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N1 · AdvancedLong passagePassage #113
2

三さん匹ひきの猫ねこを飼かっている。猫ねこにはとにかく驚おどろかされることばかりだ。こちらの精せい神しん状じょう態たいがよければ彼かれらは限かぎりなくリラックスし、外がい出しゅつすが続つづいて忙いそがしくてかまってあげられなくなったりすると、途と端たんにグレてわるさをする。いらいらしている時ときは、わざとわたしの足あしを踏ふんづけて歩あるいたりもする。押おし入いれからバックバックを取とり出だして旅りょ行こうの準じゅん備びをし始はじめると、不ふ機き嫌げんになって、一ひと晩ばん家いえ出でをしたり抗こう議ぎのハンストをしたりする。わたしの状じょう態たいや行こう動どうに座ざ即そくに反はん応のうを示しめす。猫ねこの立たち場ばに立たって、そこから見みえる世せ界かいを想そう像ぞうしてみると、自じ分ぶんが見みている世せ界かいのあやふやさがあぶり出だされることがある。

ある日ひ、ライオンの子こ育そだて番ばん組ぐみを見みていた時ときのことだ。画が面めんにはしまうまを襲おそったライオンが肉にくを食くいちぎっているシーンが映うつし出だされていたが、二に匹ひきの猫ねこはテレビの前まえに寝ねそべり、映えい像ぞうには目めもくれず、互たがいの体からだを舐なめあっていた。

彼かれらは時ときとしてテレビに敏びん感かんに反はん応のうする。テレビで生うまれたばかりの仔こ猫ねこの様よう子すを映うつしていた時とき、出産しゅっさん経けい験けんのある「うるるる」と鳴なき、テレビの後うしろへ仔こ猫ねこを探さがしに行いった。時とき々どき小こ鳥とりやねずみを手土産てみやげに持もち帰かえる狩かりの名めい手しゅ、「ゆき」は、画が面めんが鳥とりの群むれを映うつし出だした途と端たん、テレビに飛とびついて鳥とりを捕つかまえようとした。しかしオリンピックの時ときには斜しゃ面めんを猛もうスピードで降おりてくる滑降かっこうの選せん手しゅに飛とびついていたし、サッカーの試し合あいを見みている時ときは右みぎへ左ひだりへ転ころがるボールを選せん手しゅと一緒いっしょに追おいかけていたから、あまり物もの事ごとを深ふかく考かんがえて行こう動どうしているわけではなさそうだ。

そんな彼かれらが、百ひゃく獣じゅうの王おうであり、自じ分ぶんと同おなじ科かに属ぞくするライオンの声こえや映えい像ぞうにはまったく反はん応のうを示しめさない。それがわたしにはとても_______に映うつった。

彼かれらは、地ち上じょうにライオンという動どう物ぶつが存そん在ざいすることを知しらないのだ。ライオンも象ぞうもパンダも猿さるも知しらない。会あったことがないのだから。自じ転てん車しゃと自じ動どう車しゃは知しっているが、電でん車しゃや飛ひ行こう機き、船ふねは知しらない。まして戦せん闘とう機きなど。世せ界かいには海うみや山やまや山やまがあることも、そして海うみの向むこうには外がい国こく、空そらの向むこうには宇う宙ちゅうが広ひろがっていることも知しらない。

でもわたしは本ほん当とうにそれを知しっているのだろうか。

わたしがもし「ライオンを知しらない」といったら、多おおくの人ひとがへんな顔かおをするだろう。いつ、どのように自じ分ぶんがライオンを認にん識しきするようになったのか、残ざん念ねんながら記き憶おくにない。おそらく最さい初しょは絵えか写しゃ真しんで姿すがた形かたちを見みせられ、実際じっさいに動どう物ぶつ園えんで本ほん物ものを見みて認にん識しきに到とう達たつしたのだと思おもう。つまりわたしは学がく習しゅうして情じょう報ほうを持もつがゆえに、「ライオンを知しっている」と錯覚さっかくしてるだけだ。

わたしはライオンを知しらない。イラクで毎まい日にち人じんが死しんでいることも知しらない。

知しっているのは、目めの前まえで寝ねる猫ねこ達たちが愛あいらしいということだけだ。

Questions

0/4 answered
  1. 1「猫の立場に立って、そこから見える世界を想像してみると、自分が見ている世界のあやふやさがあぶり出されることがある」とあるが、筆者が言っている「自分が見ている世界」とは、どういうことか。
  2. 2_______に入る最も適当な言葉はどれか。
  3. 3「イラクで毎日人が死んでいることも知らない」とあるが、筆者のどんな気持ちが表れているか。
  4. 4本文の内容と合っているものはどれか。

