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N1 · AdvancedLong passagePassage #324
2

カラスあたまというのは、みんないるもはやじょうしきいっていいかもしれないゴミカラスようなにしかけても、すぐやぶしまい、「カラスってあたまんだなあ」と実感じっかんすることおおだろう。①ひとおもわくカラスいるようで、かんしんしてしまうのである

では、「あたまというのは、どういうのうりょくいうのであろうか。

人間界にんげんかいでは、ばつぐんおくりょくひとを「あたまね」なんていうこのてんいえばとりは「さんあるわす」というくらいおくりょくわるどうぶつされるところがカラスには、それ

宇都宮大学うつのみやだいがくすぎけんきゅうしつでは、いろいろ実験じっけんしてカラスのうりょく調しらいるたとえば15にんかおじゃしんようひとだけに、だいこうぶつドックフード(注1)おぼと、100%ちかせいかいりつしかもさんしゅうかんほどブランクせいせきほとんどいうからおどろあるさんどころかさんしゅうかんたってわすのだ。しかしカラスなかマツカケスいちまんしょちょしょくしょおぼいるのだからこんなことあさめしまえなのかもしれない

じょうきょうてきかくはんだんしてこうどうするひとも、かしこいわれるカラスこのてんでもすぐれたのうりょく

とりそだかんさつするときには、ブラインドちいテントちかかくそうすればこちら姿すがたためおおかたとりけいかいすることなくそだようくれる

しかしカラスにはそういかないしぶハシブトガラスそだかんさつしたときは、ほんとうろうしたたいていとりは、ちゅうブラインドはいがいすぐもどもしなかなかもどブラインドいったんふたひとだけそうすればなかもうひといないおももどとりさんすうできないためあるしかしこのほうほうでもカラスはだませないもしかしたらけいさんできるかもしれないおもしまうこのときは②結局けっきょくじんカメラがいではかんさつできなかったてきかくじょうきょうはんだんをし、けんかいするのうりょくカラスほかとりよりすぐれているというじつれいある

じつはカラスこののうりょくけんきゅうしょうがいなついるとりけんきゅうは、あしたまき(注2)などじるしつけてたいしきべつするのが第一歩だいいっぽあるそれにはどうしてもつかならないのだが、カラスあい、③これままならないたしかにかくすることできるしかしトラップはいのはたいていわかどりで、せいちょうつかことほとんどないせいちょうつかけんきゅうするのはまずある日本有数にほんゆうすうとりけんきゅうしゃかくめいじんいわれるひとでも、カラスだけあきらめたいう

