cast (a vote)
    • ·to make (tea, coffee, etc.)
    • ·to turn on (a switch, etc.)
    • ·to send (a fax); to call
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • 入れるいれるAs it appears here: 入れよう
    • ·to put in; to let in; to take in; to bring in; to insert; to install (e.g. software); to set (a jewel, etc.); to ink in (e.g. tattoo)
    • ·to admit; to accept; to employ; to hire
    • ·to accept; to comply; to grant; to adopt (a policy, etc.); to take (advice, etc.); to listen to; to pay attention to
    • ·to include
    • ·to pay (one's rent, etc.)
    • ·to cast (a vote)
    • ·to make (tea, coffee, etc.)
    • ·to turn on (a switch, etc.)
    • ·to send (a fax); to call
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したり
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 買うかうAs it appears here: 買ったり
    • ·to buy; to purchase
    • ·to value (highly); to think highly of; to have a high opinion of; to appreciate; to recognize
    • ·to incur (someone's anger, displeasure, etc.); to elicit (e.g. sneers); to invite (e.g. scorn); to evoke; to arouse; to win (someone's favour)
    • ·to accept; to take on; to take up
    • ·to pay for (a prostitute, geisha, etc.)
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言って
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 取るとるAs it appears here: 取ら
    • ·to take; to pick up; to grab; to catch; to hold
    • ·to pass; to hand; to give
    • ·to get; to obtain; to acquire; to win; to receive; to earn; to take (e.g. a vacation)
    • ·to adopt (a method, proposal, etc.); to take (a measure, attitude, etc.); to choose
    • ·to remove; to get rid of; to take off
    • ·to take away; to steal; to rob
    • ·to eat; to have (e.g. lunch); to take (e.g. vitamins)
    • ·to pick (e.g. flowers); to gather; to extract (e.g. juice); to catch (e.g. fish); to harvest (a crop)
    • ·to take up (time, space); to occupy; to spare; to set aside
    • ·to secure; to reserve; to save; to put aside; to keep
    • ·to take (e.g. a joke); to interpret; to understand; to make out; to grasp
    • ·to record; to take down
    • ·to subscribe to (e.g. a newspaper); to take; to buy; to get
    • ·to order; to have delivered
    • ·to charge; to fine; to take (tax)
    • ·to take (e.g. a wife); to take on (e.g. an apprentice); to adopt; to accept
    • ·to take control of; to take (the rudder)
    • ·to compete (in sumo, cards, etc.); to play
    N5
  • みず
    • ·water (esp. cool or cold)
    • ·fluid (esp. in an animal tissue); liquid
    • ·flood; floodwaters
    • ·water offered to wrestlers just prior to a bout
    • ·break granted to wrestlers engaged in a prolonged bout
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: させて
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • あそこ
    • ·there; over there; that place; yonder; you-know-where
    • ·genitals; private parts; nether regions
    • ·that far; that much; that point
    N5
  • まち
    • ·town; block; neighbourhood; neighborhood
    • ·downtown; main street
    • ·street; road
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • なん
    • ·what
    • ·how many
    • ·many; a lot of
    • ·several; a few; some
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • いち
    • ·one; 1
    • ·best
    • ·first; foremost
    • ·beginning; start
    • ·a (single); one (of many)
    • ·ace
    • ·bottom string (on a shamisen, etc.)
    N5
  • その
    • ·that; the
    • ·part (as in "part two")
    • ·um ...; er ...; uh ...
    N5
  • 作るつくるAs it appears here: 作られた
    • ·to make; to produce; to manufacture; to build; to construct
    • ·to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol)
    • ·to raise; to grow; to cultivate; to train
    • ·to till
    • ·to draw up (a document); to make out; to prepare; to write
    • ·to create (an artistic work, etc.); to compose
    • ·to coin (a phrase); to organize; to organise; to establish; to found
    • ·to have (a child)
    • ·to make up (one's face, etc.)
    • ·to fabricate (an excuse, etc.)
    • ·to give a (false) appearance; to feign (a smile, etc.); to put on a show of emotion
    • ·to form (a line, etc.)
    • ·to set (a record)
    • ·to commit (a sin, etc.)
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 飲むのむAs it appears here: 飲み