Study this passage

Vocabulary14 words
  • 匹ひき
    • ·counter for small animals
    • ·counter for rolls of cloth (two han in size)
    • ·counter for horses
    • ·roll of cloth
    N1
  • 家出いえで
    • ·running away from home; elopement
    • ·outing; going out
    • ·becoming a Buddhist monk; entering the priesthood
    N1
  • 抗議こうぎ
    • ·protest; objection
    N1
  • 反応はんのう
    • ·reaction; response
    • ·physical reaction (to a stimulus); observable response (of an organism)
    • ·reaction; effect; change
    N1
  • 襲うおそうAs it appears here: 襲った
    • ·to attack; to assail; to make an assault; to strike; to hunt down
    • ·to succeed (someone in a post, role, etc.)
    • ·to make a sudden visit
    N1
  • 映像えいぞう
    • ·image (on a screen); picture (e.g. on a TV)
    • ·video; film; footage
    • ·reflection
    • ·image (in one's mind); mental picture
    N1
  • 敏感びんかん
    • ·sensitive; alert; aware; susceptible
    N1
  • 出産しゅっさん
    • ·childbirth; (giving) birth; delivery; parturition
    • ·production (of goods)
    N1
  • 斜面しゃめん
    • ·slope; slanting surface; bevel
    N1
  • 科か
    • ·department (of a university or hospital)
    • ·course (of study); branch of study; specialization
    • ·family
    N1
  • まして
    • ·still more; to say nothing of; not to mention
    • ·still less
    N1
  • 認識にんしき
    • ·recognition; awareness; perception; understanding; knowledge; cognition; cognizance; cognisance
    N1
  • 到達とうたつ
    • ·reaching; attaining; arrival
    N1
  • 錯覚さっかく
    • ·illusion; hallucination
    • ·misapprehension; misconception; misunderstanding; illusion; delusion; mistake
    N1
Other levels128 words
  • 三さん
    • ·three; 3
    N5
  • 猫ねこ
    • ·cat (esp. the domestic cat, Felis catus); feline
    • ·shamisen
    • ·geisha
    • ·wheelbarrow
    • ·clay bed-warmer
    • ·bottom (submissive partner of a homosexual relationship)
    N5
  • こちら
    • ·this way; this direction
    • ·here
    • ·this (one)
    • ·I; me; we; us
    • ·this person
    N5
  • よいAs it appears here: よければ
    • ·good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
    • ·sufficient; enough; ready; prepared
    • ·profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
    • ·OK; all right; fine; no problem
    • ·easy to ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: し
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: す
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 忙しいいそがしいAs it appears here: 忙しくて
    • ·busy; occupied; hectic
    • ·restless; hurried; fidgety
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なったり
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • する
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • わるいAs it appears here: わる
    • ·bad; poor; undesirable
    • ·poor (quality); inferior; insufficient
    • ·evil; sinful
    • ·ugly; not beautiful
    • ·at fault; to blame; in the wrong
    • ·bad (at doing something)
    • ·unprofitable; unbeneficial
    • ·sorry; (my) bad; unforgivable
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: して
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • わたし
    • ·I; me
    N5
  • 足あし
    • ·foot; paw; arm (of an octopus, squid, etc.)
    • ·leg
    • ·gait
    • ·pace
    • ·lower radical of a kanji
    • ·means of transportation; (one's) ride
    • ·money; coin
    N5
  • 歩くあるくAs it appears here: 歩いたり
    • ·to walk
    N5
  • 旅行りょこう
    • ·travel; trip; journey; excursion; tour
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なって
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: したり
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • 立つたつAs it appears here: 立って
    • ·to stand (up); to rise; to get to one's feet; to stand on end (e.g. of hairs); to stick up
    • ·to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on)
    • ·to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to take up (a position, post, etc.); to position oneself
    • ·to leave (to do something)
    • ·to depart (on a journey, trip, etc.); to leave; to set off; to start
    • ·to get stuck (into; of an arrow, thorn etc.); to pierce
    • ·to develop (of a haze, waves, etc.); to form (of steam, bubbles, etc.); to appear (of a rainbow, clouds, etc.); to rise (of smoke, waves, etc.); to begin to blow (of a wind, breeze, etc.)
    • ·to spread (of a rumour, reputation, etc.); to be become widely known
    • ·to stand (for election); to run
    • ·to take action; to act; to rise (up); to rouse oneself
    • ·to have an erection; to become erect (e.g. of nipples)
    • ·to be established (of a policy, plan, objective, etc.); to be formed
    • ·to be valid (of an argument, logic, etc.); to hold up; to hold water; to stand up (e.g. of evidence); to be logical; to be reasonable
    • ·to be sustained (of a living, business, etc.); to be maintained; to survive; to be preserved (of one's reputation, honour, etc.); to be saved
    • ·to start (of a season); to begin
    • ·to be held (of a market)
    • ·to shut (of a door, shoji, etc.); to be shut; to be closed
    • ·to be (the result of a division)
    N5
  • そこ
    • ·there (place relatively near listener)
    • ·there (place just mentioned); that place
    • ·then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised)
    • ·you
    N5
  • 自分じぶん
    • ·myself; yourself; oneself; himself; herself
    • ·I; me
    • ·you
    N5
  • 見るみるAs it appears here: 見て
    • ·to see; to look; to watch; to view; to observe
    • ·to examine; to look over; to assess; to check; to judge
    • ·to look after; to attend to; to take care of; to keep an eye on
    • ·to experience; to meet with (misfortune, success, etc.)
    • ·to try ...; to have a go at ...; to give ... a try
    • ·to see (that) ...; to find (that) ...
    N5
  • ある
    • ·to be; to exist; to live
    • ·to have
    • ·to be located
    • ·to be equipped with
    • ·to happen; to come about
    • ·to exist (in a completed state); to be (something unchanged in its current state)
    N5
  • 肉にく
    • ·flesh
    • ·meat
    • ·flesh (of a fruit); pulp
    • ·the physical body (as opposed to the spirit); flesh
    • ·thickness
    • ·content; substance; flesh
    • ·ink pad
    N5
  • 二に
    • ·two; 2
    N5
  • 前まえ
    • ·in front (of); before (e.g. a building)
    • ·before; earlier; previously; prior; ago; (minutes) to (the hour)
    • ·(the) front; frontal part; fore; head (e.g. of a line)
