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N2 · Upper intermediateIntegrated comprehensionPassage #141
2

「A」

1969年ねんに人じん類るいは初はじめて月つきに到とう達たつした。その後ごも人じん類るいの夢ゆめはとどまらず、各国かっこくは国くにの誇ほこりをかけて莫ばく大だいな費ひ用ようを使つかい、先さきを争あらそうように宇う宙ちゅう開かい発はつを進すすめてきた。

しかし近きん年ねん、多おおくの国くにでこのような状じょう況きょうが問もん題だいとなっている。多た額がくの国家予算こっかよさんを使つかうにもかかわらず成せい果かが見みえにくい宇う宙ちゅう開かい発はつに対たいして、国こく民みんが疑ぎ問もんを感かんじ始はじめたんおだ。

現げん在ざい、世せ界かいには環かん境きょう問もん題だいや資し源げん問もん題だいなど速急そっきゅうに解かい決けつしなければならない課か題だいが数かず多おおく存そん在ざいする。同おなじように多た額がくの費ひ用ようを使つかうなら、宇う宙ちゅう開かい発はつよりも身み近ぢかで現げん実じつ的てきな問もん題だいを解かい決けつすることの方ほうが優ゆう先せんされなければならない。政せい府ふは、我われ々われの生せい活かつに直結ちょっけつするような問もん題だいにこそ、予よ算さんを使つかうべきである。

「B」

宇う宙ちゅう開かい発はつに伴ともない近きん年ねんの科か学がく技ぎ術じゅつが発展はってんしたと言いってもよい。宇う宙ちゅう開かい発はつは、特とくに気き象しょう観かん測そくや通つう信しん、交こう通つうシステムの分ぶん野やで、人にん間げん生せい活かつの向こう上じょうに大おおきく貢こう献けんしてきた。人じん工こう衛えい星せい技ぎ術じゅつの進しん歩ぽにより信しん頼らい性せいの高たかい気き象しょう予よ測そくが可か能のうになるなど、身み近ぢかな生せい活かつでも、私わたしたちが多おおくの恩おん恵けいを受うけていることは誰だれもが認みとめる事じ実じつだろう。

しかし近ちかごろ宇う宙ちゅう開かい発はつに対たいして否ひ定てい的てきな意い見けんが多おおく聞きかれるようになってきた。確たしかに、莫ばく大だいな費ひ用ようの割わりに目もく的てきも成せい果かも不ふ明めい瞭りょうだ。

だが、宇う宙ちゅう開かい発はつは短たん期き間かんで成せい果かが得えられるものではない。これまでの成せい果かを生いかすためにも、長ちょう期き的てきな視し野やに立たって研けん究きゅう開かい発はつを進すすめていくべきではないだろうか。