    • ·to drink; to swallow; to take (medicine)
    • ·to smoke (tobacco)
    • ·to swallow up; to engulf
    • ·to suppress (one's anger, bitter feelings, etc.); to keep down; to hold back; to swallow (one's tears); to catch (one's breath)
    • ·to accept (a demand, conditions, etc.); to agree to
    • ·to make light of (someone); to think nothing of; to overwhelm; to overawe
    • ·to carry (a concealed dagger, etc.); to conceal (up one's sleeve, etc.)
    N5
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • 説明せつめい
    • ·explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
    N4
  • こころ
    • ·mind; heart; spirit
    • ·the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
    N4
  • 関係かんけい
    • ·relation; relationship; connection
    • ·participation; involvement; concern
    • ·influence; effect
    • ·sexual relations; sexual relationship
    • ·related to; connected to
    N4
  • 降り出すふりだすAs it appears here: 降り出して
    • ·to begin to rain; to begin to snow
    N4
  • 必要ひつよう
    • ·necessary; needed; essential; indispensable
    • ·necessity; need; requirement
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 見つかるみつかるAs it appears here: 見つからなかったり
    • ·to be found; to be discovered
    N4
  • 戻るもどるAs it appears here: 戻って
    • ·to turn back (e.g. half-way)
    • ·to return; to go back
    • ·to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned
    • ·to rebound; to spring back
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 時代じだい
    • ·period; epoch; era; age
    • ·the times; those days
    • ·oldness; ancientness; antiquity
    • ·antique; period piece
    N4
  • 趣味しゅみ
    • ·hobby; pastime
    • ·tastes; preference; liking
    N4
  • 無理むり
    • ·unreasonable; unnatural; unjustifiable
    • ·impossible
    • ·forcible; forced; compulsory
    • ·excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
    • ·to work too hard; to try too hard
    • ·no way; not a chance; never; dream on
    • ·irrational
    N4
  • 仕方しかた
    • ·way; method; means; resource; course
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 以上いじょう
    • ·not less than ...; ... and over; ... and above; ... and upwards; ... or more
    • ·beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; more than; further than
    • ·the above; the above-mentioned; the aforementioned; the foregoing
    • ·since ...; seeing that ...; now that ...; once ...
    • ·that's all; that is the end; the end
    N4
  • 生きるいきるAs it appears here: 生きて
    • ·to live; to exist
    • ·to make a living; to subsist
    • ·to be in effect; to be in use; to function
    • ·to come to life; to be enlivened
    • ·to be safe (in baseball, go, etc.)
    N4
  • 見えるみえるAs it appears here: 見えて
    • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
    • ·to look; to seem; to appear
    • ·to come
    N4
  • 社会しゃかい
    • ·society; public; community; the world
    • ·social studies
    N4
  • 人口じんこう
    • ·population
    • ·common talk
    N4
  • まい
    • ·(husked grains of) rice
    • ·staple (product, etc.); necessity
    • ·(online) comment
    N4
  • むかし
    • ·the old days; the past; former times; a long time ago
    • ·the past ten years; the past decade
    N4
  • 十分じゅうぶん
    • ·enough; sufficient; plenty; adequate; satisfactory
    • ·sufficiently; fully; thoroughly; well; perfectly
    • ·division into ten
    N4
  • 捨てるすてるAs it appears here: 捨てて
    • ·to throw away; to cast away; to dump; to discard
    • ·to abandon; to desert; to leave
    • ·to give up; to resign
    • ·to sacrifice (stones)
    N4
  • かたち
    • ·(physical) form; shape; figure
    • ·visage; (facial) features; appearance (of a person); figure; looks
    • ·form (as opposed to substance); manner (of action); style; (outward) appearance
    • ·(resultant) state; situation; condition; form
    • ·behaviour (towards others); attitude; demeanor; manners
    • ·shape (positional qualities of a group of stones)
    N4
  • 現実げんじつ
    • ·reality; actuality; hard fact
    N3
  • 需要じゅよう
    • ·demand; need
    • ·demand
    N3
  • 供給きょうきゅう
    • ·supply; provision
    N3
  • せい
    • ·nature (of a person)
    • ·sex; gender
    • ·sex (i.e. sexual attraction, activity, etc.)
    • ·gender
    • ·-ty; -ity; -ness; -cy
    N3
  • もと
    • ·origin; source; beginning