しばしひでカラスじょうしきによる

ちゅう1)ドックフードいぬえさドッグフード

ちゅう2)あしたまき:11ためとりあし

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1ここでの①人の思惑とはどんなことだと考えられるか。
  2. 2結局、無人カメラ以外では観察ができなかったのはなぜか。
  3. 3これは何を指しているか。
  4. 4この文章からわかるカラスの能力はどんなことか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary8 words
  • もはや
    • ·already; now
    • ·no longer; not any more
    N1
  • しかけるAs it appears here: しかけて
    • ·to start; to begin; to commence
    • ·to challenge; to pick (a fight); to make (war); to draw (a reaction) from
    • ·to set (traps); to plant (explosives); to lay (mines)
    • ·to make a meld call
    N1
  • すぐ
    • ·immediately; at once; right away; directly
    • ·soon; before long; shortly
    • ·easily; readily; without difficulty
    • ·right (near); nearby; just (handy)
    • ·honest; upright; frank; straightforward
    N1
  • 正解せいかい
    • ·correct answer; right solution; correct interpretation
    • ·right decision; right choice; appropriate judgement
    N1
  • 驚きおどろき
    • ·surprise; astonishment; wonder; amazement
    N1
  • おおかた
    • ·large part; greater part; majority
    • ·people in general; general public; public at large
    • ·mostly; for the most part; almost; nearly
    • ·probably; maybe; perhaps
    N1
  • 警戒けいかい
    • ·vigilance; caution; alertness; precaution; being on guard
    N1
  • 捕獲ほかく
    • ·capture; seizure
    N1
Other levels129 words
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知って
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いって
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 来るくるAs it appears here: 来ない
    • ·to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to arrive
    • ·to come back; to do ... and come back
    • ·to come to be; to become; to get; to grow; to continue
    • ·to come from; to be caused by; to derive from
    • ·to come to (e.g. "when it comes to spinach ...")
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 多いおおい
    • ·many; numerous; a lot
    • ·large amount of; large quantity of; a lot; much
    • ·frequent; common
    N5
  • ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • いう
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 持つもつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いえば
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • とり
    • ·bird
    • ·bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
    N5
  • さん
    • ·three; 3
    N5
  • 歩くあるく
    • ·to walk
    N5
  • 忘れるわすれる
    • ·to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
    N5
  • 悪いわるい
    • ·bad; poor; undesirable
    • ·poor (quality); inferior; insufficient
    • ·evil; sinful
    • ·ugly; not beautiful
    • ·at fault; to blame; in the wrong
    • ·bad (at doing something)
    • ·unprofitable; unbeneficial
    • ·sorry; (my) bad; unforgivable
    N5
  • 動物どうぶつ
    • ·animal
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: される
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • いろいろ
    • ·various; a variety of; all sorts of; many (different)
    • ·variously; in various ways; in many ways
    • ·various things; this and that
    N5
  • 貼るはるAs it appears here: 貼った
    • ·to stick; to paste; to affix
    • ·to stretch; to spread; to strain; to tighten; to put up (e.g. a tent)
    • ·to form (e.g. ice on a pond)
    • ·to fill; to swell
    • ·to stick out; to push out
    • ·to post (a link, etc. online)
    • ·to be expensive
    • ·to keep a watch on; to be on the lookout
    • ·to slap
    • ·to become one tile away from completion
    • ·to span; to generate
    N5
  • 一つひとつ
    • ·one
    • ·for one thing
    • ·only
    • ·(not) even
    • ·just (e.g. "just try it")
    • ·some kind of; one type of
    N5
  • 入れるいれるAs it appears here: 入れて
    • ·to put in; to let in; to take in; to bring in; to insert; to install (e.g. software); to set (a jewel, etc.); to ink in (e.g. tattoo)
    • ·to admit; to accept; to employ; to hire
    • ·to accept; to comply; to grant; to adopt (a policy, etc.); to take (advice, etc.); to listen to; to pay attention to
    • ·to include
    • ·to pay (one's rent, etc.)
    • ·to cast (a vote)
    • ·to make (tea, coffee, etc.)
    • ·to turn on (a switch, etc.)
    • ·to send (a fax); to call
    N5
  • 覚えるおぼえるAs it appears here: 覚えさせる
    • ·to memorize; to memorise; to commit to memory; to learn by heart; to bear in mind; to remember
    • ·to learn; to pick up; to acquire
    • ·to feel
    • ·to think; to regard
    N5
  • 近いちかい
    • ·near; close; short (distance)
    • ·close (in time); soon
    • ·close (relationship); friendly; intimate
    • ·closely related
    • ·similar; almost the same; close to; nearly
    N5
  • 出すだす
    • ·to take out; to get out
    • ·to put out; to reveal; to show
    • ·to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in
    • ·to publish; to make public
    • ·to send (e.g. letter)
    • ·to produce (a sound); to start (fire)
    • ·to serve (food)
    • ·... out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
    • ·to begin ...; to start to ...; to burst into ...
    N5
  • 開けるあけるAs it appears here: 開けて
    • ·to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to unlock
    • ·to open (for business, etc.)
    • ·to empty; to remove; to make space; to make room
    • ·to move out; to clear out
    • ·to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily)
    • ·to dawn; to grow light
    • ·to end (of a period, season)
    • ·to begin (of the New Year)
    • ·to leave (one's schedule) open; to make time (for)
    • ·to make (a hole); to open up (a hole)
    N5
  • たつAs it appears here: たって
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • 忘れるわすれるAs it appears here: 忘れない
    • ·to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 覚えるおぼえるAs it appears here: 覚えて
    • ·to memorize; to memorise; to commit to memory; to learn by heart; to bear in mind; to remember
    • ·to learn; to pick up; to acquire
    • ·to feel
    • ·to think; to regard
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いわれる
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 見せるみせる
    • ·to show; to display
    • ·to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...
    • ·to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining
    • ·to have (something) looked at (by a specialist); to have (an antique, etc.) appraised
    • ·to have (an injury, person, etc.) looked at (by a doctor); to take (someone) to a doctor
    • ·to make a show of (doing); to do in a conspicuous manner; to do in view of others
    • ·to resolve to do; to do at any cost; to show others that one will ...
    N5
  • 呼ぶよぶ
    • ·to call out (to); to call; to invoke
    • ·to summon (a doctor, etc.)
    • ·to invite
    • ·to designate; to name; to brand
    • ·to garner (support, etc.); to gather
    • ·to take as one's wife
    N5
  • 小さなちいさな
    • ·small; little; tiny
    N5
  • 近くちかく
    • ·near; neighbourhood; neighborhood; vicinity
    • ·nearly (e.g. "it took nearly one year"); close to
    • ·shortly; soon
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: すれば
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • こちら
    • ·this way; this direction
    • ·here
    • ·this (one)
    • ·I; me; we; us
    • ·this person
    N5
  • 見せるみせるAs it appears here: 見せて
    • ·to show; to display
    • ·to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...
    • ·to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining
    • ·to have (something) looked at (by a specialist); to have (an antique, etc.) appraised
    • ·to have (an injury, person, etc.) looked at (by a doctor); to take (someone) to a doctor
    • ·to make a show of (doing); to do in a conspicuous manner; to do in view of others
    • ·to resolve to do; to do at any cost; to show others that one will ...
    N5
  • いくAs it appears here: いかない
    • ·to go; to move (towards); to head (towards); to leave (for)
    • ·to move through; to travel across; to walk along (e.g. a road)
    • ·to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to turn out; to get along
    • ·to do (in a particular way); to go (with; a choice); to try
    • ·to pass (of time, seasons, etc.); to go by
    • ·to stream; to flow
    • ·to die; to pass away
    • ·to reach (a stage, extent, age, etc.); to get to; to go (so far as ...)
    • ·to reach (of information, instructions, wind, etc.); to arrive
    • ·to continue ...; to go on ...; to (progress) steadily; to gradually ...; to progressively ...
    • ·to have an orgasm; to come; to cum
    • ·to trip; to get high; to have a drug-induced hallucination
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ほんとう
    • ·truth; reality; actuality; fact
    • ·proper; right; correct; official
    • ·genuine; authentic; real; natural; veritable
    N5
  • 入るはいるAs it appears here: 入れば
    • ·to enter; to come in; to go in; to get in; to arrive
    • ·to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to enroll (in); to go into (e.g. politics); to get into
    • ·to be contained (in); to be included (in); to be inside (e.g. a box); to come under (a heading); to belong (in a category)
    • ·to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.); to be (able to be) held; to be (able to be) accommodated
    • ·to be introduced; to be brought in; to be installed
    • ·to be received; to be obtained
    • ·to be scored (of points); to be won (of votes)
    • ·to turn on; to start functioning; to start working
    • ·to enter (a month, season, etc.); to reach (e.g. a climax); to get to (e.g. the main topic); to enter into (e.g. negotiations); to start (doing); to begin
    • ·to form (of a crack, fissure, etc.); to develop
    • ·to be put in (of effort, spirit, feeling, etc.); to be applied (e.g. of strength)
    • ·to be ready (of tea, coffee, etc.); to be made
    • ·to enter the body (of alcohol); to become drunk
    N5
  • 二人ふたり
    • ·two persons; two people; pair; couple
    N5
  • 一人ひとり
    • ·one person
    • ·being alone; being by oneself
    • ·being single; being unmarried
    • ·by oneself; alone
    • ·just; only; simply
    N5
  • 出るでる
    • ·to leave; to exit; to go out; to come out; to get out
    • ·to leave (on a journey); to depart; to start out; to set out
    • ·to move forward
    • ·to come to; to get to; to lead to; to reach
    • ·to appear; to come out; to emerge; to surface; to come forth; to turn up; to be found; to be detected; to be discovered; to be exposed; to show; to be exhibited; to be on display
    • ·to appear (in print); to be published; to be announced; to be issued; to be listed; to come out
    • ·to attend; to participate; to take part; to enter (an event); to play in; to perform
    • ·to be stated; to be expressed; to come up; to be brought up; to be raised
    • ·to sell
    • ·to exceed; to go over
    • ·to stick out; to protrude
    • ·to break out; to occur; to start; to originate
    • ·to be produced
    • ·to come from; to be derived from
    • ·to be given; to get; to receive; to be offered; to be provided; to be presented; to be submitted; to be handed in; to be turned in; to be paid
    • ·to answer (phone, door, etc.); to get
    • ·to assume (an attitude); to act; to behave
    • ·to pick up (speed, etc.); to gain
    • ·to flow (e.g. tears); to run; to bleed
    • ·to graduate
    • ·to ejaculate; to cum
    N5
  • いるAs it appears here: いない
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できない
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したら
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • できる
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • できるAs it appears here: できなかった
    • ·to be able to do; to be possible; to be permitted (to do)
    • ·to be good at; to do well; to be proficient (in); to be capable
    • ·to come into existence; to form; to appear; to come up (of a matter); to be born; to make (a friend); to get (a girlfriend, free time, etc.)
    • ·to be made; to be built; to be constructed; to be formed; to be established; to be set up
    • ·to be finished; to be completed; to be done; to be ready
    • ·to grow (of a crop); to be produced
    • ·to be mature and well-balanced; to be of fine character
    • ·to be by nature; to be born ...
    • ·to become (sexually) involved (with); to become intimate (with); to take up (with someone)
    • ·to get pregnant
    N5
  • するAs it appears here:
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • ほか
    • ·another place; some other place; somewhere else; outside