    • ·forward; ahead
    • ·(in the) presence (of); in front (of someone)
    • ·previous (e.g. page); prior (e.g. engagement); first (e.g. half); former (e.g. example)
    • ·portion; helping
    • ·front (of one's body or clothing); breast (of a coat, kimono, etc.)
    • ·privates; private parts
    • ·criminal record; previous conviction; (a) prior
    N5
  • 体からだ
    • ·body
    • ·torso; trunk
    • ·build; physique; frame; figure
    • ·health; constitution
    N5
  • 生まれるうまれるAs it appears here: 生まれた
    • ·to be born
    N5
  • うる
    • ·to sell
    • ·to betray; to sell out (one's friend, country, etc.)
    • ·to make (oneself) known; to establish (a reputation) for oneself
    • ·to pick (a fight, quarrel, etc.); to provoke; to force on someone
    N5
  • 鳴くなくAs it appears here: 鳴き
    • ·to make sound (of an animal); to call; to cry; to whine; to sing; to chirp
    • ·to make a meld call (e.g. pung, kong)
    N5
  • 後ろうしろ
    • ·back; behind; rear
    N5
  • 行くいくAs it appears here: 行った
    • ·to go; to move (towards); to head (towards); to leave (for)
    • ·to move through; to travel across; to walk along (e.g. a road)
    • ·to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to turn out; to get along
    • ·to do (in a particular way); to go (with; a choice); to try
    • ·to pass (of time, seasons, etc.); to go by
    • ·to stream; to flow
    • ·to die; to pass away
    • ·to reach (a stage, extent, age, etc.); to get to; to go (so far as ...)
    • ·to reach (of information, instructions, wind, etc.); to arrive
    • ·to continue ...; to go on ...; to (progress) steadily; to gradually ...; to progressively ...
    • ·to have an orgasm; to come; to cum
    • ·to trip; to get high; to have a drug-induced hallucination
    N5
  • 時々ときどき
    • ·sometimes; occasionally; at times; from time to time; now and then; once in a while; at intervals
    • ·seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)
    N5
  • ゆき
    • ·snow; snowfall
    N5
  • 鳥とり
    • ·bird
    • ·bird meat (esp. chicken meat); fowl; poultry
    N5
  • するAs it appears here: した
    • ·to do; to carry out; to perform
    • ·to cause to become; to make (into); to turn (into)
    • ·to serve as; to act as; to work as
    • ·to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
    • ·to judge as being; to view as being; to think of as; to treat as; to use as
    • ·to decide on; to choose
    • ·to be sensed (of a smell, noise, etc.)
    • ·to be (in a state, condition, etc.)
    • ·to be worth; to cost
    • ·to pass (of time); to elapse
    • ·to place, or raise, person A to a post or status B
    • ·to transform A to B; to make A into B; to exchange A for B
    • ·to make use of A for B; to view A as B; to handle A as if it were B
    • ·to feel A about B
    • ·verbalizing suffix (applies to nouns noted in this dictionary with the part of speech "vs")
    • ·creates a humble verb (after a noun prefixed with "o" or "go")
    • ·to be just about to; to be just starting to; to try to; to attempt to
    N5
  • しかし
    • ·however; but
    N5
  • 降りるおりるAs it appears here: 降りて
    • ·to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to come down
    • ·to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to disembark; to dismount
    • ·to step down; to retire; to give up; to quit; to fold
    • ·to be granted; to be issued; to be given
    • ·to form (of frost, dew, mist, etc.)
    • ·to be passed (from the body; e.g. of a roundworm)
    N5
  • 右みぎ
    • ·right; right-hand side
    • ·right hand
    • ·the above (in a piece of vertical writing); above-mentioned
    • ·the right (wing); rightist
    • ·the better (of two)
    N5
  • 左ひだり
    • ·left; left-hand side
    • ·left hand
    • ·the left (wing); leftist
    • ·fondness for alcohol; drinker
    N5
  • あまり
    • ·remainder; remnant; rest; balance; surplus; remains (of a meal); leftovers
    • ·(not) very; (not) much
    • ·too much; excessively; overly
    • ·extreme; great; severe; tremendous; terrible
    • ·not very good; so-so; mediocre
    • ·more than; over
    N5
  • 同じおなじ
    • ·same; identical; equal; alike; equivalent
    • ·anyway; in any case; if one must ...; if one has to ...; as long as ...
    N5
  • 声こえ
    • ·voice
    • ·singing (of a bird); chirping (of an insect); hoot
    • ·voice; opinion (as expressed in words); view; wish; attitude; will
    • ·sound
    • ·sense (of something's arrival); feeling
    • ·voice; voiced sound
    N5
  • それ
    • ·that; it
    • ·then; that point (in time); that time
    • ·there
    • ·you
    N5
  • とても
    • ·very; awfully; exceedingly
    • ·(not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
    N5
  • 動物どうぶつ
    • ·animal
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知らない
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • 会うあうAs it appears here: 会った
    • ·to meet; to encounter; to see
    • ·to have an accident; to have a bad experience
    N5
  • 自転車じてんしゃ
    • ·bicycle; bike
    N5
  • 自動車じどうしゃ
    • ·car; automobile; motorcar; motor vehicle; auto
    N5
  • 知るしるAs it appears here: 知って
    • ·to know; to be aware (of); to be conscious (of); to learn (of); to find out; to discover
    • ·to sense; to feel; to notice; to realize
    • ·to understand; to comprehend; to grasp; to appreciate
    • ·to remember; to be familiar with; to be acquainted with
    • ·to experience; to go through; to know (e.g. hardship)
    • ·to get acquainted with (a person); to get to know
    • ·to have to do with; to be concerned with; to be one's concern; to be one's responsibility
    N5
  • 電車でんしゃ
    • ·train; electric train
    N5
  • 飛行機ひこうき
    • ·airplane; aeroplane; plane; aircraft
    N5
  • 海うみ
    • ·sea; ocean; waters
    N5
  • 山やま
    • ·mountain; hill
    • ·mine
    • ·(mountain) forest
    • ·heap; pile; stack; mountain
    • ·protruding or high part of an object; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw); tread (of a tire)
    • ·climax; peak; critical point
    • ·guess; speculation; gamble
    • ·(criminal) case; crime
    • ·mountain climbing; mountaineering
    • ·festival float (esp. one mounted with a decorative halberd)
    • ·deck (from which players draw cards); draw pile; stock
    • ·wall; wall tile
    • ·wild
    N5
  • 向こうむこう
    • ·opposite side; other side