    • ·basis; base; foundation; root
    • ·cause
    • ·(raw) material; ingredient; base; mix (e.g. for a cake); (soup) stock
    • ·(one's) side
    • ·capital; principal; cost price
    • ·root (of a plant); (tree) trunk
    • ·part (of a brush, chopsticks, etc.) one holds (with the hand)
    • ·first three lines of a waka
    • ·counter for plants or trees
    • ·counter for falcons (in falconry)
    N3
  • 気に入るきにいるAs it appears here: 気に入った
    • ·to like; to be pleased with; to be delighted with; to take a liking to; to suit one's fancy
    N3
    • ·handle; grip
    • ·stalk (of a mushroom, leaf, etc.)
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 済ませるすませるAs it appears here: 済ませて
    • ·to finish; to make an end of; to get through with; to let end
    • ·to make do (with); to manage (with)
    • ·to resolve; to settle; to bring to a conclusion
    N3
  • しまうAs it appears here: しまったり
    • ·to finish; to stop; to end; to put an end to; to bring to a close
    • ·to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to shut down; to shut up
    • ·to put away; to put back; to keep; to store
    • ·to do completely; to finish
    • ·to do accidentally; to do without meaning to; to happen to do; to end up ...
    N3
  • 商品しょうひん
    • ·commodity; article of commerce; goods; stock; merchandise
    N3
  • 機能きのう
    • ·function; facility; faculty; feature
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 出会いであい
    • ·meeting; rendezvous; encounter
    • ·meeting for the first time; coming across
    • ·confluence
    N3
  • 刺激しげき
    • ·stimulus; stimulation; irritation (esp. of the body, e.g. skin, eyes)
    • ·impetus; impulse; stimulus; spur; incentive; encouragement; stimulation; motivation; provocation
    • ·excitement; thrill
    N3
  • 多少たしょう
    • ·a little; some; somewhat; slightly; to some degree; to some extent
    • ·amount; quantity; number
    N3
  • エサえさ
    • ·(animal) feed; fodder; pet food
    • ·bait; lure; enticement
    N3
  • りょう
    • ·quantity; amount; volume; capacity; portion (of food)
    • ·generosity; magnanimity; tolerance
    • ·pramana (means by which one gains accurate and valid knowledge; in Indian philosophy)
    N3
  • 単純たんじゅん
    • ·simple; plain; uncomplicated; straightforward; simple-minded; naive
    N3
  • もしも
    • ·if; in case; supposing
    • ·worst (case); unexpected (occurence); unforeseen
    N3
  • 食事しょくじ
    • ·meal (e.g. lunch, dinner)
    • ·diet
    N3
  • 性格せいかく
    • ·character (of a person); personality; disposition; nature
    • ·characteristics; nature (of a thing, event, etc.)
    N3
  • 与えるあたえる
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to grant; to confer; to present; to award
    • ·to provide; to afford; to offer; to supply
    • ·to assign
    • ·to cause
    • ·to pass (a variable to a function)
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • あるいは
    • ·or; either ... or
    • ·maybe; perhaps; possibly
    • ·some ... and others ...; sometimes ... and at other times ...
    N3
  • 状態じょうたい
    • ·state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • 満足まんぞく
    • ·satisfaction; contentment; gratification
    • ·sufficient; satisfactory; enough; adequate; proper; decent
    • ·satisfying (an equation)
    N3
  • 今日はこんにちは
    • ·hello; good day; good afternoon
    N3
  • 実はじつは
    • ·as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
  • 使用しよう
    • ·use; application; employment; utilization; utilisation
    N3
  • 与えるあたえるAs it appears here: 与えて
    • ·to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to grant; to confer; to present; to award
    • ·to provide; to afford; to offer; to supply
    • ·to assign
    • ·to cause
    • ·to pass (a variable to a function)
    N3
  • 行動こうどう
    • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
    N3
  • 棄てるすてるAs it appears here: 棄て
    • ·to throw away; to cast away; to dump; to discard
    • ·to abandon; to desert; to leave
    • ·to give up; to resign
    • ·to sacrifice (stones)
    N2
  • いったん
    • ·once
    • ·for a short time; briefly; temporarily
    • ·one morning
    N2
  • 一定いってい
    • ·to fix; to settle; to standardize; to regularize
    • ·constant; definite; uniform; defined; certain; prescribed
    N2
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • とてN1