    • ·another (person or thing); other; different; something else; someone else; the rest; et al.
    • ·beyond (one's expectations, imagination, etc.); outside
    • ·except; but; other than; apart from
    • ·besides; in addition to; as well as; on top of
    N5
  • つけるAs it appears here: つけて
    • ·to attach; to join; to connect; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); to put against
    • ·to furnish (a house with)
    • ·to wear; to put on
    • ·to keep a diary; to make an entry
    • ·to appraise; to set (a price)
    • ·to allot; to budget; to assign
    • ·to bring alongside
    • ·to place (under guard or doctor)
    • ·to follow (someone); to shadow; to tail; to stalk
    • ·to load; to give (courage to)
    • ·to keep (an eye on)
    • ·to establish (relations or understanding)
    • ·to turn on (a light)
    • ·to produce flowers (of a plant); to produce fruit
    • ·to attach; to play an attachment
    • ·to do intensely; to do fiercely; to do strongly
    • ·to be used to (doing); to be accustomed to
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • 入るはいる
    • ·to enter; to come in; to go in; to get in; to arrive
    • ·to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to enroll (in); to go into (e.g. politics); to get into
    • ·to be contained (in); to be included (in); to be inside (e.g. a box); to come under (a heading); to belong (in a category)
    • ·to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.); to be (able to be) held; to be (able to be) accommodated
    • ·to be introduced; to be brought in; to be installed
    • ·to be received; to be obtained
    • ·to be scored (of points); to be won (of votes)
    • ·to turn on; to start functioning; to start working
    • ·to enter (a month, season, etc.); to reach (e.g. a climax); to get to (e.g. the main topic); to enter into (e.g. negotiations); to start (doing); to begin
    • ·to form (of a crack, fissure, etc.); to develop
    • ·to be put in (of effort, spirit, feeling, etc.); to be applied (e.g. of strength)
    • ·to be ready (of tea, coffee, etc.); to be made
    • ·to enter the body (of alcohol); to become drunk
    N5
  • いぬ
    • ·dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); canine
    • ·squealer; rat; snitch; informer; informant; spy
    • ·loser; asshole
    • ·counterfeit; inferior; useless; wasteful
    N5
  • 付けるつける
    • ·to attach; to join; to connect; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); to put against
    • ·to furnish (a house with)
    • ·to wear; to put on
    • ·to keep a diary; to make an entry
    • ·to appraise; to set (a price)
    • ·to allot; to budget; to assign
    • ·to bring alongside
    • ·to place (under guard or doctor)
    • ·to follow (someone); to shadow; to tail; to stalk
    • ·to load; to give (courage to)
    • ·to keep (an eye on)
    • ·to establish (relations or understanding)
    • ·to turn on (a light)
    • ·to produce flowers (of a plant); to produce fruit
    • ·to attach; to play an attachment
    • ·to do intensely; to do fiercely; to do strongly
    • ·to be used to (doing); to be accustomed to
    N5
  • みんな
    • ·everyone; everybody; all
    • ·everything; all
    N4
  • てん
    • ·dot; spot; point; speck; mark
    • ·mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; score; points
    • ·point (in a game); score; goal; run
    • ·point
    • ·point; aspect; matter; detail; part; respect; way; viewpoint
    • ·(punctuation) mark (e.g. comma, period, decimal point); dot
    • ·"dot" stroke (in a Chinese character)
    • ·counter for points, marks, goals, etc.
    • ·counter for goods, items, articles of clothing, works of art, etc.
    N4
  • 研究室けんきゅうしつ
    • ·laboratory
    • ·seminar room
    • ·professor's office
    N4
  • 調べるしらべるAs it appears here: 調べて
    • ·to examine; to look up; to investigate; to check up; to sense; to study; to inquire; to search
    N4
  • たとえば
    • ·for example; for instance; e.g.
    N4
  • ほとんど
    • ·almost; nearly; mostly; practically; virtually; basically; just about; all but
    • ·hardly; barely; scarcely; little
    • ·large majority; large proportion; greater part; most (of); almost all (of)
    N4
  • 変わるかわるAs it appears here: 変わらない
    • ·to change; to be transformed; to be altered; to vary
    • ·to move to
    • ·to be different; to be uncommon; to be unusual
    N4
  • 場所ばしょ
    • ·place; location; spot; position; area
    • ·room; space
    • ·sumo tournament
    N4
  • 見えるみえるAs it appears here: 見えない
    • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
    • ·to look; to seem; to appear
    • ·to come
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 戻るもどる
    • ·to turn back (e.g. half-way)
    • ·to return; to go back
    • ·to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned
    • ·to rebound; to spring back
    N4
  • もし
    • ·if; in case; supposing
    N4
  • 戻るもどるAs it appears here: 戻らなければ
    • ·to turn back (e.g. half-way)
    • ·to return; to go back
    • ·to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned
    • ·to rebound; to spring back
    N4
  • 思うおもうAs it appears here: 思って
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 以外いがい
    • ·excluding; except (for); apart from; other than; besides; in addition to
    • ·outside (a boundary, scope, etc.)
    N4
  • 危険きけん
    • ·danger; peril; hazard
    • ·risk
    N4
  • 研究けんきゅう
    • ·research; study; investigation
    N4
  • 捕まえるつかまえるAs it appears here: 捕まえなければ
    • ·to catch; to capture; to arrest; to seize; to restrain
    • ·to grab; to clutch; to grasp; to seize; to hold on to
    • ·to catch hold of (someone); to stop (e.g. a stranger in the street); to hail (a taxi, waiter, etc.); to hold (someone) back; to detain
    • ·towards (someone); at (someone); in (someone's) face
    N4
  • 場合ばあい
    • ·case; occasion; situation; circumstances
    N4
  • 捕まえるつかまえるAs it appears here: 捕まえて
    • ·to catch; to capture; to arrest; to seize; to restrain
    • ·to grab; to clutch; to grasp; to seize; to hold on to
    • ·to catch hold of (someone); to stop (e.g. a stranger in the street); to hail (a taxi, waiter, etc.); to hold (someone) back; to detain
    • ·towards (someone); at (someone); in (someone's) face
    N4
  • 無理むり
    • ·unreasonable; unnatural; unjustifiable