    • ·over there; ahead; beyond; (in the) distance; far away; far off
    • ·destination; there (somewhere distant, esp. abroad)
    • ·the other party; the other side
    • ·from now; next (e.g. two weeks); coming ...; from ... onwards
    N5
  • 外国がいこく
    • ·foreign country
    N5
  • 空そら
    • ·sky; the air; the heavens
    • ·weather
    • ·far-off place; distant place
    • ·state of mind; feeling
    • ·(from) memory; (by) heart
    • ·falsehood; lie
    • ·somehow; vaguely
    • ·fake
    N5
  • いうAs it appears here: いったら
    • ·to say; to utter; to declare
    • ·to name; to call
    • ·to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
    N5
  • 人ひと
    • ·person; someone; somebody
    • ·human beings; mankind; man; people; humans
    • ·human (Homo sapiens)
    • ·(other) people; others
    • ·character; personality; nature
    • ·capable person; competent person; suitable person; right person
    • ·adult; grown-up
    • ·I; me; one
    N5
  • へん
    • ·area; vicinity; region
    • ·side; edge
    • ·circumstances
    N5
  • いるAs it appears here: い
    • ·to be (of animate objects); to exist
    • ·to stay
    • ·to be ...-ing
    • ·to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
    N5
  • どの
    • ·which; what (way)
    N5
  • なるAs it appears here: なった
    • ·to become; to get; to grow; to turn; to reach; to attain
    • ·to result in; to turn out; to end up; to prove (to be)
    • ·to consist of; to be composed of; to be made up of
    • ·to be completed; to be realized; to succeed; to be attained; to be accomplished
    • ·to change (into); to turn (into); to transform
    • ·to come (to do); to begin (to do); to grow (to do)
    • ·to come to; to amount to; to add up to; to make
    • ·to play (the part of); to act as
    • ·to be used for; to be useful for; to serve as
    • ·to be promoted
    • ·to do ...
    N5
  • 絵え
    • ·picture; drawing; painting; sketch
    • ·image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
    N5
  • 写真しゃしん
    • ·photograph; photo; picture; photography
    • ·moving picture; movie
    N5
  • 見せるみせるAs it appears here: 見せられ
    • ·to show; to display
    • ·to make (something or someone) look ...; to present an appearance of ...
    • ·to make (something) worth watching; to be entertaining
    • ·to have (something) looked at (by a specialist); to have (an antique, etc.) appraised
    • ·to have (an injury, person, etc.) looked at (by a doctor); to take (someone) to a doctor
    • ·to make a show of (doing); to do in a conspicuous manner; to do in view of others
    • ·to resolve to do; to do at any cost; to show others that one will ...
    N5
  • 持つもつ
    • ·to hold (in one's hand); to take; to carry
    • ·to possess; to have; to own
    • ·to maintain; to keep
    • ·to last; to be durable; to keep; to survive
    • ·to take charge of; to be in charge of
    • ·to hold (meeting, etc.); to have (opportunity, etc.)
    • ·to have "it"; to have that special something; to be blessed with good luck
    N5
  • 毎日まいにち
    • ·every day; daily
    N5
  • 死ぬしぬAs it appears here: 死んで
    • ·to die; to pass away
    • ·to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to look dead
    • ·to cease; to stop
    N5
  • 寝るねる
    • ·to sleep (lying down)
    • ·to go to bed; to lie in bed
    • ·to lie down
    • ·to sleep (with someone, i.e. have intercourse)
    • ·to lie flat (e.g. of hair)
    • ·to lie idle (of funds, stock, etc.)
    • ·to ferment (of soy sauce, miso, etc.)
    N5
  • 続くつづくAs it appears here: 続いて
    • ·to continue; to last; to go on
    • ·to continue (without a break); to be unbroken
    • ·to occur again and again
    • ·to lead to; to connect to; to adjoin
    • ·to come after; to follow; to succeed; to rank next to
    • ·to hold out; to keep; to last
    N4
  • 見えるみえる
    • ·to be seen; to be visible; to be in sight
    • ·to look; to seem; to appear
    • ·to come
    N4
  • 世界せかい
    • ·the world; society; the universe
    • ·sphere; circle; world
    • ·world-renowned; world-famous
    • ·realm governed by one Buddha; space
    N4
  • 日ひ
    • ·day; days
    • ·sun; sunshine; sunlight
    • ·(the) day; daytime; daylight
    • ·date; deadline
    • ·(past) days; time (e.g. of one's childhood)
    • ·case (esp. unfortunate); event
    N4
  • 番組ばんぐみ
    • ·program (e.g. TV); programme
    N4
  • 探すさがすAs it appears here: 探し
    • ·to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to seek
    • ·to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer); to fish around
    N4
  • 小鳥ことり
    • ·small bird; little bird
    N4
  • 捕まえるつかまえるAs it appears here: 捕まえよう
    • ·to catch; to capture; to arrest; to seize; to restrain
    • ·to grab; to clutch; to grasp; to seize; to hold on to
    • ·to catch hold of (someone); to stop (e.g. a stranger in the street); to hail (a taxi, waiter, etc.); to hold (someone) back; to detain
    • ·towards (someone); at (someone); in (someone's) face
    N4
  • 試合しあい
    • ·match; game; bout; contest
    N4
  • 深いふかいAs it appears here: 深く
    • ·deep
    • ·profound
    • ·dense; thick
    • ·close (relationship)
    • ·intense; strong
    • ·late
    N4
  • 考えるかんがえるAs it appears here: 考えて
    • ·to think (about, of); to think over; to ponder; to contemplate; to reflect (on); to meditate (on)
    • ·to consider; to bear in mind; to allow for; to take into consideration
    • ·to think (that); to believe; to hold (a view); to judge; to conclude; to suspect
    • ·to intend (to do); to think of (doing); to plan
    • ·to predict; to anticipate; to expect; to imagine
    • ·to come up with; to think up; to contrive; to devise
    • ·to consider (as); to regard (as); to look on (as); to take; to view
    N4
  • わけ
    • ·reason; cause; grounds
    • ·meaning; sense
    • ·(good) sense; reason
    • ·circumstances; case
    • ·(romantic) relationship; love affair
    N4
  • もし
    • ·if; in case; supposing
    N4
  • 最初さいしょ
    • ·beginning; outset; first; onset
    N4
  • 動物園どうぶつえん
    • ·zoo; zoological gardens
    N4
  • 思うおもう
    • ·to think; to consider; to believe; to reckon
    • ·to think (of doing); to plan (to do)
    • ·to judge; to assess; to regard
    • ·to imagine; to suppose; to dream
    • ·to expect; to look forward to
    • ·to feel; to be (in a state of mind); to desire; to want
    • ·to care (deeply) for; to yearn for; to worry about; to love