    even ~ is no exception; even if / even though ('even ...').

    もしも、ニワトリの頭数とエサの量の関係のようなものなら、「需要」と「供給」のバランスといった説明の仕方ですませることができようが、ニワトリがエサを必要とするのと、私たちがレストランで食事をしたり、デパートでセーターを買ったりするのとでは根本的に異る。

    If the relationship were like that between the number of chickens and the amount of feed, an explanation in terms of the balance of “demand” and “supply” would suffice; but a chicken's need for feed is fundamentally different from our eating at a restaurant or buying a sweater at a department store.

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    「需要」とか「供給」とか「必要性」とかは、言ってみるならば経済活動、消費行動に( A )な性格を与えるためにつくり出された概念なのであって、それ以上のものではない。

    Concepts such as “demand,” “supply,” and “necessity” were, so to speak, created merely to give economic activity and consumer behavior a ( A ) character, and are nothing more than that.

  • かつてN1

    Refers to a time in the past, or with a negative predicate means 'never before' — 'once,' 'formerly.'

    人間の社会においても、かつてのように低次欲求も満足させていない時代には、「あそこの町の人口は何人で、したがって米を何俵仕入れたらよいか」といったように、「需要」がみえたろう。

    Even in human society, in earlier times when lower-order needs had not yet been satisfied, “demand” was probably visible in statements such as, “That town has this many people, so how many bales of rice should we bring in?”

Other levels34 patterns
  • といったN24 times in this passage

    Introduces representative examples before a summarizing noun — "(things) such as ~", "~ and the like".

    “「需要」と「供給」の心要性に基づいた関係の充足”云々といった平板な説明などでは到底、納りきらない。

    Flat explanations such as “the fulfillment of a relationship based on the necessity of ‘demand’ and ‘supply,’” and so on, are nowhere near sufficient to contain it.

  • ものならN2

    'if (by some chance) ~, (then trouble)' after a volitional, or 'if you could ~ (but probably can't)' after a potential verb.

    もしも、ニワトリの頭数とエサの量の関係のようなものなら、「需要」と「供給」のバランスといった説明の仕方ですませることができようが、ニワトリがエサを必要とするのと、私たちがレストランで食事をしたり、デパートでセーターを買ったりするのとでは根本的に異る。

    If the relationship were like that between the number of chickens and the amount of feed, an explanation in terms of the balance of “demand” and “supply” would suffice; but a chicken's need for feed is fundamentally different from our eating at a restaurant or buying a sweater at a department store.

  • あるいはN2

    Presents an alternative or a possibility — 'or; or perhaps; alternatively'.