    • ·impossible
    • ·forcible; forced; compulsory
    • ·excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
    • ·to work too hard; to try too hard
    • ·no way; not a chance; never; dream on
    • ·irrational
    N4
  • 常識じょうしき
    • ·common sense; good sense; common knowledge; general knowledge; common practice; accepted practice; social etiquette
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 何かなにか
    • ·something; some; any
    • ·somehow; for some reason
    • ·(so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 感心かんしん
    • ·admiration; being impressed
    • ·admirable; praiseworthy
    • ·astonishment; being appalled
    N3
  • 能力のうりょく
    • ·ability; faculty
    N3
  • ところが
    • ·even so; however; still; whereupon; even though; nevertheless; on the contrary; as a matter of fact; despite
    N3
  • 実験じっけん
    • ·experiment; experimentation
    N3
  • りつ
    • ·rate; ratio; proportion; percentage
    N3
  • しかも
    • ·moreover; furthermore
    • ·nevertheless; and yet
    N3
  • 週間しゅうかん
    • ·week
    N3
  • 成績せいせき
    • ·results; record; grades; marks
    N3
  • 仲間なかま
    • ·companion; fellow; friend; mate; comrade; partner; colleague; coworker; associate
    • ·group; company; circle; set; gang
    • ·member of the same category (family, class)
    N3
  • マツまつ
    • ·pine tree (Pinus spp.)
    • ·highest (of a three-tier ranking system)
    N3
  • 状況じょうきょう
    • ·state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
    N3
  • 判断はんだん
    • ·judgment; judgement; decision; conclusion; adjudication
    • ·divination
    • ·judgement
    N3
  • 行動こうどう
    • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
    N3
  • 賢いかしこい
    • ·wise; clever; smart
    • ·well-behaved (esp. children and pets); obedient; good
    N3
  • すぐれるAs it appears here: すぐれた
    • ·to be better (than); to be superior; to surpass; to excel; to be excellent
    N3
  • 観察かんさつ
    • ·observation; survey; watching
    N3
  • とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
    • ·nest; rookery; breeding place; hive
    • ·den
    • ·haunt
    • ·(spider's) web
    N3
  • 張るはるAs it appears here: 張って
    • ·to stick; to paste; to affix
    • ·to stretch; to spread; to strain; to tighten; to put up (e.g. a tent)
    • ·to form (e.g. ice on a pond)
    • ·to fill; to swell
    • ·to stick out; to push out
    • ·to post (a link, etc. online)
    • ·to be expensive
    • ·to keep a watch on; to be on the lookout
    • ·to slap
    • ·to become one tile away from completion
    • ·to span; to generate
    N3
  • 姿すがた
    • ·figure; form; shape
    • ·appearance; dress; guise
    • ·state; condition; picture; image
    • ·form (of a waka)
    • ·dressed in ...; wearing ...
    N3
  • 様子ようす
    • ·state (of affairs); situation; circumstances
    • ·appearance; look(s); air; manner; behaviour; demeanor
    • ·sign; indication
    N3
  • 苦労くろう
    • ·trouble; hardship; difficulty; labour; labor; toil; pains
    • ·anxiety; worry; concern; cares
    N3
  • なかなか
    • ·very; considerably; easily; readily; fairly; quite; highly; rather
    • ·by no means; not readily
    • ·middle; half-way point
    • ·excellent; wonderful; very good
    N3
  • 方法ほうほう
    • ·method; way; manner; process; procedure; means; measure
    N3
  • 計算けいさん
    • ·calculation; computation; reckoning; counting; adding up; working out; figures
    • ·consideration; calculation; estimation; expectation
    N3
  • 結局けっきょく
    • ·after all; in the end; ultimately; eventually
    • ·conclusion; end
    • ·end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
    N3
  • すぐれるAs it appears here: すぐれて
    • ·to be better (than); to be superior; to surpass; to excel; to be excellent
    N3
  • じつは
    • ·as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly; actually
    N3
  • 障害しょうがい
    • ·obstacle; impediment; hindrance; barrier; difficulty
    • ·disorder; defect; disability; handicap; impairment; dysfunction
    • ·steeplechase
    • ·obstacle race; steeplechase (athletics)
    N3
  • どうしても
    • ·by all means; at any cost; no matter what; at any rate; surely
    • ·whether (one is) willing or not; willingly or unwillingly; willy-nilly
    • ·on no account; by no means
    • ·in the end; in the long run; after all; eventually
    N3
  • 捕まるつかまる
    • ·to be caught; to be arrested
    • ·to hold on to; to grasp
    • ·to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
    • ·to be detained by
    N3
  • まず
    • ·first (of all); firstly; to begin with; before anything else
    • ·probably; most likely; almost certainly; virtually
    • ·more or less (satisfactory); on the whole; reasonably
    • ·anyway; at any rate; for now (at least); for the time being
    N3
  • 名人めいじん
    • ·master; expert
    • ·Meijin (professional title)
    • ·Meijin (highest title for male players in competitive karuta)
    N3
  • あきらめるAs it appears here: あきらめた
    • ·to give up; to abandon (hope, plans); to resign oneself (to)
    N3
  • ちゅう
    • ·annotation; explanatory note; comment
    N3
  • えさ
    • ·(animal) feed; fodder; pet food
    • ·bait; lure; enticement
    N3
    • ·ring; circle; loop
    • ·hoop
    • ·wheel
    • ·circle (e.g. of friends)
    • ·planetary ring
    N3
  • 実感じっかん
    • ·real feeling; actual feeling
    • ·to actually feel; to have a real feeling (that ...); to experience personally
    N2
  • 当てはまるあてはまるAs it appears here: 当てはまらない
    • ·to apply (of a rule); to be applicable (of standards, lessons, ideas, etc.); to hold true (e.g. of a description); to fit; to be suitable (e.g. of a word); to meet (requirements); to fulfill (conditions); to come under (a heading)
    N2
  • 容器ようき
    • ·container; receptacle; vessel; packaging
    N2
  • 的確てきかく
    • ·accurate; precise; exact; appropriate; apt; right
    N2
  • いったん
    • ·once
    • ·for a short time; briefly; temporarily
    • ·one morning
    N2
  • 算数さんすう
    • ·arithmetic
    • ·calculation
    N2
  • 実例じつれい
    • ·example; illustration; precedent
    N2
  • 目印めじるし
    • ·mark (for quick identification or recognition); sign
    • ·landmark; guide
    • ·trademark
    N2
  • 個体こたい
    • ·individual; specimen
    N2
Grammar3 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • もはやN1