Questions

0/2 answered
  1. 1宇宙開発に対する最近の意見としてAとBで共通して触れられているのはどれか。
  2. 2宇宙開発について、AとBはどのように述べているか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary2 words
  • 争うあらそう
    • ·to compete; to contest; to contend
    • ·to quarrel; to argue; to dispute; to be at variance; to oppose
    • ·to deny (e.g. evidence)
    N2
  • 恩恵おんけい
    • ·grace; favor; favour; blessing; benefit
    N2
Other levels75 words
  • 初めてはじめて
    • ·for the first time
    • ·only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; not until ... do you ...
    • ·first time; (one's) first
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 国くに
    • ·country; state
    • ·region
    • ·national government; central government
    • ·home (i.e. hometown, home country)
    • ·province (of Japan)
    • ·land; earth
    N5
  • かけるAs it appears here: かけて
    • ·to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to suspend (from); to hoist (e.g. sail); to raise (e.g. flag)
    • ·to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to cover; to lay; to spread
    • ·to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.)
    • ·to make (a call)
    • ·to spend (time, money); to expend; to use
    • ·to pour (liquid) onto; to sprinkle (powder or spices) onto; to splash; to throw (e.g. water) onto
    • ·to turn on (an engine, radio, etc.); to set (a dial, alarm clock, etc.); to put on (a DVD, song, etc.); to use (a device, implement, etc.)
    • ·to cause (someone inconvenience, trouble, etc.); to burden (someone); to impose
    • ·to multiply (arithmetic operation)
    • ·to secure (e.g. lock)
    • ·to take a seat; to sit; to rest (something on something else); to support (something on something else)
    • ·to bind
    • ·to wager; to bet; to risk; to stake; to gamble
    • ·to put an effect (spell, anaesthetic, etc.) on
    • ·to hold (a play, festival, etc.)
    • ·to hold an emotion for (pity, hope, etc.)
    • ·to argue (in court); to deliberate (in a meeting); to present (e.g. idea to a conference, etc.)
    • ·to increase further
    • ·to catch (in a trap, etc.)
    • ·to set atop
    • ·to erect (a makeshift building)
    • ·to apply (insurance)
    • ·to pun (on a word); to use (a word) as a pivot word; to play on words
    • ·to be partway doing ...; to begin (but not complete) ...; to be about to ...
    • ·to address (someone); to direct (something, to someone); to do (something, to someone)
    N5
  • 使うつかうAs it appears here: 使い
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • 先さき
    • ·point; tip; end; nozzle
    • ·head (of a line); front
    • ·first; before; ahead (of)
    • ·(the way) ahead; beyond
    • ·future
    • ·previous; prior; former; recent; last
    • ·destination; address; place where you do something
    • ·rest (e.g. of a story); continuation; remaining part
    • ·the other party
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • この
    • ·this
    • ·last (couple of years, etc.); these; past; this
    • ·you (as in "you liar")
    N5
  • 問題もんだい
    • ·question (e.g. on a test); problem
    • ·problem (e.g. societal, political); question; issue; subject (e.g. of research); case; matter
    • ·question (i.e. doubt)
    • ·public discussion; controversy
    • ·trouble; problem; inconvenience; difficulty
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 使うつかう
    • ·to use (a tool, method, etc.); to make use of; to put to use
    • ·to use (a person, animal, puppet, etc.); to employ; to handle; to manage; to manipulate
    • ·to use (time, money, etc.); to spend; to consume
    • ·to use (language); to speak
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: しなければ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: されなければ
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 言ういうAs it appears here: 言って
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • よい
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • 大きいおおきいAs it appears here: 大きく
    • ·big; large; great
    • ·loud
    • ·extensive; spacious
    • ·important; decisive; valuable
    • ·older; grown-up
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 高いたかい
    • ·high; tall
    • ·expensive; high-priced
    • ·high (level); above average (in degree, quality, etc.)
    • ·loud
    • ·high-pitched; shrill
    N5
  • なる
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 聞くきくAs it appears here: 聞かれる
    • ·to hear
    • ·to listen (e.g. to music)
    • ·to ask; to enquire; to query
    • ·to hear about; to hear of; to learn of
    • ·to follow (advice, order, etc.); to obey; to listen to; to comply with
    • ·to hear (e.g. a plea); to grant (a request); to accept (e.g. an argument); to give consideration to
    • ·to smell (esp. incense); to sample (a fragrance)
    • ·to taste (alcohol); to try
    N5
  • もの
    • ·thing; object; article; stuff; substance
    • ·one's things; possessions; property; belongings
    • ·things; something; anything; everything; nothing
    • ·quality
    • ·reason; the way of things
    • ·used to emphasize emotion, judgment, etc.; used to indicate a common occurrence in the past (after a verb in past tense); used to indicate a general tendency; used to indicate something that should happen
    • ·item classified as ...; item related to ...; work in the genre of ...
    • ·cause of ...; cause for ...
    • ·somehow; somewhat; for some reason
    • ·really; truly
    N5
  • これ
    • ·this; this one
    • ·this person
    • ·now; this point (in time)
    • ·here
    • ·used to stress the subject of a sentence
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • 立つたつAs it appears here: 立って
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • 夢ゆめ
    • ·dream
    • ·dream; hope; wish; aspiration; ambition
    • ·unrealistic aspiration; daydream; pipe dream
    • ·delusion; illusion
    • ·fleeting thing; something short-lived
    N4
  • 世界せかい
    • ·the world; society; the universe
    • ·sphere; circle; world
    • ·world-renowned; world-famous
    • ·realm governed by one Buddha; space
    N4
  • 生活せいかつ
    • ·life; living