    生きて行くために栄養分を取らねばならないというのなら、錠剤に水でもよいし、それこそニワトリとエサのような単純な関係に還元可能で、「需要」も「必要性」も、あるいは「供給」の状態もすべてハッキリと見えてくるだろう。

    If the issue were simply that we need nutrients in order to live, pills and water would suffice; everything could then be reduced to a simple relationship like that between chickens and feed, and “demand,” “necessity,” and even the state of “supply” would all become perfectly clear.

  • というN34 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    「買う」という行為ひとつ取って考えてみても、現実の「買う」という行為は、旧来の経済学の入門書などにみられる説明からはみ出している。

    Even if we consider just the single act of “buying,” the real-world act of buying extends beyond the explanations found in traditional introductory economics books.

  • たとえ〜てもN3

    Concessive 'even if / even though' — sets up a hypothetical or fact that does not change the outcome.

    たとえば、旅先で雨が降り出して傘が必要になったとする。

    Suppose, for example, that it begins to rain while you are traveling and you need an umbrella.

  • よりもN3

    Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

    今日では、モノ、商品の実用的機能よりも、色、柄、デザインなどの情緒的、情報的機能の方が、場合によってはずっと意味をもつ時代になってきている。

    Today we have entered an age in which, depending on the situation, emotional and informational functions such as color, pattern, and design can matter far more than the practical function of an object or product.

  • によって/によるN32 times in this passage

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    今日では、モノ、商品の実用的機能よりも、色、柄、デザインなどの情緒的、情報的機能の方が、場合によってはずっと意味をもつ時代になってきている。

    Today we have entered an age in which, depending on the situation, emotional and informational functions such as color, pattern, and design can matter far more than the practical function of an object or product.

  • としてN3

    Marks the role, capacity, or status in which someone or something acts — "as (a doctor / a rule / etc.)".

    モノ、商品との出会いによって、買い手がもっている趣味やイメージが触発され、何としても手に入れたいものだと欲求を刺激される。

    An encounter with an object or product can stimulate the buyer's tastes and images and arouse a desire that makes them feel they must obtain it at any cost.

  • 的(てき)N34 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    いったん、そうなると、多少無理してでも、それを手に入れようと情熱的になる。

    Once that happens, the person becomes passionate about obtaining it, even if doing so requires stretching themselves somewhat.

  • もしも〜たらN3

    Emphatic 'if' that sets up a hypothetical supposition, resolved by 〜たら/〜ば/〜なら, 'if by any chance / supposing that'.

    もしも、ニワトリの頭数とエサの量の関係のようなものなら、「需要」と「供給」のバランスといった説明の仕方ですませることができようが、ニワトリがエサを必要とするのと、私たちがレストランで食事をしたり、デパートでセーターを買ったりするのとでは根本的に異る。

    If the relationship were like that between the number of chickens and the amount of feed, an explanation in terms of the balance of “demand” and “supply” would suffice; but a chicken's need for feed is fundamentally different from our eating at a restaurant or buying a sweater at a department store.

  • ためにN32 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    「需要」とか「供給」とか「必要性」とかは、言ってみるならば経済活動、消費行動に( A )な性格を与えるためにつくり出された概念なのであって、それ以上のものではない。

    Concepts such as “demand,” “supply,” and “necessity” were, so to speak, created merely to give economic activity and consumer behavior a ( A ) character, and are nothing more than that.

  • こそN3

    Emphatic particle singling out the preceding word as precisely the right or decisive one — 'precisely, exactly, ...for sure.'

    生きて行くために栄養分を取らねばならないというのなら、錠剤に水でもよいし、それこそニワトリとエサのような単純な関係に還元可能で、「需要」も「必要性」も、あるいは「供給」の状態もすべてハッキリと見えてくるだろう。

    If the issue were simply that we need nutrients in order to live, pills and water would suffice; everything could then be reduced to a simple relationship like that between chickens and feed, and “demand,” “necessity,” and even the state of “supply” would all become perfectly clear.