    Adverb marking that a threshold or point of no return has passed — 'already, by now', or with a negative predicate 'no longer'.

    もはや常識といってもいいかもしれない。

    By now, it may even be regarded as common knowledge.

  • とされるN1

    States that something is generally considered or held to be the case — 'is regarded as…', 'is said to be…'.

    この点でいえば、鳥は「三歩歩くと忘れる」というくらい記憶力が悪い動物とされる

    In this respect, birds are regarded as animals with such poor memories that people say they “forget after taking three steps.”

  • だの~だのN1

    Reduplicated listing particle citing examples with a tone of complaint or exasperation ("what with X and Y and all that").

    しかし、カラスの仲間のマツカケスは一万か所も貯食場所を覚えているのだから、こんなことは朝飯前なのかもしれない。

    However, matsukakesu, a member of the crow family, can remember as many as ten thousand food-storage locations, so perhaps this task is child's play for crows.

Other levels38 patterns
  • だけにN2

    The stated reason makes the result all the more fitting or intense, "precisely because / all the more because".

    たとえば、15人の顔写真を貼った容器の一つだけに、大好物のドックフードを入れて覚えさせると、100%近い正解率を出す。

    For example, if photographs of 15 people's faces are attached to containers, with the crows' favorite dog food placed in only one of them for the birds to memorize, they achieve a correct-answer rate of nearly 100%.

  • しかもN2

    Additive conjunction adding a further, often stronger point — 'moreover, and what's more'.

    しかも三週間ほどブランクを開けても成績はほとんど変わらないというから驚きである。

    More surprisingly, even after a gap of about three weeks, their performance hardly changes.

  • ことなくN2

    'Without ~ing' — an action performed while never doing the stated thing. 'without ~'.