    • ·to recall; to remember
    N4
  • 飼うかうAs it appears here: 飼って
    • ·to keep (a pet or other animal); to have; to own; to raise; to rear; to feed
    N3
  • とにかく
    • ·anyway; anyhow; at any rate; in any case; at least; just
    • ·setting aside ...; regardless of ...
    • ·really; truly; certainly; definitely; undeniably
    N3
  • こと
    • ·thing; matter
    • ·incident; occurrence; event; something serious; trouble; crisis
    • ·circumstances; situation; state of affairs
    • ·work; business; affair
    • ·after an inflectable word, creates a noun phrase indicating something the speaker does not feel close to
    • ·nominalizing suffix
    • ·pretending to ...; playing make-believe ...
    • ·alias; also known as; otherwise known as; or
    • ·necessity; need
    • ·you should ...; I advise that you ...; it's important to ...
    N3
  • 外出がいしゅつ
    • ·going out; outing; leaving (one's home, office, etc.)
    N3
  • かまうAs it appears here: かまって
    • ·to mind; to care about; to be concerned about; to have a regard for
    • ·to be an issue; to matter; to create inconvenience
    • ·to keep company; to care for; to look after; to entertain; to pay attention to; to spend time with
    • ·to interfere with; to meddle in
    • ·to tease
    • ·to banish; to prohibit
    N3
  • いらいら
    • ·to get irritated; to get annoyed; to be on the edge; to fret; to lose patience
    N3
  • 時とき
    • ·time; hour; moment
    • ·occasion; case
    • ·chance; opportunity; season
    • ·the times; the age; the day
    • ·tense
    N3
  • わざと
    • ·on purpose; deliberately; intentionally
    N3
  • 準備じゅんび
    • ·preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
    N3
  • 状態じょうたい
    • ·state; condition; situation; appearance; circumstances
    N3
  • 行動こうどう
    • ·action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
    N3
  • 示すしめす
    • ·to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to tell; to exemplify; to make apparent
    • ·to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.)
    • ·to indicate; to show; to represent; to signify; to display
    N3
  • 立場たちば
    • ·position; situation
    • ·viewpoint; standpoint; point of view
    N3
  • 想像そうぞう
    • ·imagination; supposition; guess
    N3
  • 食うくうAs it appears here: 食い
    • ·to eat
    • ·to live; to make a living; to survive
    • ·to bite; to sting (as insects do)
    • ·to tease; to torment; to taunt; to make light of; to make fun of
    • ·to encroach on; to eat into; to consume
    • ·to defeat a superior; to threaten a position
    • ·to consume time; to consume resources
    • ·to receive something (usu. an unfavourable event)
    • ·to have sexual relations with a woman, esp. for the first time
    N3
  • 互いたがい
    • ·each other; one another
    N3
  • 様子ようす
    • ·state (of affairs); situation; circumstances
    • ·appearance; look(s); air; manner; behaviour; demeanor
    • ·sign; indication
    N3
  • 経験けいけん
    • ·experience
    N3
  • 途端とたん
    • ·just (now, at the moment, etc.); just as; in the act of; as soon as; at the moment that
    N3
  • 選手せんしゅ
    • ·player (of a sport); athlete; team member
    N3
  • 物事ものごと
    • ·things; everything
    N3
  • まったく
    • ·really; truly; entirely; completely; wholly; perfectly
    • ·indeed
    • ·good grief
    N3
  • 示すしめすAs it appears here: 示さない
    • ·to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to tell; to exemplify; to make apparent
    • ·to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.)
    • ·to indicate; to show; to represent; to signify; to display
    N3
  • 存在そんざい
    • ·existence; being; presence
    N3
  • 象ぞう
    • ·elephant (Elephantidae spp.)
    N3
  • 猿さる
    • ·monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; non-human primate
    • ·sly person
    • ·idiot; hick
    • ·sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut)
    • ·clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook
    • ·bathhouse prostitute
    N3
  • 船ふね
    • ·ship; boat; watercraft; vessel; seaplane
    • ·tank; tub; vat; trough
    • ·counter for boat-shaped containers (e.g. of sashimi)
    N3
  • 宇宙うちゅう
    • ·universe; cosmos; space
    N3
  • 広がるひろがるAs it appears here: 広がって
    • ·to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
    N3
  • よう
    • ·appearing ...; looking ...
    • ·way to ...; method of ...ing
    • ·form; style; design
    • ·like; similar to
    • ·thing (thought or spoken)
    N3
  • おそらく
    • ·probably; (most) likely; in all likelihood; I suspect; I dare say; I'm afraid
    N3
  • 本物ほんもの
    • ·genuine article; real thing; real deal
    N3
  • つまり
    • ·that is to say; that is; in other words; I mean; that (this, it) means
    • ·in short; in brief; to sum up; ultimately; in the end; in the long run; when all is said and done; what it all comes down to; when you get right down to it; basically
    • ·clogging; obstruction; stuffing; (degree of) blockage
    • ·shrinkage
    • ·end; conclusion
    • ·dead end; corner
    • ·distress; being at the end of one's rope
    N3
  • 学習がくしゅう
    • ·learning; study
    N3
  • 情報じょうほう
    • ·information; news; report; intelligence
    • ·information (data contained in characters, signals, code, etc.)
    • ·informatics (as a subject)
    N3
  • 驚かすおどろかすAs it appears here: 驚かされる
    • ·to surprise; to frighten; to create a stir
    N2
  • 取り出すとりだすAs it appears here: 取り出して
    • ·to take out; to produce; to pick out
    • ·to fetch; to retrieve
    N2
  • あぶるAs it appears here: あぶり
    • ·to warm (e.g. one's hands over a fire); to dry
    • ·to toast; to grill; to broil; to roast; to scorch
    N2
  • 映すうつすAs it appears here: 映して
    • ·to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow)
    N2
  • 群れむれ
    • ·group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school; swarm; cluster (e.g. of stars); clump; pack (e.g. of dogs)
    N2
  • 転がるころがる
    • ·to roll; to tumble
    • ·to fall over; to roll over
    • ·to lie down
    • ·to be scattered about; to be lying around
    • ·(of a situation or outcome) to change; to turn out
    • ·to come easily; to be common; to fall into one's hands; to grow on trees
    N2
  • 映るうつるAs it appears here: 映った
    • ·to be reflected; to harmonize with (harmonise); to come out (photo); to be projected; to be displayed (on a screen)
    N2
Grammar1 patterns