  • において/におけるN3

    Formally marks the place, time, or domain in which something holds, 'in / at / regarding'.

    人間の社会においても、かつてのように低次欲求も満足させていない時代には、「あそこの町の人口は何人で、したがって米を何俵仕入れたらよいか」といったように、「需要」がみえたろう。

    Even in human society, in earlier times when lower-order needs had not yet been satisfied, “demand” was probably visible in statements such as, “That town has this many people, so how many bales of rice should we bring in?”

  • 〜てみるN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 見る, doing something on a trial basis to see what happens — 'try ...ing'.

    「買う」という行為ひとつ取って考えてみても、現実の「買う」という行為は、旧来の経済学の入門書などにみられる説明からはみ出している。

    Even if we consider just the single act of “buying,” the real-world act of buying extends beyond the explanations found in traditional introductory economics books.

  • てもN4

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    「買う」という行為ひとつ取って考えてみても、現実の「買う」という行為は、旧来の経済学の入門書などにみられる説明からはみ出している。

    Even if we consider just the single act of “buying,” the real-world act of buying extends beyond the explanations found in traditional introductory economics books.

  • と思う(とおもう)N4

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    ちょうど新しく傘が欲しいと思っていた矢先だとしても、気に入った色、柄、デザインの傘が見つからなかったりすれば、「まあ、いいや。

    Even if you had just been thinking that you wanted a new umbrella, if you cannot find one in a color, pattern, or design you like, you may simply think, “Oh well.

  • 〜ていたN4

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    ちょうど新しく傘が欲しいと思っていた矢先だとしても、気に入った色、柄、デザインの傘が見つからなかったりすれば、「まあ、いいや。

    Even if you had just been thinking that you wanted a new umbrella, if you cannot find one in a color, pattern, or design you like, you may simply think, “Oh well.

  • ように / ようなN44 times in this passage

    Likens or exemplifies one thing by another, "like / as / similar to (a)".

    東京に戻ってから買おう」と、ビニールの使い棄てのようなもので間に合わせてしまったり、場合によつては、①買わないで済ませてしまったりする。

    I'll buy one after I get back to Tokyo,” and make do with something like a disposable plastic umbrella, or in some cases even manage without ① buying one at all.

  • 間に(あいだに)N4

    Marks a point within a time span at which a one-time action happens before the span ends — 'while; during; before (it ends)'.

    東京に戻ってから買おう」と、ビニールの使い棄てのようなもので間に合わせてしまったり、場合によつては、①買わないで済ませてしまったりする。

    I'll buy one after I get back to Tokyo,” and make do with something like a disposable plastic umbrella, or in some cases even manage without ① buying one at all.

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN42 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    東京に戻ってから買おう」と、ビニールの使い棄てのようなもので間に合わせてしまったり、場合によつては、①買わないで済ませてしまったりする。

    I'll buy one after I get back to Tokyo,” and make do with something like a disposable plastic umbrella, or in some cases even manage without ① buying one at all.

  • 場合は(ばあいは)N4

    States the situation or condition under which something applies — 'in the case of; in the event that; if'.

    東京に戻ってから買おう」と、ビニールの使い棄てのようなもので間に合わせてしまったり、場合によつては、①買わないで済ませてしまったりする。

    I'll buy one after I get back to Tokyo,” and make do with something like a disposable plastic umbrella, or in some cases even manage without ① buying one at all.

  • ないでN4

    Negative te-form that links a clause — "without doing ~", or a soft "don't ~".

    東京に戻ってから買おう」と、ビニールの使い棄てのようなもので間に合わせてしまったり、場合によつては、①買わないで済ませてしまったりする。

    I'll buy one after I get back to Tokyo,” and make do with something like a disposable plastic umbrella, or in some cases even manage without ① buying one at all.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    今日では、モノ、商品の実用的機能よりも、色、柄、デザインなどの情緒的、情報的機能の方が、場合によってはずっと意味をもつ時代になってきている。

    Today we have entered an age in which, depending on the situation, emotional and informational functions such as color, pattern, and design can matter far more than the practical function of an object or product.