    • ·livelihood; (one's) living
    N4
  • 特にとくに
    • ·particularly; especially; in particular; expressly
    N4
  • 交通こうつう
    • ·traffic; transportation
    • ·communication; exchange (of ideas, etc.)
    • ·intercourse
    N4
  • 技術ぎじゅつ
    • ·technology; engineering
    • ·technique; skill
    • ·art; craft
    N4
  • 受けるうけるAs it appears here: 受けて
    • ·to receive; to get
    • ·to catch (e.g. a ball)
    • ·to be struck by (wind, waves, sunlight, etc.)
    • ·to sustain (damage); to incur (a loss); to suffer (an injury); to feel (influence)
    • ·to undergo (e.g. surgery); to take (a test); to accept (a challenge)
    • ·to be given (e.g. life, talent)
    • ·to find funny; to find humorous; to be amused (by)
    • ·to follow; to succeed; to be descended from
    • ·to face (south, etc.)
    • ·to be modified by
    • ·to obtain (a pawned item, etc.) by paying a fee
    • ·to be well-received; to become popular; to go down well
    N4
  • 意見いけん
    • ·opinion; view; comment
    • ·scolding; reprimand; rebuke; admonition; cautioning; warning
    N4
  • ため
    • ·good; advantage; benefit; welfare
    • ·sake; purpose; objective; aim
    • ·consequence; result; effect
    • ·affecting; regarding; concerning
    N4
  • 人類じんるい
    • ·mankind; humanity
    N3
  • 月つき
    • ·Moon
    • ·month
    • ·moonlight
    • ·(a) moon; natural satellite
    N3
  • 誇りほこり
    • ·pride; boast; credit (to)
    N3
  • 莫大ばくだい
    • ·vast; huge; immense; enormous; colossal
    • ·malva nut (Scaphium affine)
    N3
  • 費用ひよう
    • ·cost; expense
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • 進めるすすめるAs it appears here: 進めて
    • ·to advance; to move forward; to put (a clock, watch) forward
    • ·to carry forward (plans, work, etc.); to proceed with; to make progress in; to further; to advance; to hasten; to speed up
    • ·to raise; to elevate; to promote; to develop; to stimulate (e.g. one's appetite)
    N3
  • 状況じょうきょう
    • ·state of affairs; situation; conditions; circumstances
    N3
  • 国民こくみん
    • ·people (of a country); nation; citizen; national
    • ·Democratic Party for the People
    N3
  • 疑問ぎもん
    • ·doubt; question; suspicion; dubiousness
    N3
  • 感じるかんじるAs it appears here: 感じ
    • ·to feel; to sense; to experience
    • ·to be moved (by); to be touched (by); to be impressed (by); to respond (to)
    • ·to become infected with (an illness); to catch
    N3
  • 現在げんざい
    • ·the present; present time; now
    • ·as of
    • ·present tense
    • ·this world; this life
    • ·to actually exist; to exist right now; to exist right in front of one
    N3
  • 解決かいけつ
    • ·settlement; solution; resolution
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 方ほう
    • ·direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction)
    • ·side (of an argument, etc.); one's part
    • ·type; category
    • ·field (of study, etc.)
    • ·indicates one side of a comparison
    • ·way; method; manner; means
    • ·length (of each side of a square)
    N3
  • 政府せいふ
    • ·government; administration; ministry
    N3
  • 我々われわれ
    • ·we
    N3
  • 予算よさん
    • ·estimate (of costs); budget
    N3
  • 発展はってん
    • ·development; growth; expansion; extension; flourishing
    • ·development (of a situation, story, etc.); advancement; progression; unfolding
    • ·playing around (sexually; esp. of a male homosexual); having an active sex life
    N3
  • 通信つうしん
    • ·correspondence; communication; transmission; news; signal; telecommunications
    N3
  • 分野ぶんや
    • ·field; sphere; realm; division; branch
    N3
  • 人間にんげん
    • ·human being; human; person; man; mankind; humankind
    • ·character (of a person)
    N3
  • 貢献こうけん
    • ·contribution (furthering a goal or cause); services (to a cause)
    • ·paying tribute; tribute
    N3
  • 進歩しんぽ
    • ·progress; advance; improvement; development
    N3
  • 予測よそく
    • ·prediction; estimation
    N3
  • 可能かのう
    • ·possible; potential; practicable; feasible
    N3
  • 認めるみとめる
    • ·to recognize; to recognise; to observe; to notice
    • ·to deem; to judge; to assess
    • ·to approve; to deem acceptable; to allow
    • ·to admit; to accept; to confess (to a charge)
    • ·to watch steadily; to observe carefully
    • ·to renown; to give renown to; to appreciate; to acknowledge
    N3
  • 事実じじつ
    • ·fact; truth; reality
    N3
  • 目的もくてき
    • ·purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
    N3
  • 得るえるAs it appears here: 得られる
    • ·to be able to ...; can ...
    • ·to get; to acquire; to obtain; to procure; to earn; to win; to gain; to secure; to attain
    N3
  • 到達とうたつ
    • ·reaching; attaining; arrival
    N1
  • とどまるAs it appears here: とどまら
    • ·to remain; to abide; to stay (in the one place)
    • ·to be limited to; to be confined to; to only account for
    N1
  • 成果せいか
    • ·(good) result; outcome; fruits (of one's labors); product; accomplishment
    N1
  • 課題かだい
    • ·subject; theme; issue; matter
    • ·homework; assignment
    • ·problem (that needs solving); task; challenge; question
    • ·route (in climbing, bouldering, etc.); problem
    N1
  • 身近みぢか
    • ·near oneself; close to one; familiar
    N1
  • 優先ゆうせん
    • ·preference; priority; precedence; right of way
    N1
  • 伴うともなうAs it appears here: 伴い
    • ·to accompany; to go hand in hand with; to be consequent upon
    • ·to be accompanied by; to bring with; to take with; to be involved in
    N1
  • 向上こうじょう
    • ·elevation; rise; improvement; advancement; progress
    N1
  • 気象きしょう
    • ·weather (conditions)
    • ·disposition; temperament
    N1
  • 生かすいかす
    • ·to make (the best) use of; to put to good use; to leverage (skills, attributes, experience, etc.); to capitalise on (experience, etc.)
    • ·to let live; to keep alive
    • ·to revive; to resuscitate; to bring back to life
    • ·to restore (a deleted passage; in proofreading)
    N1
  • 視野しや
    • ·field of vision; view
    • ·one's outlook (e.g. on life); one's horizons
    N1
Grammar4 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • にも関わらずN2