Example sentences are translated by AI.

  • ゆえにN1

    Formal/literary connective drawing a logical conclusion from a stated reason — 'therefore, consequently, and so.'

    つまりわたしは学習して情報を持つがゆえに、「ライオンを知っている」と錯覚してるだけだ。

    In other words, simply because I have learned about lions and possess information about them, I mistakenly imagine that I “know lions.”

Other levels32 patterns
  • 限りN2

    Marks the limit or scope within which a statement holds — 'as long as,' 'as far as,' 'to the extent that.'

    こちらの精神状態がよければ彼らは限りなくリラックスし、外出すが続いて忙しくてかまってあげられなくなったりすると、途端にグレてわるさをする。

    When I am in a good state of mind, they relax completely; but if I am repeatedly away from home, get busy, and cannot give them attention, they immediately turn rebellious and misbehave.

  • 恐らくN2

    Adverb marking the speaker's likely conjecture — "probably, most likely".

    おそらく最初は絵か写真で姿形を見せられ、実際に動物園で本物を見て認識に到達したのだと思う。

    Presumably, I first saw the shape and appearance of lions in drawings or photographs, then later saw a real one at a zoo and arrived at my recognition of what a lion is.

  • ばかりだN3

    Says a situation only keeps moving in one (usually worsening) direction, or that all that remains is one final step — 'keeps getting more and more…; all that's left is to…'.