  • ようだN4

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    そもそも、モノと私たちとの関係は、②ニワトリの頭数とエサの量といったような単純なものではない。

    To begin with, the relationship between goods and ourselves is not as simple as ② the number of chickens and the amount of feed.

  • とか~とかN43 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative, non-exhaustive examples — 'things like X and Y', 'X, Y, and so on'.

    「需要」とか「供給」とか「必要性」とかは、言ってみるならば経済活動、消費行動に( A )な性格を与えるためにつくり出された概念なのであって、それ以上のものではない。

    Concepts such as “demand,” “supply,” and “necessity” were, so to speak, created merely to give economic activity and consumer behavior a ( A ) character, and are nothing more than that.

  • とみえる/とみえてN4

    'It seems / apparently…' — draws an inference about something from observable evidence.

    生きて行くために栄養分を取らねばならないというのなら、錠剤に水でもよいし、それこそニワトリとエサのような単純な関係に還元可能で、「需要」も「必要性」も、あるいは「供給」の状態もすべてハッキリと見えてくるだろう。

    If the issue were simply that we need nutrients in order to live, pills and water would suffice; everything could then be reduced to a simple relationship like that between chickens and feed, and “demand,” “necessity,” and even the state of “supply” would all become perfectly clear.

  • たらN4

    Conditional/temporal ending on the plain-past stem meaning that once or if the first action happens, the second follows ('if / once / when ... then').

    人間の社会においても、かつてのように低次欲求も満足させていない時代には、「あそこの町の人口は何人で、したがって米を何俵仕入れたらよいか」といったように、「需要」がみえたろう。

    Even in human society, in earlier times when lower-order needs had not yet been satisfied, “demand” was probably visible in statements such as, “That town has this many people, so how many bales of rice should we bring in?”

  • やすいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to mean the action is easy to do ('easy to ~').

    (注6)錠剤:医薬品をある一定の形にして飲みやすくしたもの

    (Note 6) 錠剤: medicine formed into a fixed shape to make it easier to take.

  • 〜ているN53 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    「買う」という行為ひとつ取って考えてみても、現実の「買う」という行為は、旧来の経済学の入門書などにみられる説明からはみ出している

    Even if we consider just the single act of “buying,” the real-world act of buying extends beyond the explanations found in traditional introductory economics books.

  • 〜たり〜たりN55 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    ちょうど新しく傘が欲しいと思っていた矢先だとしても、気に入った色、柄、デザインの傘が見つからなかったりすれば、「まあ、いいや。

    Even if you had just been thinking that you wanted a new umbrella, if you cannot find one in a color, pattern, or design you like, you may simply think, “Oh well.

  • 〜てからN5

    Marks that one action finishes, and only afterward does the next one happen — “after doing”.

    東京に戻ってから買おう」と、ビニールの使い棄てのようなもので間に合わせてしまったり、場合によつては、①買わないで済ませてしまったりする。

    I'll buy one after I get back to Tokyo,” and make do with something like a disposable plastic umbrella, or in some cases even manage without ① buying one at all.

  • 〜たいN5

    Expresses the speaker's own desire to do something — “want to do”.

    モノ、商品との出会いによって、買い手がもっている趣味やイメージが触発され、何としても手に入れたいものだと欲求を刺激される。

    An encounter with an object or product can stimulate the buyer's tastes and images and arouse a desire that makes them feel they must obtain it at any cost.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、今日はそんな時代ではない。

    But today is no longer such an age.

  • にするN5

    To decide on or turn something into a given state or choice, 'to make it ~ / to go with ~.'

    (注6)錠剤:医薬品をある一定の形にして飲みやすくしたもの

    (Note 6) 錠剤: medicine formed into a fixed shape to make it easier to take.

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