    the outcome runs counter to what the preceding fact would lead you to expect — 'despite; even though; in spite of'.

    多額の国家予算を使うにもかかわらず成果が見えにくい宇宙開発に対して、国民が疑問を感じ始めたんおだ。

    Citizens have begun to question space development because, despite consuming large amounts of national funding, its results are difficult to see.

  • に伴ってN2

    as one thing changes or occurs, another change accompanies it — 'along with; as; in tandem with'.

    宇宙開発に伴い近年の科学技術が発展したと言ってもよい。

    It is fair to say that recent advances in science and technology have developed alongside space exploration.

  • 確かにN2

    concedes a point as true before countering it, or asserts certainty, 'admittedly / certainly (~ but)'.

    確かに、莫大な費用の割りに目的も成果も不明瞭だ。

    Certainly, considering the enormous cost, both its objectives and results are unclear.

  • ものではないN2

    Expresses that something should not be done as a matter of common sense or good manners — 'one shouldn't', 'it's not the done thing to'.

    だが、宇宙開発は短期間で成果が得られるものではない。

    But space development is not something that produces results in a short period of time.

Other levels20 patterns
  • に対してN32 times in this passage

    Marks the target or object an action is directed at, or sets up a contrast between two things, 'toward / with regard to / in contrast to'.

    多額の国家予算を使うにもかかわらず成果が見えにくい宇宙開発に対して、国民が疑問を感じ始めたんおだ。

    Citizens have begun to question space development because, despite consuming large amounts of national funding, its results are difficult to see.

  • よりもN3

    Emphatic comparison marking one thing as exceeding another — 'even more than, rather than'.

    同じように多額の費用を使うなら、宇宙開発よりも身近で現実的な問題を解決することの方が優先されなければならない。

    If the same large amount of money is to be spent, priority should be given to solving more immediate and practical problems rather than to space development.

  • 的（てき）N33 times in this passage

    A suffix turning a noun into a na-adjective meaning "relating to / -like / -ical" (一般的, 科学的).

    同じように多額の費用を使うなら、宇宙開発よりも身近で現実的な問題を解決することの方が優先されなければならない。

    If the same large amount of money is to be spent, priority should be given to solving more immediate and practical problems rather than to space development.

  • こそN3

    Emphatic particle singling out the preceding word as precisely the right or decisive one — 'precisely, exactly, ...for sure.'

    政府は、我々の生活に直結するような問題にこそ、予算を使うべきである。

    Governments should spend their budgets on problems that are directly connected to our lives.

  • といってもN3

    Concedes that a preceding statement overstates the case — "although I say", "even though ~, (not really)".