    猫にはとにかく驚かされることばかりだ。

    Cats never cease to amaze me.

  • わざとN3

    Adverb stating an action was done deliberately, with intent — 'on purpose, intentionally'.

    いらいらしている時は、わざとわたしの足を踏んづけて歩いたりもする。

    When I am irritated, they will sometimes deliberately step on my feet as they walk by.

  • ことがあるN3

    After a plain verb, 'there are times when...'; after a past-tense verb (〜たことがある), 'have (ever) done, have the experience of'.

    猫の立場に立って、そこから見える世界を想像してみると、自分が見ている世界のあやふやさがあぶり出されることがある。

    When I put myself in the cats' position and imagine the world as seen from there, the uncertainty of the world I myself perceive sometimes becomes starkly apparent.

  • ようとするN3

    Describes attempting to do something or being on the verge of doing it — 'try to…', 'be about to…'.

    時々小鳥やねずみを手土産に持ち帰る狩りの名手、「ゆき」は、画面が鳥の群れを映し出した途端、テレビに飛びついて鳥を捕まえようとした。

    Yuki, a skilled hunter who sometimes brings home small birds or mice as gifts, leapt at the television and tried to catch the birds the moment a flock appeared on the screen.

  • あまり〜ないN3

    The degree adverb あまり, typically with a following negative, expresses a limited degree, "not very / not much."

    しかしオリンピックの時には斜面を猛スピードで降りてくる滑降の選手に飛びついていたし、サッカーの試合を見ている時は右へ左へ転がるボールを選手と一緒に追いかけていたから、あまり物事を深く考えて行動しているわけではなさそうだ。

    But during the Olympics it also pounced at downhill skiers racing down the slope at tremendous speed, and when watching soccer it chased the ball rolling from side to side along with the players, so it seems the cats do not think very deeply about things before acting.

  • わけだN3

    Presents a conclusion as the natural consequence of a stated reason — 'that's why', 'no wonder', 'so it means'.

    しかしオリンピックの時には斜面を猛スピードで降りてくる滑降の選手に飛びついていたし、サッカーの試合を見ている時は右へ左へ転がるボールを選手と一緒に追いかけていたから、あまり物事を深く考えて行動しているわけではなさそうだ。

    But during the Olympics it also pounced at downhill skiers racing down the slope at tremendous speed, and when watching soccer it chased the ball rolling from side to side along with the players, so it seems the cats do not think very deeply about things before acting.

  • というN32 times in this passage

    Quotative marker plus 'say' that introduces a name, definition, or reported content — 'called', 'known as', 'that (one) says'.

    彼らは、地上にライオンという動物が存在することを知らないのだ。

    They do not know that an animal called a lion exists on Earth.

  • つまりN3

    Restates or sums up the preceding statement more plainly — 'in other words / that is to say'.

    つまりわたしは学習して情報を持つがゆえに、「ライオンを知っている」と錯覚してるだけだ。

    In other words, simply because I have learned about lions and possess information about them, I mistakenly imagine that I “know lions.”

  • 〜てあげるN4

    The subject does an action as a favor for someone else — 'to do (something) for (someone)'.

    こちらの精神状態がよければ彼らは限りなくリラックスし、外出すが続いて忙しくてかまってあげられなくなったりすると、途端にグレてわるさをする。

    When I am in a good state of mind, they relax completely; but if I am repeatedly away from home, get busy, and cannot give them attention, they immediately turn rebellious and misbehave.

  • 〜てみるN4

    Verb te-form plus 見る, doing something on a trial basis to see what happens — 'try ...ing'.

    猫の立場に立って、そこから見える世界を想像してみると、自分が見ている世界のあやふやさがあぶり出されることがある。

    When I put myself in the cats' position and imagine the world as seen from there, the uncertainty of the world I myself perceive sometimes becomes starkly apparent.

  • 〜ていたN46 times in this passage

    The past progressive/continuous — an action that was ongoing or a state that held in the past — 'was (do)ing'.

    ある日、ライオンの子育て番組を見ていた時のことだ。

    One day, I was watching a television program about lions raising their young.

  • たばかりN4

    Marks an action as having only just finished — "just did, only just…"

    テレビで生まれたばかりの仔猫の様子を映していた時、出産経験のある「うるるる」と鳴き、テレビの後ろへ仔猫を探しに行った。

    When the television showed newborn kittens, the cat that had given birth before cried “urururu” and went behind the television to look for the kittens.

  • 〜てくるN4

    Verb te-form plus 来る, marking motion toward the speaker or the gradual onset of a state — 'come to do' / 'start to / become'.

    しかしオリンピックの時には斜面を猛スピードで降りてくる滑降の選手に飛びついていたし、サッカーの試合を見ている時は右へ左へ転がるボールを選手と一緒に追いかけていたから、あまり物事を深く考えて行動しているわけではなさそうだ。

    But during the Olympics it also pounced at downhill skiers racing down the slope at tremendous speed, and when watching soccer it chased the ball rolling from side to side along with the players, so it seems the cats do not think very deeply about things before acting.

  • などN4

    Lists one or more representative items and implies others of the same kind exist — 'and so on / etc. / such as'.

    まして戦闘機など。

    Much less fighter jets.

  • たらN4

    Conditional/temporal ending on the plain-past stem meaning that once or if the first action happens, the second follows ('if / once / when ... then').