    そうすればこちらの姿が見えないため、おおかたの鳥は警戒することなく子育ての様子を見せてくれる。

    Since the observers cannot be seen, most birds will continue raising their young without becoming wary.

  • 以外(いがい)N2

    Marks everything except the named item — 'other than ~', 'apart from ~', 'besides ~'.

    このときは②結局、無人カメラ以外では観察ができなかった。

    On that occasion, ② in the end we were unable to observe them by any means other than an unattended camera.

  • 確かにN2

    concedes a point as true before countering it, or asserts certainty, 'admittedly / certainly (~ but)'.

    たしかに捕獲することはできる。

    It is certainly possible to capture crows.

  • だけはN2

    Singles one thing out for emphasis, 'at least ~ (if nothing else)' / 'this one thing does hold'.

    日本有数の鳥の研究者で捕獲の名人といわれる人でも、カラスだけはあきらめたという。

    It is said that even one of Japan's leading bird researchers, known as a master at capturing birds, gave up when it came to crows.

  • というのはN32 times in this passage

    Introduces an explanation or definition of the topic just named — 'the thing called…' / 'what … means is'.

    カラスは頭がいいというのは、みんな知っている。

    Everyone knows that crows are intelligent.

  • なんか/なんて/などN3

    A particle that cites an example or downplays/dismisses it — "things like / such as / (of all things)".

    人間界では、抜群の記憶力を持つ人を「頭がいいね」なんていう。

    Among humans, we often say “You're smart” to someone with an outstanding memory.

  • というN36 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    この点でいえば、鳥は「三歩歩くと忘れる」というくらい記憶力が悪い動物とされる。

    In this respect, birds are regarded as animals with such poor memories that people say they “forget after taking three steps.”

  • ところがN3

    Sentence-initial conjunction introducing a result that runs contrary to what was expected — "however; but (unexpectedly)".

    ところがカラスには、それは当てはまらない。

    However, that does not apply to crows.

  • 例えば(たとえば)N3

    Introduces an illustrative instance, 'for example / for instance'.

    たとえば、15人の顔写真を貼った容器の一つだけに、大好物のドックフードを入れて覚えさせると、100%近い正解率を出す。

    For example, if photographs of 15 people's faces are attached to containers, with the crows' favorite dog food placed in only one of them for the birds to memorize, they achieve a correct-answer rate of nearly 100%.

  • どころかN3

    Contradicts an expectation with something stronger, 'far from ~ / let alone / on the contrary'.

    三歩どころか三週間たっても忘れないのだ。

    Far from forgetting after three steps, they do not forget even after three weeks.

  • ためにN33 times in this passage

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    そうすればこちらの姿が見えないため、おおかたの鳥は警戒することなく子育ての様子を見せてくれる。

    Since the observers cannot be seen, most birds will continue raising their young without becoming wary.

  • なかなかN3

    An adverb meaning "quite / considerably", or with a following negative verb "not easily / just won't".

    もし、なかなか戻らなければ、ブラインドにいったん二人入り、一人だけ出る。

    If they do not return for a long time, two people enter the blind together and then only one comes out.

  • もしかしたらN3

    Raises a tentative possibility, typically resolved with かもしれない, 'perhaps / maybe / by any chance'.

    もしかしたら、計算ができるのかもしれないと思ってしまう。

    It makes one wonder whether they might actually be able to count.

  • 結局(けっきょく)N3

    Sums up the eventual outcome after a process or deliberation, 'in the end / after all'.

    このときは②結局、無人カメラ以外では観察ができなかった。

    On that occasion, ② in the end we were unable to observe them by any means other than an unattended camera.

  • よりもN3

    Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

    的確な状況判断をし、危険を回避する能力がカラスはほかの鳥よりもすぐれているという実例である。

    This is a real example showing that crows are superior to other birds in their ability to assess situations accurately and avoid danger.

  • どうしてもN3

    Fixed adverb "no matter what / by all means"; with a negative predicate it means "(simply) cannot ... however hard one tries."

    それにはどうしても捕まえなければならないのだが、カラスの場合、③これがままならない。

    To do that, the birds have to be captured, but with crows, ③ this does not go as intended.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    (柴田佳秀『カラスの常識』による

    (From Shibata Yoshihide, Common Knowledge About Crows)

  • と言ってもいい(といってもいい)N4

    Softens a strong assertion by presenting it as reasonable — 'you could say that…' / 'it's fair to say that…'.

    もはや常識といってもいいかもしれない。

    By now, it may even be regarded as common knowledge.

  • かもしれないN43 times in this passage

    Expresses possibility or conjecture — 'might', 'maybe', 'perhaps'.

    もはや常識といってもいいかもしれない

    By now, it may even be regarded as common knowledge.

  • てもN43 times in this passage

    Concessive — 'even if / even though …'; the main clause holds regardless of the te-clause.