    宇宙開発に伴い近年の科学技術が発展したと言ってもよい。

    It is fair to say that recent advances in science and technology have developed alongside space exploration.

  • によって/によるN3

    Marks means, cause, passive agent, or a factor something depends on; 'by (means of)', 'due to', 'depending on'.

    人工衛星技術の進歩により信頼性の高い気象予測が可能になるなど、身近な生活でも、私たちが多くの恩恵を受けていることは誰もが認める事実だろう。

    Advances in satellite technology have made highly reliable weather forecasting possible, among other things, and it is surely a fact everyone recognizes that we receive many benefits even in our everyday lives.

  • ためにN3

    marks a purpose ('in order to') or a cause ('because of / owing to').

    これまでの成果を生かすためにも、長期的な視野に立って研究開発を進めていくべきではないだろうか。

    In order to make use of the achievements obtained so far, should we not continue research and development from a long-term perspective?

  • べきではないN3

    States what one ought not to do — 'shouldn't / ought not to'.

    これまでの成果を生かすためにも、長期的な視野に立って研究開発を進めていくべきではないだろうか。

    In order to make use of the achievements obtained so far, should we not continue research and development from a long-term perspective?

  • 〜てくるN43 times in this passage

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    その後も人類の夢はとどまらず、各国は国の誇りをかけて莫大な費用を使い、先を争うように宇宙開発を進めてきた。

    Humanity's dreams did not stop there, and countries, staking their national pride on the effort, spent enormous sums and pushed forward with space development as if racing one another to get ahead.

  • ようだN42 times in this passage

    Expresses conjecture or resemblance drawn from evidence, "it seems / looks like".

    しかし近年、多くの国でこのような状況が問題となっている。

    In recent years, however, this situation has become a problem in many countries.

  • にくいN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to say an action is hard to perform, 'difficult to ~ / hard to ~.'

    多額の国家予算を使うにもかかわらず成果が見えにくい宇宙開発に対して、国民が疑問を感じ始めたんおだ。

    Citizens have begun to question space development because, despite consuming large amounts of national funding, its results are difficult to see.

  • などN42 times in this passage

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    現在、世界には環境問題や資源問題など速急に解決しなければならない課題が数多く存在する。

    Today, the world faces many issues that must be resolved urgently, such as environmental and resource problems.

  • なければならないN42 times in this passage

    Expresses a general, unavoidable obligation or necessity — 'must / have to'.

    現在、世界には環境問題や資源問題など速急に解決しなければならない課題が数多く存在する。

    Today, the world faces many issues that must be resolved urgently, such as environmental and resource problems.

  • ようになるN4

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    しかし近ごろ宇宙開発に対して否定的な意見が多く聞かれるようになってきた。

    Recently, however, more and more negative opinions about space development have been heard.

  • 〜ていくN4

    Marks an action that continues/progresses onward from the present, or is done before moving away — 'to go on doing', 'to do and go'.

    これまでの成果を生かすためにも、長期的な視野に立って研究開発を進めていくべきではないだろうか。

    In order to make use of the achievements obtained so far, should we not continue research and development from a long-term perspective?

  • しかしN52 times in this passage

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかし近年、多くの国でこのような状況が問題となっている。

    In recent years, however, this situation has become a problem in many countries.

  • 〜ているN52 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    しかし近年、多くの国でこのような状況が問題となっている。

    In recent years, however, this situation has become a problem in many countries.

  • より〜ほうがN5

    Expresses comparison or preference — 'B is more ... than A / would rather B' (A より B のほうが).

    同じように多額の費用を使うなら、宇宙開発よりも身近で現実的な問題を解決することの方が優先されなければならない。

    If the same large amount of money is to be spent, priority should be given to solving more immediate and practical problems rather than to space development.

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    人工衛星技術の進歩により信頼性の高い気象予測が可能になるなど、身近な生活でも、私たちが多くの恩恵を受けていることは誰もが認める事実だろう。

    Advances in satellite technology have made highly reliable weather forecasting possible, among other things, and it is surely a fact everyone recognizes that we receive many benefits even in our everyday lives.

  • までN5

    Particle marking the spatial, temporal, or extent limit of an action — "until / up to / as far as."

    これまでの成果を生かすためにも、長期的な視野に立って研究開発を進めていくべきではないだろうか。

    In order to make use of the achievements obtained so far, should we not continue research and development from a long-term perspective?

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