    わたしがもし「ライオンを知らない」といったら、多くの人がへんな顔をするだろう。

    If I were to say, “I don't know lions,” many people would probably give me a strange look.

  • ようになるN4

    Expresses a gradual change reaching a new state or acquired ability, "come to / become able to".

    いつ、どのように自分がライオンを認識するようになったのか、残念ながら記憶にない。

    Unfortunately, I have no memory of when or how I came to recognize lions.

  • ながらN4

    Attaches to a verb stem to show two actions by the same subject happening at once — 'while (doing) / as'.

    いつ、どのように自分がライオンを認識するようになったのか、残念ながら記憶にない。

    Unfortunately, I have no memory of when or how I came to recognize lions.

  • と思う（とおもう）N4

    Quotative plus 'think', stating the speaker's opinion or guess — 'I think that'.

    おそらく最初は絵か写真で姿形を見せられ、実際に動物園で本物を見て認識に到達したのだと思う。

    Presumably, I first saw the shape and appearance of lions in drawings or photographs, then later saw a real one at a zoo and arrived at my recognition of what a lion is.

  • ということN4

    Nominalizes a whole statement into a noun — 'the fact that', 'it means that'.

    知っているのは、目の前で寝る猫達が愛らしいということだけだ。

    The only thing I know is that the cats sleeping before my eyes are adorable.

  • 〜ているN511 times in this passage

    Describes an action in progress or the state that remains after an action happened — “is doing” or “is in the state of having done”.

    三匹の猫を飼っている。

    I have three cats.

  • 〜たり〜たりN54 times in this passage

    Lists a few representative actions among others done at various times, 'do things like X and Y'.

    こちらの精神状態がよければ彼らは限りなくリラックスし、外出すが続いて忙しくてかまってあげられなくなったりすると、途端にグレてわるさをする。

    When I am in a good state of mind, they relax completely; but if I am repeatedly away from home, get busy, and cannot give them attention, they immediately turn rebellious and misbehave.

  • 前に（まえに）N5

    Marks that something happens before an action or in front of a place — "before (doing) / in front of."

    画面にはしまうまを襲ったライオンが肉を食いちぎっているシーンが映し出されていたが、二匹の猫はテレビの前に寝そべり、映像には目もくれず、互いの体を舐めあっていた。

    The screen showed a lion that had attacked a zebra tearing off pieces of flesh, yet two of my cats lay in front of the television, paying no attention to the images and licking each other's bodies.

  • に行くN5

    Go somewhere in order to do something — [verb masu-stem] + に行く, 'go to (do) …'.

    テレビで生まれたばかりの仔猫の様子を映していた時、出産経験のある「うるるる」と鳴き、テレビの後ろへ仔猫を探しに行った。

    When the television showed newborn kittens, the cat that had given birth before cried “urururu” and went behind the television to look for the kittens.

  • しかしN5

    Contrastive conjunction joining two sentences, 'however / but'.

    しかしオリンピックの時には斜面を猛スピードで降りてくる滑降の選手に飛びついていたし、サッカーの試合を見ている時は右へ左へ転がるボールを選手と一緒に追いかけていたから、あまり物事を深く考えて行動しているわけではなさそうだ。

    But during the Olympics it also pounced at downhill skiers racing down the slope at tremendous speed, and when watching soccer it chased the ball rolling from side to side along with the players, so it seems the cats do not think very deeply about things before acting.

  • 一緒に（いっしょに）N5

    Indicates doing something jointly with someone or something else — "together (with)".

    しかしオリンピックの時には斜面を猛スピードで降りてくる滑降の選手に飛びついていたし、サッカーの試合を見ている時は右へ左へ転がるボールを選手と一緒に追いかけていたから、あまり物事を深く考えて行動しているわけではなさそうだ。

    But during the Olympics it also pounced at downhill skiers racing down the slope at tremendous speed, and when watching soccer it chased the ball rolling from side to side along with the players, so it seems the cats do not think very deeply about things before acting.

  • とてもN5

    Degree adverb intensifying an adjective or adverb — "very / extremely."

    それがわたしにはとても_______に映った。

    To me, that seemed extremely _______.

  • がありますN5

    States the existence or possession of an inanimate thing, "there is / to have".

    世界には海や山や山があることも、そして海の向こうには外国、空の向こうには宇宙が広がっていることも知らない。

    Nor do they know that the world contains seas, mountains and mountains, that beyond the sea there are foreign countries, or that beyond the sky stretches the universe.

  • そしてN5

    Additive/sequential conjunction joining clauses, 'and / and then'.

    世界には海や山や山があることも、そして海の向こうには外国、空の向こうには宇宙が広がっていることも知らない。

    Nor do they know that the world contains seas, mountains and mountains, that beyond the sea there are foreign countries, or that beyond the sky stretches the universe.

  • だろうN52 times in this passage

    Presumptive expressing conjecture — 'probably', 'I think', or seeking agreement 'right?'; plain だろう / polite でしょう.

    でもわたしは本当にそれを知っているのだろうか。

    But do I really know those things myself?

  • だけN52 times in this passage

    Limiting particle marking 'only / just' — restricts to the stated amount, degree, or item.

    つまりわたしは学習して情報を持つがゆえに、「ライオンを知っている」と錯覚してるだけだ。

    In other words, simply because I have learned about lions and possess information about them, I mistakenly imagine that I “know lions.”

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