    ゴミにカラスが来ないように何かしかけても、すぐに見破られてしまい、「カラスって頭がいいんだなあ」と実感することも多いだろう。

    Whatever device people set up to keep crows away from garbage, the crows quickly see through it, so many people have probably experienced firsthand the thought, “Crows really are smart.”

  • 〜てしまう / 〜ちゃうN43 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus しまう, marking an action as fully completed or done regrettably/by accident — 'end up ...ing' / 'finish ...ing'; ちゃう/じゃう is the casual contraction.

    ゴミにカラスが来ないように何かしかけても、すぐに見破られてしまい、「カラスって頭がいいんだなあ」と実感することも多いだろう。

    Whatever device people set up to keep crows away from garbage, the crows quickly see through it, so many people have probably experienced firsthand the thought, “Crows really are smart.”

  • ようだN4

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    ①人の思惑がカラスに見抜かれているようで、感心してしまうのである。

    It seems as though the crows can see through ① human intentions, which leaves us impressed.

  • させるN4

    Causative construction — make or let someone do an action ('make/let ~ do').

    たとえば、15人の顔写真を貼った容器の一つだけに、大好物のドックフードを入れて覚えさせると、100%近い正解率を出す。

    For example, if photographs of 15 people's faces are attached to containers, with the crows' favorite dog food placed in only one of them for the birds to memorize, they achieve a correct-answer rate of nearly 100%.

  • ときN43 times in this passage

    Marks the time at which something happens — "when X, Y."

    鳥の子育てを観察するときには、ブラインドと呼ぶ小さなテントを巣の近くに張って身を隠す。

    When observing birds raising their young, researchers set up a small tent called a “blind” near the nest and hide inside it.

  • 〜てくれるN4

    Someone does an action for the benefit of the speaker (or the speaker's in-group) — '(someone) does (something) for me'.

    そうすればこちらの姿が見えないため、おおかたの鳥は警戒することなく子育ての様子を見せてくれる

    Since the observers cannot be seen, most birds will continue raising their young without becoming wary.

  • と思う(とおもう)N42 times in this passage

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    そうすれば中にはもう人がいないと思って巣に戻る。

    The bird then assumes that no one remains inside and returns to the nest.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    鳥の研究は、脚環などの目印をつけて個体識別をするのが第一歩である。

    The first step in bird research is to identify individual birds by attaching markers such as leg bands.

  • なければならないN4

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    それにはどうしても捕まえなければならないのだが、カラスの場合、③これがままならない。

    To do that, the birds have to be captured, but with crows, ③ this does not go as intended.

  • 〜ているN56 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    カラスは頭がいいというのは、みんな知っている

    Everyone knows that crows are intelligent.

  • んですN5

    Explanatory ending that supplies a reason, context, or emphasis — 'the thing is…', 'it's that…'.

    ゴミにカラスが来ないように何かしかけても、すぐに見破られてしまい、「カラスって頭がいいんだなあ」と実感することも多いだろう。

    Whatever device people set up to keep crows away from garbage, the crows quickly see through it, so many people have probably experienced firsthand the thought, “Crows really are smart.”

  • なあN5

    Sentence-ending particle that voices emotion, admiration, or a wish, like "..., isn't it!" or "I wish...".

    ゴミにカラスが来ないように何かしかけても、すぐに見破られてしまい、「カラスって頭がいいんだなあ」と実感することも多いだろう。

    Whatever device people set up to keep crows away from garbage, the crows quickly see through it, so many people have probably experienced firsthand the thought, “Crows really are smart.”

  • だろうN5

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    ゴミにカラスが来ないように何かしかけても、すぐに見破られてしまい、「カラスって頭がいいんだなあ」と実感することも多いだろう

    Whatever device people set up to keep crows away from garbage, the crows quickly see through it, so many people have probably experienced firsthand the thought, “Crows really are smart.”

  • のでN52 times in this passage

    Gives a reason or cause with a soft, objective/polite nuance — 'because / since'.

    ①人の思惑がカラスに見抜かれているようで、感心してしまうのである。

    It seems as though the crows can see through ① human intentions, which leaves us impressed.

  • しかしN54 times in this passage

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし、カラスの仲間のマツカケスは一万か所も貯食場所を覚えているのだから、こんなことは朝飯前なのかもしれない。

    However, matsukakesu, a member of the crow family, can remember as many as ten thousand food-storage locations, so perhaps this task is child's play for crows.

  • だけN5

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    もし、なかなか戻らなければ、ブラインドにいったん二人入り、一人だけ出る。

    If they do not return for a long time, two people enter the blind together and then only one comes out.

  • もうN5

    The adverb "already" (with an affirmative), or "(not) anymore / any longer" (with a negative).

    そうすれば中にはもう人がいないと思って巣に戻る。

    The bird then assumes that no one remains inside and returns to the nest.

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